No 9 (2025)

This study examines the functioning of the Spanish indefinite article (un, una, unos, unas) within phraseological units as a grammatical device of determination that provides referential characterization of nouns and events. The research focuses on how the choice of article form relates to the parameters of individualization (reference to a concrete instance), particularization (one of many), typification (establishing a model for comparison), and the representation of processual meaning as a single event in verb-noun constructions. Special attention is given to idiomatic patterns where the article marks minimal quantity (ni un…) or distribution of a set (unos… otros…), with comparisons to cases where the forms function as a numeral or an indefinite pronoun. The methodology combines a functional-stylistic approach in line with Guillaume’s psychomechanics, corpus analysis (CORDE/CREA), distributional-contextual study of fixed models, diagnostic tests of form status and lexicographic verification. The novelty of the study lies in interpreting the indefinite article as a means of referential characterization in phraseological models. It is shown that the forms un, una, unos, unas define the parameters of individualization, particularization, typification, the presentation of events as single, and the indication of minimal quantity and distribution. A working classification is proposed (predicative-evaluative, comparative, verb-noun, and negative-distributive constructions), together with a set of diagnostic tests for determining form status. The findings clarify the conditions under which these forms function as an article, a numeral, or an indefinite pronoun, refining the traditional view of complete grammaticalization in phraseology. Results demonstrate that the article systematically regulates the degree of generality versus specificity and the intensity of evaluative meaning, with contrasts shifting the interpretation from general to individualized and from neutral to emphatically evaluative. The conclusions have practical value for lexicographic description of idioms and translation, ensuring accurate equivalence and preservation of stylistic effect.

Thе article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the phenomenon of news internet memes as an innovative form of media communication in the context of the digital transformation of the modern information space. The subject of the study is the linguistic, semiotic, and pragmatic aspects of language compression in Internet news memes, which are considered a hybrid form of media text that combines the informational function of traditional journalism with the playful mechanisms of Internet culture. The aim of the work is to describe the specifics of linguistic compression in news internet memes as a form of compressed media text and to identify the patterns of their functioning in the digital media space. Language compression in news memes enables the creation of semantically rich texts of minimal length that meet the requirements of modern digital communication, while decoding the compressed meaning requires background knowledge and cultural competence from recipients. The study uses methods of structural-semantic analysis, content analysis, and pragmatic analysis. The material consists of 100 news internet memes posted on the English-language social network Reddit and devoted to current socio-political events. The study identified the main types of news memes (graphic, video, and text memes) and determined the key means of linguistic compression operating at the morphological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels: abbreviations and acronyms of the Internet environment, compressed lexical units, intentional spelling errors, elliptical constructions, linguistic play with phraseological units, allusions to precedent phenomena. Language compression leads to a partial implication of the meaning of memes, the understanding of which requires background knowledge and reference to precedent phenomena in the linguistic and cultural community. The results of the study can be applied in the fields of media linguistics, mass communication theory, the study of Internet discourse, and digital journalism. The study shows that linguistic compression in news memes allows for the creation of semantically rich texts of minimal length that meet the requirements of modern digital communication, while decoding the compressed meaning requires background knowledge and cultural competence from the recipients.

The present article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the position of American-English language in the global international context, with a focus on the linguistic imperialism policy of the United States. The work examines historical and contemporary aspects of the spread of American-English as a global means of communication, as well as its influence on other languages and cultures. Special attention is given to the strategies employed by the U.S. to promote its linguistic and cultural influence, including educational policy, media, and international relations. The research draws on methods of sociolinguistics and a theoretical-methodological foundation, represented not only by the classical works of R. Phillipson and M.A. Marusenko, but also by numerous scientific developments carried out by Russian researchers within the framework of the Petersburg school of studying the linguistic dimension of world politics (V.S. Yagya, N.V. Kovalevskaya, Y.N. Shevchenko), which allows for a comparatively in-depth analysis of the processes related to the spread of American-English globally. The article also considers the consequences of this process for linguistic diversity and the cultural sovereignty of other countries. It explores issues of resistance and adaptation to linguistic imperialism and proposes approaches to preserving linguistic and cultural pluralism in the context of global interaction. The authors conclude that the consistent implementation of multiculturalism policies can not only distract energy from addressing the most pressing social problems related to racism and class inequality but also hinders ethnolinguistic minorities from realizing the real root causes of their plight. The work emphasizes the importance of reflecting on the policy of linguistic imperialism in the context of contemporary political-linguistic relations between nations in the struggle for power and peace.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a tool that can provide a multitude of opportunities for those who can use it effectively. However, as always with global changes in society, there is a downside—the technology is learned not only for good but also for implementing personal plans and ideas that can cause serious harm to both individuals and society as a whole. Deepfake, as a product created by AI, is currently one of the most serious information threats, as it can deceive not only an inexperienced user but also a professional in the IT field. Every day, the media landscape sees more and more high-profile examples of deepfakes that are impossible to distinguish from real audio or video recordings. The aim of this article is to present the characteristic features of deepfake as a digital product, to provide a typology of such publications based on their creation methods and objectives, as well as to describe possible markers for recognizing fakes in the online environment. The research methodology is based on a systematic-structural analysis of the media space, allowing for the typologization of deepfakes, as well as on content analysis, which made it possible to identify the goals and characteristic features of various deepfakes. The study also applies descriptive and generalization methods. The empirical basis consisted of generated content in photo, audio, and video formats that caused a public resonance and were publicly debunked either by the creators themselves, by media outlets, or by vigilant users. The chronological scope of the research is 2020–2025. A total of 69 deepfakes were analyzed. The material was collected through a comprehensive sampling method and included publications mentioned in the media (on TV channels such as “Channel One,” NTV, and “Russia 1,” the platform “Smotrim,” online publications such as “Lenta.ru” and “Gazeta.ru,” and websites of news agencies “RIA Novosti” and TASS). This approach allowed for the formation of an understanding of the themes, goals, and methods of reproducing deepfakes, as well as for identifying the most effective ways to recognize them. These markers are relevant and effective at the current stage, as they allow for the most prompt and effective distinction of generation, which is especially important in the context of the constant improvement of neural network functioning mechanisms.

