No 11 (2025)

The relevance of this study is due to the growing interest of modern Russian literary studies in the works of national (transcultural) authors who write in Russian rather than their native (ethnic) language, and in the specifics of psychologism in their Russian-language works. The article examines the poetics of psychologism in the short Russian-language prose of Zinaida Fyodorovna Katkova, a Mari writer of the second half of the 20th century, based on six of her short stories published between 1958 and 1979: "The Stranger" (1958), "The Return" (1964), "Little Samar" (1969), "Help Me Fall in Love with You" (1972), "The Unexpected Guest" (1975), and "For the Sake of Love" (1979). These stories have never been the subject of special literary analysis in regional or national studies, either in terms of psychological analysis or in any other aspect. The work uses a system-typological method, a comparative-historical analysis, and an in-depth textual analysis aimed at identifying the artistic features of psychologism in Zinaida Katkova's short Russian-language prose. Based on the analysis of Zinaida Katkova's short stories from different years, the article traces the evolution of psychologism in her Russian-language prose, from socially conditioned psychologism to existential psychologism. The article reveals the special role of artistic details in the short prose of a Mari writer in revealing the inner world of characters, and analyzes specific techniques for creating psychological portraits. The author pays great attention to the compositional features of the stories and the speech characteristics of the characters as means of psychologizing the narrative. It is concluded that Zinaida Katkova's work is of significant interest for studying the specifics of psychologism in the Russian-language prose of national authors and deserves further careful research as an original artistic phenomenon that organically combines the traditions of the Russian psychological school and the national worldview.

The article is devoted to the study of variation in the translation of memoir texts, using the second part of P. P. Unterberger's memoirs "Between Two Stools. Observations, Thoughts and Memoirs" as a case study. The subject of the research is the processes of formation and manifestation of variation in the translation of memoir texts. The object of the study comprises the mechanisms of variation in the translation of memoir-biographical texts. The aim of the work is to identify the mechanisms that determine the degree of variation and the methods of overcoming difficulties in rendering culturally and historically significant elements. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the concepts of translation adequacy and variation, as well as to identifying the main sources of variation. The research methodology includes comparative analysis of the source and target texts, examination of the subjective factor in translation practice, and application of structural analysis and functional semantics methods, which allow for identifying patterns in the reproduction of authorial style and cultural markers. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the systematization of translation techniques applied in working with memoir texts and in the development of principles for minimizing the negative consequences of variation. The main contribution consists in identifying the sources of variation and describing the spectrum of translation solutions at various text levels (lexical, grammatical, stylistic). Concrete examples demonstrate methods of rendering geographical names, proper names, military ranks, cultural and historical realia, and individual features of authorial style. The translator’s work with a memoir or biographical text requires an analysis of its typological features, lexical characteristics, and the interplay between factual accuracy and the author’s subjectivity.

The moral-ascetic work of the church writer Paisius Velichkovsky titled "On Intelligent or Internal Prayer" is being explored in the context of religious-Christian culture. The subject of the research is the ideological content of the moral-ascetic texts of Paisius Velichkovsky, the peculiarities of their argumentative components, and their linguistic-stylistic specifics. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the ideological, artistic, and argumentative features of the author’s spiritual prose—texts that focus on the study of the process of spiritual improvement, achieving the Christian ideal, and the struggle of a person against their vices. The relevance of the work is determined by its foundation in the field of theolinguistics and stylistics—directions of modern philology that have been actively developing for several decades—as well as the attention of contemporary linguists to the axiological component of literary works. The main methods of research include the theolinguistic approach, which studies the relationship between language and religion, and the linguistic-stylistic approach, aimed at establishing patterns of language unit functioning influenced by extralinguistic factors. It has been established that the author addresses issues related to the spiritual and moral improvement of a person, achieving internal harmony, and a conscious desire to control one’s inner life at the level of thoughts in the pursuit of salvation, which correlates with the ideological premises of the religious-philosophical teachings of hesychasm. It is emphasized that the ideological foundations of the moral-ascetic prose of Paisius Velichkovsky derive from the hesychastic teachings that were affirmed in the works of the Church Fathers, including those that the author translated from Greek to Russian. It is noted that the ideological foundations linked to hesychasm set the direction for the content of the analyzed texts, determining the development of ideas of humility and self-abasement, represented through kenotic units; ideas of the intelligent practice, embodied through the use of language units that serve the subject area of hesychasm; ideas of salvation, asserted through soteriological vocabulary; ideas of sobriety, realized through theological-ascetic terms, mainly from the thematic group "nepsis"; ideas of silence, whose linguistic representatives become the terms of hesychasm and analogous tropes. It is shown that the author employs arguments in the structure of “model – anti-model,” testimony, and norm; the linguistic characteristics of the texts include the use of theological-ascetic vocabulary, allegories, and metaphors typical for church-religious texts; a feature of the author’s style is adherence to the traditions of monastic literature.

