No 5 (2025)

The object of research in this article is a concept in the aspect of cognitive linguistics. In the middle of the last century, a cognitive field appeared in science, which unites many scientific disciplines. Cognitive science explores the human mind, its thinking abilities, consciousness, memory, etc. Language is used by humans not just to exchange information, it structures knowledge about the world. The concept is a basic concept of cognitive linguistics, combining language, consciousness and culture. The purpose of this article is to study the content of the concept and build its cognitive model using the example of the concept of "will", which will reveal the ways of structuring knowledge about the world, as well as the ways of their evolution. The methodology of conceptual analysis is based on the study of the meanings of words and expressions that actualize the concept in the language. Etymological analysis makes it possible to identify the central image of the concept, around which conceptual meanings are layered. The study of the concept of "will" in cognitive linguistics makes a significant contribution to understanding the interaction of language, thinking and culture, as well as to the development of methods for analyzing linguistic and cultural concepts. This study for the first time combines the analysis of the historical development of the concept with its cognitive structures such as metaphors, frames and prototypes, which allows us to create a comprehensive understanding of the concept of "will" in the Russian language. A comprehensive study of the ways and means of lexical expression of the concept of "will" reveals the conceptual content. All of the above determines the relevance of this article. The research results can be used in cognitive linguistics, psychology, and philosophy of language.

The subject of the research is speech formulas of military origin as a specific class of idiomatic expressions characterized by fixed illocutionary force and direct correlation with the communicative situation. Unlike traditional phraseological units, which are predominantly classified by structural-semantic parameters, the speech formulas under consideration exhibit discursive dependence and demonstrate limitations on the realization of grammatical categories. The article provides a detailed analysis of six functional types of speech formulas: speech formulas-comments, speech formulas-performatives, speech formulas-stabilizers of emotional state, speech formulas of question, speech formulas of answer, and speech formulas of epistemic modality. These types of speech formulas are examined comparatively using data from the Russian and English languages, applying quantitative methods of analysis and verification through corpus research. The research methodology includes a continuous sampling method, semantic, etymological, discursive, and contextual analysis. To verify the selected units, a corpus analysis was conducted using the National Corpus of the Russian Language, the British National Corpus, and the Corpus of Contemporary American English. Speech formulas of military origin represent a discursively dependent class of idiomatic expressions with fixed illocutionary force, requiring a specific methodological apparatus for adequate linguistic description and analysis. The proposed functional typology, which includes six types of speech formulas, demonstrates the diversity of mechanisms of discursive dependence and the specificity of communicative functions that go beyond the traditional nominative function of phraseologisms. The quantitative distribution of speech formulas by functional types reveals a statistically significant similarity in Russian and English, indicating universal mechanisms of pragmatic adaptation of military vocabulary and phraseology when transitioning to everyday discourse. The poly-stylistic differentiation and precedent nature of the examined units allow them to be viewed as linguistic and cultural markers representing the ethnic linguistic worldview and military conceptual sphere in the collective linguistic consciousness.

The purpose of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of vocabulary reflecting the characteristics of insect habitation in Russian and Chinese languages. The research is relevant due to the growing interest in comparative studies of languages with different structures and insufficient study of entomological vocabulary in a comparative aspect. The theoretical basis of the research was works in the field of comparative linguistics, lexical semantics, and linguoculturology. Referring to the corpus of entomonyms formed through dictionary selection, the author of the article chooses 26 Russian and 31 Chinese lexical units with the differential seme "insect habitation" as the object of research. The subject of the research is the differential features of the aspects "mode of insect habitation" and "distribution of insect habitation," reflected in Russian and Chinese definitions. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the comprehensive analysis of semantic features of entomological vocabulary in two typologically different languages, which is carried out for the first time on the material of lexemes characterizing insect habitation. The study applies a comprehensive methodology, including both general scientific methods (descriptive method, analysis and synthesis method, classification method, continuous sampling method from the material) and special linguistic methods: semantic, component, and comparative analysis to study lexical sememes and their representations and to identify differences and similarities in the presentation of the studied materials. It is noted that in the Russian language, the definitions of 37.68% of lexemes denoting insects from the formed corpus provide general characteristics of insect habitation, compared to 34.07% in Chinese. It was found that in the Russian language, the emphasis is on social and ecological aspects of insect habitation, while in the Chinese language, the diversity of places and conditions of their habitation is reflected in more detail. In both languages, there is a relationship between groups of differential semes, differential features, lexical constructions, and biological characteristics of insects, which emphasizes the integration of scientific knowledge into the general linguistic picture of the world and the peculiarities of national worldview. The obtained results can find application in lexicographic practice, in teaching Russian and Chinese languages, as well as in further comparative studies.