The subject of the article is two adjacent concepts in Rozenov studies: "handwriting" or "manuscriptness" and "draftness," which are used to denote the peculiarities of the most stylistically distinctive texts of V.V. Rozanov, such as "Solitaria," "Fallen Leaves," "Sakharna," "Fleeting," "The Last Leaves," and "The Apocalypse of Our Time," but to a greater extent the first two. "Handwriting," as stated by V.V. Rozanov himself and developed by A.D. Sinyavsky, was meant to denote not the direct fact of "writing by hand," but the inclination towards medial immediacy in representing the author's creative act, imitating the incompleteness of a rough draft. Hence, in the 1990s, S.R. Fedyakin derived "draftness" as a specification of "handwriting," developing a whole theory of drafts as a medium through which inner speech externalizes. Draftness genetically follows from handwriting but is practically unused outside Rozenov studies. Thus, these concepts are used to explore the specificity of this literary criticism direction. The article employs methodological analysis, which allows for an analysis of the literary-critical approach, including the theoretical object constructed within it. The key premises of the approach are analyzed, and the consistency of theoretical propositions is tested. Elements of the methodology of the history of concepts are also used to conceptualize the genetic following of draftness from handwriting. The novelty of this research lies in the comprehensive description of how the concepts of manuscriptness and draftness function in Russian literary criticism, including their definition, heuristic, and theoretical value. The theoretical prerequisites that necessitate these concepts are elucidated. A sequential comparison of the theoretical meanings of these concepts in Rozenov studies, on the one hand, and in diary studies, poetry studies, and related fields, on the other hand, is conducted. Almost all texts in which these concepts are used are analyzed. It is revealed that handwriting outside of Rozenov studies tends to be literalized, denoting handwritten text that is not a manuscript, while in Rozanov studies it becomes a metaphor and is incorporated into new metalanguages, such as post-structuralism and receptive aesthetics. Draftness, on the other hand, is used in Rozenov studies to denote the author's presence, the paradoxical immediacy of the author's self in the text, but assumes a necessary axiom of the artistic-aesthetic nature of the mentioned works. Outside of Rozenov studies, for example in diary studies, draftness becomes a metaphor.

The subject of the study is the role of multimodal metaphor in managing society through digital-intelligent technologies, particularly using the example of the commercial "Urban Brain" in Hangzhou. The object of the study is the analysis of visual, auditory, and textual elements of advertising materials that interact to convey complex concepts of digital-intelligent management. The author examines in detail aspects of the topic, such as the definition of the place and role of multimodal metaphor in the context of digital management, as well as its impact on shaping public perceptions of technological systems. Special attention is given to analyzing how elements of color scheme, sound accompaniment, and graphic images jointly create the metaphor of "the city as an intelligent organism," simplifying the understanding of complex technological processes and fostering a positive attitude toward digital management. The theoretical foundation of the research is based on works related to multimodal metaphor, critical discourse analysis, and cognitive linguistics. The main conclusions of the author is that the multimodal metaphor not only simplifies the understanding of complex technological processes of digital-intelligent management but also actively shapes specific associations and emotional responses in the audience, contributing to the positive perception of technological systems as living organisms. A significant contribution of the author to the study of the topic is a deep analysis of the synergistic interaction of various modalities (visual, auditory, textual) in creating a unified metaphor of "the city as an intelligent organism," as well as revealing the mechanisms of its influence on public consciousness. The novelty of the research lies in the application of theoretical approaches from critical discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics to the analysis of advertising discourses in the field of digital management, which allows for a deeper understanding of the role of multimodal metaphor in shaping public perceptions of technologies.