The article is devoted to the analysis of Archimandrite Iakinf’s (N. Ya. Bichurin’s) book "China: Its Inhabitants, Customs, Practices, and Enlightenment" (St. Petersburg, 1840), one of the first systematic works on Chinese civilization to appear in Russia. The aim of the study is to identify the structure and conceptual foundations of the book, and to determine its place in the development of Russian sinology and in the formation of the image of China in the literary culture of the first half of the nineteenth century. The article interprets Iakinf’s work as an encyclopedic compendium of knowledge that brings together linguistic, ethnographic, historical, and philosophical observations into a coherent picture of a “rationally organized East.” Special attention is given to how the book constructs a model of scientific description of China, based on the understanding of language as a form of thought and of knowledge as the foundation of civilization. The methodological framework of the study combines textual, structural-compositional, and cultural-historical approaches aimed at identifying the principles underlying the composition of Iakinf’s book and analyzing its literary features within the context of early nineteenth-century Russian letters. The scholarly novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive approach to China: Its Inhabitants, Customs, Practices, and Enlightenment as both a scientific study and a literary work. The author examines the book not only as an early example of Russian sinology, but also as a text possessing independent artistic value. It is demonstrated that the book’s composition is organized according to a principle of gradual transition—from linguistic and ethnographic observations to a philosophical interpretation of Chinese civilization. This structure reflects a movement from the systematization of knowledge to its aesthetic and cultural interpretation. The language and style of the work combine elements of scientific discourse and Enlightenment prose, forming a distinctive narrative mode that lies at the intersection of scholarship and literature. The literary significance of the work resides in its construction of a rational image of China—an “ordered East”—which embodies the intellectual aspirations of its time.

This article presents a model for a new type of multimedia dictionary of the Syrian dialect of Arabic. The lexicographic resource under development builds upon and modernizes the principles of Russian dialect lexicography while simultaneously integrating contemporary digital technologies. This integration enhances the possibilities for word semanticization and data representation. The object of this study is the functional features of the multimedia dictionary, while its subject encompasses the principles for selecting lexical units for the dictionary's wordlist and identifying the categories of its potential users, taking their needs into account. The aim of the work is to develop the concept and implement a practical multimedia dictionary for the Syrian dialect of Arabic that integrates text, audio, and video content into a unified information system. The research employs methods of thematic classification and systematization of linguistic material, used for organizing the lexical entries, alongside semantic and linguocultural analysis. The novelty of the study lies in the developed universal model for a dialect-specific multimedia dictionary of Arabic, based on the Syrian dialect. The study demonstrates that the creation of this new type of dictionary represents a significant step in the development of digital linguistics and lexicography as a whole, serving as a tool for documenting and studying Arabic dialectal diversity. The development of such resources addresses key challenges in modern lexicography, such as enabling the dynamic updating of dictionary entries and providing users with comprehensive information on the dialect's lexicon, pronunciation, and contextual word usage. Furthermore, it conveys extralinguistic data through the inclusion of media files (audio, video, and illustrations). By serving as a synchronic snapshot, the dictionary establishes a valuable foundation for future diachronic research.

