No 5 (2025)

The article examines the category of emotivity through emotive words, metaphors, and emotive descriptions used in literary texts. It attempts to explain the essence and functioning of emotives of different types based on the material from M.Yu. Lermontov's poem "Demon" according to the typology proposed by the author. This typology was developed and tested by the author of the article previously on dialectal material. The typology has not been studied in relation to the poetry of M.Yu. Lermontov before. The object of the study is the category of emotivity, which is understood as the verbal representation of the emotional world of characters in the literary text. The subject of the study is the linguistic means of expressing emotions in the poem "Demon" by M.Yu. Lermontov. The relevance of the study is ensured by the extraordinary interest of scholars in the category of emotivity and the ways it is expressed in literary texts. The methods used in the work include analytical and descriptive methods, as well as semantic and contextual analysis of emotive contexts based on the main principles of linguistic analysis of literary texts: the principles of historicism, coordination of the general and the specific, the principle of semantic opposition, and the principle of associative dominance. The novelty of this research is determined by the fact that no similar analysis has been conducted based on the material of M.Yu. Lermontov's idiolect so far. The poem "Demon" by M.Yu. Lermontov has not been studied in terms of emotivity from this perspective either. In scientific literature, it is common to discuss psychological aspects and the psychological foundations of the mythological image of the Demon. In this study, the artistic style of language, which creates diverse psychological and speech portraits of characters, is chosen as the material for examining emotives in semantic and pragmatic aspects. The identified and described emotives express "living," "painful," and "dead" emotions of literary heroes, vividly reflecting their inner world and experiences, and are also interesting in terms of the communicative act, during which the writer as the creator of the artistic work interacts with an intelligent, thinking reader.

The subject of the research is the structure and functions of narrative as a tool for shaping political image in the media space, including its substantive, structural, and symbolic characteristics. The object of the study is political communication in modern mass media, particularly in the context of transnational media discourse. The author examines various aspects of the topic, such as the typology of narratives (personal, public, meta-, and conceptual), their plot structures, emotional carga and symbolic potential. Speech strategies for influence (enhancement, degradation, phantom threat, forecasting) and their role in constructing a positive or negative image of a politician are also analyzed. Special attention is paid to comparing interpretations of the same political figures in different ideological, cultural, and national media contexts, which helps to reveal the dependence of media narratives on the editorial policy and political positions of the publication. The study employs methods of critical discourse analysis and qualitative content analysis. The analysis is based on a structural-semantics approach to media texts containing narrative constructions and aims to identify speech strategies for shaping political image in publications of foreign media outlets. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the provisions that narrative strategies are one of the central mechanisms for forming a political image in the media environment. The novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive systematization of types of narratives and the identification of stable models of their use in the discourse of foreign media. A significant contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the identification and description of four dominant strategies of narrative influence: enhancement, degradation, phantom threat, and forecasting. The analysis of specific media cases has shown that narratives can set both positive and negative perceptions of the same politician, depending on the ideological context. The results obtained have practical significance for media strategies, political PR, and educational programs in the field of media and political communications.

The subject of this study is the completeness of consecutive specialized interpreting performed using three different methods of information fixation: note-taking, traditional memorization, and memorization with the aid of mnemonic devices. Given the limitations on the use of note-taking in consecutive interpreting, there is a need for alternative methods of information fixation. As a potential solution, this study proposes considering the use of mnemonic devices, particularly the method of loci, which utilizes the resources of working memory. The research aims to examine the cognitive mechanisms underlying the processes of information fixation and reproduction in consecutive interpreting. The goal is to establish the possibility of using mnemonic devices as an alternative to traditional note-taking, thereby ensuring a sufficient level of fixation of incoming information and contributing to the achievement of semantic equivalence in consecutive interpreting, especially in situations where the use of note-taking is complicated or impossible. To achieve this goal, a methodology of quantitative assessment of the completeness of consecutive translation is used, where the basis of the metric constitutes the completeness of reproduction of the source text. The study conducts three memory tests with an experimental group of interpreters: with fixation of auditory information using note-taking, with traditional memorization, and with memorization using the “method of loci” technique. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time, the quantitative component of the completeness of interpreting performed using different methods of fixing auditory information is determined. Obtaining such data makes it possible to objectively assess the advantages of one or another method of fixation, to identify the individual cognitive characteristics of each interpreter with regard to one or another method of fixation, and to optimize training programs for students of translation specialties. The main result of the work is the confirmation of the hypothesis that the method of loci can be used as an alternative way of fixing information in consecutive specialized interpreting, including cases with abstract material. The results of this study open new perspectives in improving the efficiency of consecutive specialized interpreting in conditions where note-taking is difficult or impossible to use.