This article is dedicated to the study of phraseological units in the English and Russian languages that reflect the traditions and customs of the peoples. The work discusses the definition of a phraseological unit, approaches to the classification of phraseologisms, and further identifies four thematic subgroups: life, old age and death; romantic relationships, marriage, and weddings; food and drinks; travel. An additional subgroup "Others" is highlighted, which includes interesting phraseological expressions that don't fit into the main subgroups. Almost every phraseological unit contains information about historical events, the spiritual state of society, and the daily life of the people. Knowledge of phraseologisms helps to understand fully the language and culture of a nation. The research material consists of 80 phraseological units selected from phraseological dictionaries of the English and Russian languages. The theoretical basis of the study includes the works of: 1) A.V. Kunin, V.V. Vinogradov, N.N. Amosova, N.A. Samarets in the field of defining the term of phraseologism and the main approaches to their classifications; 2) L.P. Smith, E.G. Kotova, E.V. Godunova in the area of classifying phraseologisms with a national-cultural component in languages. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the phraseological units of the Russian and English languages are analyzed in terms of the presence of a national-cultural component, which allows to determine which phraseological units have the most vivid national-cultural specificity in two languages. The analysis of the selected phraseological units shows that phraseologisms reflect the characteristics and uniqueness of a particular people and nation. Such characteristics can be considered through the origin of a particular phraseological expression. In the research material we found that many expressions originated from the traditions and customs that once existed among people. This specificity allows tracking the uniqueness and individuality of culture as well as identifying the national-cultural component within a phraseological unit.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the plant code, under which it is advisable to consider the code related to the semiotization of flora in modern prose. The purpose of the study: to identify the features of the reception of the plant code in the novels of V. Gnilomedov. Research objectives: 1) to consider the features of the dendrological code in the novel "The War" by V.Gnilomedov; 2) to identify the specifics of the phytonymic code, the plan of expression of which is the images of flax, cornflower, in the novel " Cornflowers on the border " by V.Gnilomedov. Subject of research: perception of cherry, flax, cornflower codes in V. Gnilomedov's novels. The cultural code is considered both in the structure of artistic and visual means, and in focusing on the ideological orientation of the work of art, which allows for a new look at the work of the Belarusian writer. During the research, the author used methods of comparative and semiotic analysis to identify philosophical subtexts and their sources. The author also applies the historical and cultural context to interpret the image of the cornflower in V.Gnilomedov's novel. The methodological basis of the study was the work of V.Leshchinskaya, V.Khalipov, I.Shved, D.Shchukina, M.Epstein, and others. The scientific novelty lies in a detailed examination of the role of the plant code in the novels of a modern Belarusian writer. The uniqueness and significance of the research lies in the identification of the key code in the analysis of the novel cycle by V.Gnilomedov. As a result of the research, it was found that in V. Gnilomedov's novels "The War" and " Cornflowers on the border ", the plant code is associated with images of cherries, flax, and cornflowers. The author comes to the conclusion about the role of the dendrological code in the novel "War", where a broken cherry tree symbolizes the tragic situation in which the Belarusian land found itself at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The conclusions indicate that the code transmitted using the image of a cornflower emphasizes the resilience, cheerfulness, and spirituality of Belarusians. The flax code associated with the ethnic tow artifact is attributed to the key in revealing the ideological content of the writer's novel cycle. The results of the study can be applied in further consideration of the features of the reception of cultural codes in Belarusian literature, as well as in the educational process when developing seminar plans, academic programs on the history of literature of the CIS countries, for example, when considering national symbols in the literatures of different states.