The object of the study is the English-language media discourse on military conflicts as an institutional communicative practice that implements the functions of informing and ideological influence on the mass audience. The subject of the study includes discursive strategies and tactics for realizing ideological modality in English-language media texts covering the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s (1991–2001), the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (2023–2025), and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict (2022–2025), as well as the factors determining the invariance and variability of their functioning in different geopolitical and chronological contexts. The aim of the research is to identify invariant discursive strategies and mechanisms for the implementation of ideological modality in English-language media discourse on military conflicts and to determine the factors dictating the variability of their specific manifestation. The research is based on texts of news reports and analytical articles from authoritative English-language publications. The methodological framework of the study includes methods of critical discourse analysis, comparative analysis, and paradigmatic, semantic, and contextual analyses. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a systematic comparative analysis of media representation of three chronologically and geographically distinct military conflicts has been conducted using a unified methodological framework, which has allowed for the identification of patterns in the functioning of ideological modality in media discourse. It has been established that the media representation of military conflicts is characterized by the systematic reproduction of identical patterns regardless of the historical period and geographical location of the conflict, indicating the existence of a stable ideological matrix in Western media discourse. At the same time, significant variability in the intensity of linguistic representation has been found, correlating with the degree of geopolitical confrontation, along with a diachronic evolution of strategies towards increasing the directness and categorical nature of nominations. A systematic nature of the functioning of the identified strategies has been established: legitimation/delegitimation provides a rational-cognitive level of impact, dramatization offers an emotional-affective one, and polarization acts as an overarching principle structuring the entire representation system, creating a synergistic effect of ideological influence.

This article examines the concept of anthropocentrism, highlighting the differences and similarities in the worldviews reflected in the languages of native Russian and Persian speakers, and exploring the specific characteristics of ritual terminology associated with the events of birth and death. An attempt is made to identify typical features of speech formulas of congratulations and sympathy as cultural and linguistic markers that reveal the peculiarities of the Russian and Iranian worldviews. The research material consists of speech samples in the form of utterances and remarks common in expressing emotive speech acts – congratulations, condolences. In writing the article, mainly traditional methods were used: pragmatic, semantic and stylistic interpretation, conceptual analysis, interpretive analysis, and sociolinguistic analysis of the synchronic state of speech etiquette. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the key characteristics of established etiquette, in determining the common specific characteristics in Russian and Persian etiquette speech acts. The vocabulary, traditional etiquette, and heritage of customs of a particular ethnic group are shaped over centuries, reflecting its experience and becoming an integral part of life, teaching both young and subsequent generations norms, rules, and established patterns of behavior and interaction. Adherence to traditions in communication influences both the individual's spiritual world and serves as a tool for maintaining and reinforcing habitual patterns of everyday interactions and social connections through the inculcation of moral values.

This study is devoted to a comprehensive linguocultural analysis of the polysemy of the Old English lexeme helm in the heroic epic "Beowulf". The aim of the work is to determine all identified cases of the root’s usage and to analyze their functions in the poetic discourse. The lexeme helm operates as a central element in a complex semantic system that reflects the hierarchy of patronage in Anglo-Saxon culture. Both purely utilitarian uses and those within historical-cultural contexts are considered. The research differentiates true kennings (metaphors) from descriptive compounds (metonymies), and also examines the syntactic stability of the helm Scyldinga formula as an institutional title. The lexicon of helm serves as a structural instrument to express the main idea that all earthly forms of protection are temporary and powerless in comparison to eternal, divine patronage. The methodology focuses on morphological variants, syntactic surroundings, and direct collocative relationships, employing the principles of Old English morphology for precise identification of case forms. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the author’s complex linguocultural approach to analyzing the polysemy of the Old English lexeme helm in the poem "Beowulf". A philological distinction is made between true kennings and descriptive compounds. This distinction allows for precise identification of when the poet uses helm to denote a sacred or political status and when it is simply used to describe equipment. The syntactic stability of the helm Scyldinga formula (Nom. Sing.) is defined, proving its function as a fixed institutional title. A direct correlation is established between linguistic descriptions of elite equipment (grímhelmas, mask-helmets) and archaeological finds (for example, the Sutton Hoo helmet), which verifies the high social and military status of the wearers of such equipment in Anglo-Saxon culture, comparing it with variations in the poem.