The subject of the study is the nature of the interpretation of the traditional image in the section "Desert" of the poetry collection "Island" (published in 1946 in Shanghai as a result of the activities of the Friday Circle), the correlation of texts by different poets (among the authors of "Island" were the subsequently famous V. Pereleshin, and poets about whom we know little, such as M. Korostovets or V. Ievleva). The goal of the work is to clarify the ideas about the structural principles of "Island" as an artistic whole. The analysis of the poems, each of which creatively plays with the theme of the desert – one of the ancient and multifaceted motifs – can provide new data for the history of the image, which has mainly been studied in Russian studies using material from other eras, but is also significant for the 20th century. The semantics of the desert in each poem of the section is examined, the relationship with pretexts is analyzed, and the correlation between the works is established. A method of slow reading, comparative and intertextual analysis is employed (especially for the poems of Pereleshin and Korostovets). Before this proposed work, "Island" was practically not discussed as an experience of demonstrating versions of image usage (sometimes – as in the section "Desert" – significant and rich in history). It can be said that the proposed work enriches the material on which our ideas about the semantics of the desert in Russian poetry are built, the set of possible meanings of the image, its history, and its potential uses in the 20th century. In particular, M. Korostovets's poem is presented as a vivid example of the interpretation of the theme of Exodus, important for the self-consciousness of the Russian emigration. Special features in the approach to the desert motif in the poetry of the "eastern branch" of emigration are noted: against the backdrop of the use of the lexeme "desert" in Russian poetry, where it often has positive connotations, in "Island," the desert is understood almost exclusively as a place of suffering, and the associative link between "desert" and the theme of creativity and/or religious contemplation prevalent in Russian poetry is absent (a significant exception being Pereleshin's poem). It is noted that the special (primarily geographical) position of the poets of the "eastern branch" determined the possibility of interaction between the conditional, symbolic meaning of the traditional poetic image and reality, historical, geographical, ethnographic, and such interaction could prove fruitful in an artistic sense: there was a "realization of the metaphor."

The article explore the substantive specifics of the concepts of LONELINESS and SOLITUDE, reconstructed in the art worldview of A. Bitov based on a comparison of his original and translated texts. The research aims to identify and describe the lexical and grammatical similarities and differences between the original and translated units in terms of conveying the basic layers of conceptual content: LONELINESS as a dissimilarity of mental action, solipsistic LONELINESS, LONELINESS as a feeling, SOLITUDE as a special mental state. It is predicted that a native English-speaking recipient can "read" Russian-specific and individually-authored meanings of a concept in translated text. Special attention is paid to the search for effective methods to achieve adequate transmission of conceptual and emotional-evaluative information in cases where there are no direct linguistic equivalents or do not provide functional equivalence. The research is based on a comparative analysis of textual representations established through the reconstruction of the associative-semantic field of the nominees of the concepts of LONELINESS and SOLITUDE, the identification and description of lexical and grammatical similarities and differences between the original and translated units in terms of the transmission of conceptual content. The novelty of the work is determined by the fact that in it the interpretative and transformational-translation aspects are considered from the standpoint of a lingvocognitive approach, and for the first time translations of A. Bitov's literary works into English become the material. The study proved that the use of direct interlanguage equivalents as translational correspondences is not always relevant due to the fact that the verbalization of emotions occurs differently in Russian and English linguistic cultures. The analysis made it possible to establish both general and language-specific features of semantic perception, as well as to identify ways to reconstruct the original message, providing the possibility of interlanguage translation. The author defines translation transformations that allow, with varying degrees of conceptual equivalence, to convey the original content using various units of the translation language, and also attempts to evaluate the possibility of the recipient, a native English speaker, individually reading the author's meanings of the concepts of LONELINESS and SOLITUDE in the translated texts.