The aim of this article is to systematize and analyze the main mechanisms through which the expansion of the phraseological composition of language occurs. The relevance of the study is due to the dynamic nature of the phraseological system and its ability to adapt to changing socio-cultural conditions. The article examines the phenomenon of phraseological productivity in modern French and Spanish. Phraseological productivity is understood as the ability of language to create new, sustainable expressions, enriching vocabulary and reflecting dynamic changes in culture and society. The study is about ways of creating new phraseologisms on the basis of already existing units. Concrete examples from the modern French and Spanish languages demonstrate how these processes lead to new phraseologisms that reflect contemporary realities and trends. In the course of the study, methods such as analysis of theoretical literature, descriptive method, continuous sample method, dictionary definition analysis method, component analysis of lexical units, and observation and generalization were used. The scientific novelty of research is to identify how processes of phraseological derification reflect the dynamics of sociocultural changes and contribute to the actualization of linguistic stereotypes in the mass consciousness. The analysis demonstrates that phraseological productivity is an important indicator of creativity and flexibility of modern French and Spanish languages, as well as their ability to respond quickly to the challenges of time. The article also addresses issues of normative and stylistic coloring of new phraseologisms. The results of the study contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of language dynamics and processes that determine the development of the phraseology of French and Spanish languages, and can be used in lexicography, lexicology and translation, as well as in the practice of teaching French and Spanish as foreign languages.

The subject of this article is the specificity of the contextual use of foreign language inclusions on the material of a work of fiction. The object is the words and phrases in German incorporated into the Russian text. This is how the principle of multicode is realised, when the text is not limited to one form of information expression, but several ‘codes’ are used to convey meaning. A typical example of a multicode work is Leo Tolstoy's novel ‘War and Peace’ in which words and phrases from French, German, Italian and Latin languages are used. The aim of the article is to systematise and analyse from the point of view of linguosemiotic approach foreign language inclusions in German due to the multimodal character of the novel's fiction text to create speech portraits of the characters and reflect the author's position. The study uses the method of classification to typologise foreign-language embeddings by volume and degree of integration into the text, descriptive method, contextual analysis, component analysis method, and structural-semantic analysis method. The method of quantitative analysis served to establish the ratio within the foreign-language material. The method of continuous sampling made it possible to compile a file cabinet of the study with the volume of 30 contexts. The novelty of the study lies in the confirmation of the fact that the peculiarities of the use of foreign-language embeddings in German described in the article in terms of their thematic and conceptual, structural aspects and models of language code switching clarify the existing ideas about the current state of polycodicity, creolised text, code switching, multilingualism, intertextuality, the systematisation of which is of particular importance for the further study of the functional-semiotic approach in the study of the artistic text. As a result of the linguosemiotic approach, it was revealed that the functioning of foreign-language inclusions in German in the text of the novel is related to their semantic (allocation of two main semantic fields: artistic opposition of the national characters of Russians and Germans, mixing Russian with German is connected with military themes and communication with German officers), syntactic (mixing of codes and alternation of codes) and pragmalinguistic features (parallel development of realistic-imaginative strategy with tactics of informativeness, historical stylisation, illustration of material, objectification and social-evaluative strategy with expressive, comic, individualising and ironic-satirical tactics).

The article presents an analysis of excerpts from Galen’s works in which he ridicules and defames his opponents using various types of irony and a wide range of stylistic devices for its expression. Public medical disputes were part of the "agonistic" culture of the Second Sophistic, and thus were conducted using rhetorical tools characteristic of judicial oratory, where victory depended not only on logical arguments but also on the oratorical skill of mocking and discrediting opponents. Thanks to the classical Greek education he received in his youth, Galen was well-versed in ancient rhetorical theories and confidently applied them in practice to engage in polemics with his opponents. The author examines different types of irony, such as wit, mockery, derision, and sarcasm. Depending on the context, Galen employs varying degrees of irony – from false self-deprecation to personal insults against his opponents – resorting to different stylistic devices such as hyperbole, paradox, antithesis, and rhetorical questions. The frequent use of superlative adjectives, derogatory comparisons, and lexical fields related to stupidity, empty talk, ignorance, madness, and shamelessness is noted, along with proverbs well known to the audience. Irony often carries a philosophical subtext, extending beyond medical disputes and touching on ethical issues. Thus, it serves not merely as a stylistic embellishment but constitutes an essential part of Galen’s polemical strategy aimed at asserting his own authority. It reflects his views on science, philosophy, and a society where intellectual debates required not only knowledge of the subject but also wit and, at times, ruthless criticism. The novelty of the study lies in expanding scholarly understanding of the role of medical debates during the Second Sophistic era and filling gaps in the study of rhetorical techniques in the language of medicine.