Imagery, as a stylistic feature or as a category of stylistics, contains a lot and allows for the vivid representation of culturally significant meanings and values. At the same time, imagery can also play the role of a function enhancer, even for those linguistic units for which it is optional. The imagery of euphemisms, which was the subject of the study, is indicative in this regard. Euphemisms containing imagery are figurative euphemisms. In order to clarify the key concept of ‘figurative euphemism’ and to determine the characteristics and properties of figurative euphemisms from a linguocultural perspective, a set of methods was used. The leading method was descriptive and analytical, and comparative analysis was also used. In addition, contextual analysis was used to correctly identify euphemisms, and a survey of representatives of different linguistic cultures and ethnic groups was conducted to obtain relevant research material. Scientific novelty is determined not only by the diversity of the material studied (the survey covered 17 countries: Russia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Syria, Egypt, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, the Republic of Guinea, Benin, Mali, Niger, Cameroon, the Republic of Congo, France, Laos, Cambodia), but also by the identification of a new principle for classifying euphemisms, according to which euphemisms are divided into figurative and non-figurative. It is argued that the imagery of euphemisms is created by tropes and figures. The transfer of figurative euphemisms to another sociocultural reality occurs as a result of the acceptance of transferable images; otherwise, they are rejected or transformed. The results of the study are of practical importance for intercultural communication. It is argued that the literal translation of figurative euphemisms deactivates their key function in a new language if linguocultural, national and linguistic factors are not taken into account.

Recently, Russian society has witnessed a boom in the popularity of feature films that play on the Soviet past in various modalities, from historical events to screen adaptations of literary works written during the Soviet era. In early 2024, the attention of ordinary people was drawn to the Russian film ‘The Master and Margarita’, where director M.A. Lokshin, a representative of the younger part of the so-called ‘Generation X’, took on the Soviet 1930s. Mythoanalysis of the film provides a partial answer to these questions: the events that unfolded in the novel and, consequently, in the film, cover a period of time that is quite distant from the present, and there are more possibilities for constructing an image of the Soviet past. In this case, the focus of attention will be on the ontological part of the system of modern social mythology. Mythoanalysis will make it possible to see that the main ontological categories found in the painting – space and time, cause-and-effect and the relationship between the part and the whole – contain mythological content and ensure the relevance of the painting. In M.A. Lokshin’s film adaptation of the novel ‘The Master and Margarita’, we actually see the fantasies of a representative of Generation X on the theme of the Soviet past of the 1930s, which even in some ways produce allusions to the present day. Reinterpreting H. White, it is possible to use the term ‘practical present’ in relation to the painting. Mythoanalysis allowed us to see that the main ontological categories found in the painting – space and time, cause-and-effect relationship and the relation between the part and the whole – contain mythological content and ensure the relevance of the painting. In the future it's possible to refer to metamodernist categories.

Video gaming publications are in high demand today among their predominantly young audience. Gaming media outlets began as amateur resources, but over time, they quickly transformed into full-fledged professional gaming media. This article examines the functional focus of socially significant content in video game journalism. This content resource is considered in terms of its importance and relevance to the media landscape. The article aims to highlight the specific functional focus of socially significant content in game journalism. The article utilizes a descriptive method, with content comparison and analysis as a method for regionalizing the work. In security studies, the primary functions that are significant for society and performed by game journalism were: communicative, integrative, recreational, and informational. Through an analysis of online content from the StopGame.ru portal, characteristic features of socially significant content in game journalism were identified: informing about the development of socially significant issues, creating an image of reality for the outside world, and broadening horizons in its own right. The results of this research can be used in the study of game journalism, as well as in examining socially significant content in gaming publications. The study's relevance is driven by an examination of socially important content in video game journalism within society and social processes. This creates novelty and practical originality in these articles. The conclusions reached within the article state that game journalism is an important part of the modern media sphere, with its unique characteristics and functions contributing to a broader social perspective.

The subject of the study in the article is the functioning of things in V. I. Belov's trilogy "The Sixth Hour." Through observations of one of the components of the material-object world of the novels (suitcase, briefcase, knapsack), the symbolic and metaphorical potential of the author's artistic writing is examined, along with its ability to intensively saturate particular objects with meaning, allowing the depicted items in the trilogy to be viewed from an ontological perspective. The aim of this article is to analyze the ontology and poetics of the things that accompany the characters in their journeys. Relying on the principles of ontological poetics, the author establishes how the objects depicted in V. I. Belov's trilogy "The Sixth Hour," by becoming part of human existence, create the foundational meaning of the work and become an integral part of the artistic text. The analysis of the novel material employs: a comparative-typological method, necessary for identifying elements of material description and their comparison; and a structural-semiotic method, which allows for the reconstruction of a fragment of the "material world" of the trilogy, ultimately revealing the peculiarities of the characters' worldview. As a result of the conducted research, conclusions are drawn that the things (suitcase, briefcase, knapsack) in V. I. Belov's trilogy "The Sixth Hour" constitute the ontological foundation of the "visible" plots and shape their logic, represent the fates of the characters, and serve as a material analogue of the internal world of the characters. Collectively, all three objects (the suitcase, the briefcase, and the knapsack) indicate that the trilogy captures a special moment in the life of the peasant universe – the disappearance of the main principle of the world order in the Russian village – harmony. The dispossessed heroes embark with their knapsacks on a journey along the roads of Russia and through the journey of life. The knapsack becomes a symbol of homelessness, disorder, and wandering, as well as a unique model of the new man. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that, for the first time, the objects in the trilogy are examined in relation to their existential status.