The subject of this research is the phenomenon of reinterpretation as a fundamental component of the category of idiomaticity and the mechanisms of its implementation in the military sociolectal phraseology of the Russian and English languages. The work analyzes various types and mechanisms of semantic transformation leading to the formation of idiomatic meaning in fixed expressions of the military sociolect. Special attention is paid to identifying specific patterns of reinterpretation in the context of military communication, as well as establishing the relationship between linguistic processes of phraseological nomination and extralinguistic factors of military service. The research considers both universal and language-specific features in the formation of idiomaticity in the military phraseology of two structurally disparate languages in a comparative aspect, allowing for the identification of dominant types of reinterpretation and their dependence on the professional specifics of military communication, psychological mechanisms of group identification, and the need for emotional release in the context of military service. The methodology of the study includes descriptive methods, phraseological identification methods, component, semantic, etymological, and discursive analysis, and comparative methods. The empirical basis of the research consists of phraseological units from the military sociolects of English and Russian, selected from general jargon dictionaries, military jargon, and materials from online publications. The total volume of analyzed material includes over 300 phraseological units from the military sociolect. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it presents a comprehensive typology of reinterpretation as a fundamental component of the category of idiomaticity in military sociolectal phraseology, based on materials from two structurally disparate languages, identifying and systematizing seven types of reinterpretation in the military sociolect, and establishing the dominant types of realization of idiomaticity in the military sociolect and determining their dependence on extralinguistic factors of military service. The main conclusion of the conducted research is that idiomaticity, as a fundamental property of phraseological units, represents a complex phenomenon, the study of which requires analysis not only of commonly used but also of sociolectal fixed expressions. Military sociolectal phraseology reveals specific mechanisms of semantic transformation, determined by the peculiarities of professional communication among military personnel. The dominant types of realization of idiomaticity in the military sociolect are reinterpretation in the literal sense, intensional and referential reinterpretation, indicating a high linguistic-creative potential of the military sociolect.

The subject of the study is the clichés introduced by A. Grin in neoromantic stories as a means of dialogue with romantic and romantic-adventure traditions. The object of the research consists of the works "A Hundred Miles on the River," "Taboo", "A Window in the Forest" and "The Horseman without a Head (Manuscript of the 18th Century)". The author examines such aspects of the topic as the artistic potential of clichéd elements and their functions at the narrative level and the level of internal composition in neoromantic works as the form of allusiveness manifestation. The ways of secondary artistic processing of clichés, based on deconstruction — estrangement and the rejection of automatic reproduction — are revealed. The role of the implicit reader, activated by the introduction of clichéd components, is considered, whose point of view fully participates in the construction of the composition. Relying on structural and dialogical methods, an analysis of the text of the stories is conducted in an attempt to compare the constitutive features of classical allusion and literary clichés and to apply the principles of neoromantic poetics to the analysis of the latter. Based on explicit aesthetic contact with extratextual reality in A. Grin's neoromantic stories, the artistic potential of clichés is revealed: their introduction serves as a means of dialogue with literary traditions and the reading audience. By subjecting clichés to deconstruction through estrangement (elements are recognized by the characters in the stories as clichéd, "bookish"), placing them in a context alien to the referenced tradition, and intensification (building rows), the writer engages the reader in a dialogue-game not to recognize the presence of clichés, as occurs with classical allusion, but to discover their secondary artistic processing. Thus, by actualizing the dialogical beginning, clichés begin to function as a device: complicating the narrative level by drawing on the stylistic features of various literary traditions, as well as serving as a formative element at the composition level, creating a system of internal and external viewpoints: characters, the implicit author and the implicit reader. The research has a certain novelty as it reveals the theoretical principles of incorporating clichés, rarely considered from the perspective of poetic components, as an artistic device, and emphasizes the need to take into account the viewpoint of the implicit reader when analyzing clichéd elements in A. Grin's neoromantic stories, justifying the presence of their artistic processing.