The subject of the study is the history of the examination of parts of speech in the Chinese language under European influence (up to the 1950s). The object of the research is the evolution of theories on the classification of Chinese parts of speech. The author examines in detail aspects such as how the system of Latin grammar influenced the studies of Chinese grammar through the work of Ma Jianzhong (1898), how in the first half of the 20th century, under the influence of English grammatical theories, Li Jinsi (1924) proposed the principle of "sentence as a basis," which shifted the focus of research on parts of speech to syntactic functions, and the key role of the Soviet-Chinese discussion of the 1950s. Special attention is paid to how the history of research on parts of speech in the Chinese language (an isolating language) has progressed from simple imitation to integration with the characteristics of the Chinese language. Historical-linguistic and descriptive analysis is applied using a chronological approach, comparative study of European and Chinese grammatical models, analysis of the works of key scholars, and materials from discussions in the 1950s. The main conclusions of the conducted study are: The study of parts of speech in the Chinese language has been heavily influenced by European linguistic paradigms from the very beginning. The history has evolved from straightforward imitation (Ma Jianzhong, 1898) to integration with the features of the Chinese language. Scientific discussions between Soviet and Chinese scholars in the 1950s deepened theories and ultimately formed comprehensive classification standards combining morphological, semantic, and syntactic criteria. The novelty of the study: This article systematically investigates the history of research on parts of speech in the Chinese language under European influence (up to the 1950s). These studies not only continuously deepened the understanding of the typological characteristics of the Chinese language but also provided a theory from a non-Indo-European perspective for general linguistics.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the usage of the combination "undoubtedly...but" in texts of various functional styles and genres as a textual connector, comparing its functioning in the text and in the sentence. The aim of the work was to identify the specifics of this unit, its semantic characteristics, mechanisms of formation, and the nature of the expounded relationships between parts of the text. Attention is given to the mechanism of forming this textual connector, its semantics, and the relationships between the parts of the text, in the construction of which the connector participates. Furthermore, the phenomenon of grammaticalization is examined in the context of analyzing the etymology of the textual connector "undoubtedly...but," revealing features that suggest the need to revise approaches to the phenomenon of grammaticalization, related to the inclusion in the connector of not only significant parts of speech but also function words, as well as introductory-modal words. In analyzing these features of the textual connector "undoubtedly...but," the following research methods were applied: a traditional descriptive method, including techniques of observation, generalization, and systematization of linguistic phenomena, and techniques of contextual analysis. The methodological basis of the research consists of works devoted to grammaticalization and textual connectors, including the works of representatives of the Far Eastern syntactic school in the field of function words. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it provides a detailed analysis of the features of the functioning of the phrase "undoubtedly...but" as a textual connector in contemporary texts of different functional styles and genres for the first time. It has been established that the textual connector "undoubtedly...but" has a two-element morphological structure, formed on the basis of the word "undoubtedly" (which can function in different contexts as an adjective in the short form, an adverb, and an introductory-modal word) and the conjunction "but," which determines the functional possibilities of the connector. In the text, it is used for contrasting situations, in which the speaker's judgments are partially refuted, supplemented, or revealed from a different angle, while limiting the unambiguity of the positive or negative evaluation of these situations or phenomena. This is related to the implementation of a specific communicative strategy of the speaker. The results of this research should serve as a basis for further investigations in the field of textual connectors and the phenomenon of grammaticalization, and may also be presented as a dictionary entry for the "Dictionary of Function Words of the Russian Language."

This study is dedicated to exploring the linguoaxiological sphere of society and the individual in Russian sports discourse. The aim of the research is to identify the specifics of the structural components of the social linguoaxiological sphere (using sports discourse as an example) through the analysis of the parameters of individual linguoaxiological trajectories of Russian sports commentators. The subject of this study is the Russian discourse of sports commentary. The object of study is the social and personal aspect of the linguoaxiological sphere, a fragment of which is represented in the discourse of sports commentary in Russia. The relevance of this work is associated with the study of individual axiological trajectories and their linguistic realization in the form of evaluative statements, which provides important information about the state and dynamics of the axiological system of Russian society. Furthermore, it is important to refer to the discourse of sports commentary, within which personality and institutionality are integrated, and collective and personal values are transmitted. The linguoaxiological analysis of this phenomenon allows for the identification of the pragmatic orientation of evaluations and the specifics of value representation in mass communication. The main method of this article is an interdisciplinary combination of the method of linguoaxiological interpretation and discourse analysis. Methods of statistical data processing are also used. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is the first systematic description of the value component of Russian sports discourse as a fragment of a holistic linguoaxiological sphere. Conclusions: as a result of the conducted research, the structural and content-related features of the linguoaxiological sphere of the individual and society in the Russian sports discourse have been revealed. A fragment of the current linguoaxiological sphere of Russian society has been defined. Core, pre-core, and peripheral zones have been highlighted. The core zone of the fragment actualizes the values of national identity and achievement of success. Sports discourse in Russia performs a representative-ideological function—sports is viewed as a tool for demonstrating the strength, unity, and status of the country. The pre-core zone highlights the relevance of the moral-ethical and historical context in Russian linguaculture. There is a need to perceive communication in the sphere of sports (and in other areas) not only as competition, but also as a space of moral norms and cultural memory, in which the connection to the past is important. The periphery represents the secondary nature of the entertainment-media aspect.