This article explores the syntactic models of existential constructions in the Yakut language. It examines the model of the beginning of existence, event, and action in relation to the problem of identifying core and peripheral means of expression as elements of the field of functional-semantic categories. The relevance of this article stems from modern approaches to the study of the Yakut language as a system represented by multi-level means of expression. The sentence, as the basic syntactic unit, is represented in a model that «unites the invariants of minimal structural schemas that ensure sentence completeness and the generalized propositions associated with them». The structural model of the beginning of existence, event, or action in the Yakut language consists of a subject and an existential predicate, expressed by verbs of being. The typical meaning of the model is «to begin (to start) one's existence, to appear (to appear), to become (to become) existing; to begin (to start) performing some action, to be accomplished, to occur». This study is based on a functional-semantic approach to studying linguistic phenomena, which assumes a holistic organization of universal semantic categories. The study utilizes a continuous sampling method to gather material from lexicographic sources, a modeling method, and a glossing method to present illustrative material. A novel feature is the presentation of a model of the beginning of existence, event, and action as a component of the functional-semantic field of being in the Yakut language. The basis of this study is the functional-semantic approach to the study of language phenomena, which assumes a holistic organization of universal semantic categories. The study used the continuous sampling method when forming material from lexicographic sources, and the glossing method to present illustrative material. What is new is the presentation of the model of causation of the beginning of existence as a component of the functional-semantic field of beingness in the Yakut language. It has been determined that the subject of the syntactic model under consideration can be expressed by a noun, a substantivized adjective, or a pronoun in the primary case in the plural or singular, denoting an animate or inanimate person. The predicate of this model can be expressed by basic verbs representing the subgroup of the beginning of existence of the lexical-semantic group of verbs of being, such as sagalan (to begin), teree (to give birth, to be born, to be born), yeskee (to be born, to originate from, to occur, to be born from somewhere, to grow up somewhere).

The subject of the research is the verbs of different lexical-semantic groups in the Altai, Khakas, and Tuvan languages. Material from other Turkic languages is also included. The study examines correspondences that connect these heterogeneous languages of the Sayan-Altai region and that are not found in other Turkic languages. The authors focus on parameters such as: 1) the presence of root-related lexemes with similar meanings; 2) commonalities/differences in their semantics; 3) commonalities/differences in the word-formation structure of the verbs. Based on these parameters, the following types of correspondences are identified for analysis: 1) equivalents (“full” correspondences); 2) correspondences with semantic differences; 3) correspondences with differences in word-formation structure. The origin of the words (Turkic or Mongolic) is also taken into account. This approach allows for the determination of the closeness of the Turkic languages of Siberia to each other, considering the convergent processes in this territory. The study of lexical units utilized methods such as descriptive, comparative, comparative-historical, and component analysis. The material was collected using the method of complete sampling. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the comparative analysis of the verbs from different lexical-semantic groups is conducted according to several parameters. It has been established that the peculiarities of the common verb lexicon of the studied languages manifest not only in the presence of specific lexemes, some of which are recorded in ancient Turkic monuments, but also in the formation of secondary forms from common Turkic roots, and in the models used for verb formation and in the development of semantics. The correspondences derived from common Turkic roots mostly have differences in semantics or word-formation structure. An important part of the overall lexicon of these languages also includes Mongolic terms—completely borrowed lexemes and words derived from Mongolic roots. Such common verbs most often represent equivalents and correspondences that have semantic differences. In some cases, common verbs connect the Sayan-Altai languages with the Yakut and Kyrgyz languages.

This study aims to analyze modal strategies in police press releases in two languages — Russian and English — with the aim of identifying the frequency and typology of modal meanings which are expressed in this type of texts. The object of the study is official police announcements (specifically, Russian-language and English-language press releases) as a genre of official business and public communication. The subject of the study is imperative and deontological modal constructions, that is, linguistic means of expressing obligation, permission, and prohibition. The material for the study was a corpus of 60 press releases, of which 30 were in Russian (from the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and regional departments), and 30 were in English (from the Metropolitan Police of London, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), and others). The research methodology included discourse analysis, corpus analysis, comparative analysis, elements of pragmatic analysis, and an analysis of the functional semantics of the utterance. The analysis revealed that the most frequent sub-meanings are those of necessity conditioned by external circumstances (social, official, legal) and the influence of institutional will. Law enforcement press releases in both Russian and English predominantly feature indirect imperatives, represented by deontological constructions. Russian texts predominantly employ institutional-normative structures emphasizing the legal legitimacy of orders, while English texts favor performative and advisory forms reflecting a partnership strategy. The novelty of the research lies in identifying and systematizing linguistic strategies for expressing obligation, permission, and prohibition, as well as methods for softening and strengthening the direct nature characteristic of Russian-language and English-language police reports. This contributes to a comparative typology of modal meanings and their expressions. The research findings can be applied in training law enforcement specialists, press officers, and in teaching the translation of official institutional discourse. The findings can serve as the basis for developing methodological recommendations for law enforcement press officers.

The study of the conceptosphere of a literary text, which contributes to a deep and multifaceted understanding of an individual author's worldview, undoubtedly relates to current trends in modern philological science. The concepts used by the author serve as a key to understanding their worldview, cultural identity, intentions, spiritual and aesthetic orientations, as well as to uncovering the deeper meanings of the work. The subject of this research is the conceptosphere of the first book of the greatest Russian poet of the early 20th century, S. A. Yesenin, titled "Radunitsa," which includes lyrical works written by the poet between 1910 and 1915. The aim of this article is to theoretically substantiate and identify the features of the ideational-artistic representation of the dual concept of soul-heart in S. A. Yesenin's book "Radunitsa." For the linguistic explication and analysis of the cognitive model of the dual concept of soul-heart in the lyrical works of S. A. Yesenin's first book "Radunitsa," component-semantic, contextual, comparative, and conceptual methods were employed. The concept of soul in Yesenin's "Radunitsa" is organically linked to the concept of heart, which gives grounds for distinguishing the dual artistic concept of soul-heart. The poet's artistic worldview in his first book is based on the harmony of the corporeal and the spiritual, embodying ideas of beauty, youth, goodness, and truth. The semantic relationships between the lexemes "soul" and "heart" in the cognitive model of the dual concept manifest the unity of bodily and spiritual principles, determined by the constant comparison of earthly and Eternal (in the Christian sense) life in the lyrical works of "Radunitsa." The only difference between the two concepts is the connection of the heart, whose existence is impossible outside the confines of the human body, with corporeality and spatial localization within a person. In contrast, the soul can be "extracted"; it has, as Yesenin expresses it, the hidden ability to separate from the body as from a skin. The study of the lexical and textual representation of the dual concept of soul-heart within the subsequent works of S. A. Yesenin will allow for a clearer and more detailed transmission of the qualitative changes in the poet's spiritual worldview.

This article analyzes the functioning of emotive vocabulary in the works of contemporary Tatar writers Aigul Akhmetgalieva and Rustam Galiullin. In the texts studied, emotionality is explicated primarily through verbal vocabulary and emotional-expressive units. Verbs representing affective states (joy, grief, fear, anger) play a key role in representing the characters' inner worlds, ensuring the recipient's emotional involvement, and reflecting the historical and cultural context of the works. The semantic diversity of emotional vocabulary, the richness of syntactic forms, and the contextual determination of their use shape the depth and expressiveness of literary texts. The lexical and semantic diversity of emotives, syntactic variability, and contextual determination of their implementation determine the depth and artistic persuasiveness of the prose of these writers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the functioning of emotional vocabulary in texts, identify its semantic and stylistic features, and determine the nature of the emotional impact of works on the recipient. The methodological framework for the study is formed within the theoretical concepts of textual criticism, linguistics, and literary studies. The works of scholars such as Sh. Bally [1], N.D. Arutyunova [2], and I.S. Nosenko [3] occupy an important place in the study of the representation of emotionality by linguistic means. Structural-semantic analysis, contextual interpretation, and comparative methods are used as methodological tools. These methods allow us to identify various aspects of emotionality in a text: the characters' inner experiences, their feelings, and reactions. Thus, this article makes a significant contribution to Tatar linguistics and ethnolinguistics, expanding knowledge about the ways of expressing emotions and their cultural significance, and serves as a foundation for further research in the field of intercultural communication and translation.

The present work is devoted to the study of proper names of Roman origin in English-language video game discourse. The aim of the research is to identify and describe the specifics of the realization and translation of proper names of Roman etymology exemplified in video game discourse. The object of the study is English-language video game discourse. The subject is the specificity of the realization and the peculiarities of translation techniques when working with proper names of Romance origin within the discourse of video games. The relevance lies in addressing the issue of studying proper names of Roman origin, which aligns with contemporary trends in linguistics where multidisciplinary research combining the tools of cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, and discourse analysis is prioritized. Furthermore, the analysis of translation methods for proper names in various types of discourse addresses practical problems in translation studies, as translators face challenges such as the need to preserve phonetic and cultural identity, internal structure, and intertextual connections. Additionally, video game discourse serves as a platform where new linguistic means, including proper names, are tested and established. Research methods employed include comparative, descriptive, functional, pragmatic methods, component analysis, and comprehensive linguistic analysis. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it for the first time conducts an analysis of translation techniques when working with proper names of Roman origin in English-language video game discourse. Conclusions: the least difficulties in the realization of proper names of Roman origin arise when dealing with proper nouns conveying real names and surnames (Acele, Andre, Eugene), as they require well-established and time-tested methods and techniques of translation work—transliteration or transcription. Significant difficulties arise in translating proper names conveying abstract concepts (Call Me Mañana), toponyms (Insulinde, Face-a-la-mer), metaphorical phrases (Esprit De Corps, Savoir Faire), and similar cases (Cunoesse, Boiadeiro). In working with these proper names, translators apply semi-calquing, the creation of neologisms, and functional substitutions. These techniques are complex examples of transferring vocabulary from one language to another and require a more cautious approach. When applying the listed techniques, not only is the translator's knowledge of certain expressions and their meanings checked, but also their ability to creatively convey the translated lexical unit.

The subject of the study is the propaganda techniques that were used in the coverage of the activities of P.I. Yakir and V.A. Krasin in the Soviet and emigrant press in 1973. The trial of the leader of the human rights movement Yakir and his associate Krasin was symbolic in nature and received wide coverage in the Soviet Union. Since the defendants' cooperation with the investigation became one of the reasons for the human rights crisis, their position in the emigrant press also took on an ambiguous character. This study compares the publications of the central Soviet publications "Izvestia" and "Literaturnaya Gazeta" with articles from the conservative newspaper "Novoe Russkoe Slovo" in the USA, headed by a representative of the first wave of emigration, A. Sedykh. Typically, the editorial line covered the trials against human rights defenders in a neutral manner, while in the case of Yakir and Krasin it demonstrated emotionality. The comparison of its publications with those of the Soviet press allows for a more multifaceted study of the propaganda techniques in articles about human rights defenders. A comparative-analytical method was used to study the periodicals, enabling a comparison of materials published in Soviet and emigrant publications. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that articles about human rights defenders in "Izvestia", "Literaturnaya Gazeta", and "Novoe Russkoe Slovo", published in 1973, are compared for the first time. Since the trial of Yakir and Krasin took place in the midst of negotiations to achieve a détente in international tensions, this study will complement works on the topic of media confrontation during the Cold War. It is also the first time that materials from the Soviet official press are compared with the newspaper "Novoe Russkoe Slovo". As a result of the study of publications about the activities of Yakir and Krasin in Soviet and emigrant publications, the following propaganda techniques were identified: discrediting through labeling, presenting "us" versus "them," and appealing to security as the highest value. The articles contain numerous emotionally charged statements and ideological themes. It was concluded that similar methods of influencing the audience are used in the publications, in accordance with the agendas of the studied publications.