In the context of the digital transformation of media consumption, the study of the mechanisms of algorithmic influence on the editorial practices of regional TV channels has become particularly relevant. Researchers are increasingly focusing not only on content but also on platforms as active participants in the information process. This study is dedicated to analyzing how recommendation algorithms in social networks and aggregators (VK, Telegram, Yandex.Zen) influence the format, genre structure, style, and topic selection in the news content of the "360" TV channel. The concept of "platform as editor" is revealed, within which digital media platforms not only broadcast but also shape the agenda through their algorithms. Typical practices of editorial production are analyzed: genre reduction, emotionalization of content, clip-based construction of news materials, and techniques for visually engaging the audience. The focus is on the changes in professional practices and the logic of content strategies under the pressure of digital ecosystem demands. The methodology includes content analysis of 90 posts, statistical processing of engagement, and comparative classification by genre, structure, and topic. The scientific novelty of the study lies in substantiating the concept of "platform as editor," according to which the algorithmic mechanisms of digital platforms not only disseminate but also actively shape the structure, style, and themes of media content. For the first time, a comparative analysis of the regional broadcaster ("360") presence on three different digital platforms, considering their algorithmic logic, has been conducted. The introduction of the engagement metric "reactions per 1000 views" for quantitative assessment of post effectiveness is also new. Additionally, the study demonstrates how the stylistics of news (emotionality, visual saturation, text length) is adapted to the requirements of recommendation systems. This approach allows for the identification of the dependence of editorial decisions on the technical architecture of platforms and highlights the need to consider algorithms in the media planning process, especially in the regional media segment.

The subject of this study is the text-forming strategies of television news texts, which are changing under the influence of the development of clip thinking in the audience as a specific cognitive feature of the digital age. The mechanisms of adaptation of television discourse to the transformed perception of information are analyzed, characterized by fragmentation, the dominance of visual stimuli, the desire for immediate emotional reaction, and a decrease in the level of reflective processing of incoming messages. Special attention is paid to changes in the compositional organization of news texts, the specifics of linguistic design, as well as techniques for attracting and retaining viewer attention through the use of infotainment, visual triggers, emotionally charged elements, and narrative strategies. The study aims to identify the characteristic features of modern television media texts influenced by clip perception of reality and to systematize the main directions of the transformation of news broadcasting based on an analysis of scientific literature and current trends in television discourse. The analytical-descriptive method used in the study is aimed at revealing the features of the transformation of television media texts under the influence of clip thinking. The analysis relies on the comparison of theoretical positions with the main trends of modern television discourse reflected in the scientific literature. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the description of text-forming strategies of television informational discourse shaped by the processes of clip transformation of the audience's consciousness. For the first time, key manifestations of the adaptation of media texts to the changed conditions of information perception have been systematized and classified within a single study: simplification of syntactic structure, increased lexical accessibility, enhanced emotional saturation, active use of visual components, and the transition to multi-platform forms of presenting news content. It has been established that these processes facilitate the prompt transmission of information and enhance its attractiveness to the audience, but at the same time create risks of reducing the depth of analytical comprehension of events, superficial absorption of content, and increased manipulative potential of media texts. The conclusion is drawn on the necessity of further studying ways to preserve the cognitive value of television media texts and maintain a balance between the effectiveness of communication and the depth of information perception in the context of the dominance of clip thinking in modern media consumption.

The article examines public art as a communication tool which allows to connect with a broad audience, including regular visitors and non-visitors. The study focuses on the impact of public art on the performance of cultural institutions such as increased attendance, level of engagement, image change, etc. Based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response/S-O-R model (proposed by Mehrabian and Russell, 1974), the study identifies how public art influences the consumption behavior of both current target audiences and non-visitors, and how cultural institutions benefit from its introduction. The research methodology combines qualitative and quantitative methods: case study and online survey among 430 respondents who potentially interacted with public art. The empirical base includes two cases from the practice of St. Petersburg cultural institutions that use public art as an element of communication strategy. The results of the study show that both groups of audiences are loyal to public art objects, 84% of respondents would like to see such projects in the districts where they live. Moreover, contact with public art evokes an emotional response and encourages actions that contribute to the growth of indicators of institutional effectiveness: visits, mentions in social networks, search for additional information about a cultural organization or project. More than 80% of respondents performed at least one of the listed actions. Thus, public art is an important sociocultural and artistic phenomenon that has the communication potential to attract new audiences for cultural institutions. The novelty of the research lies in the integrated approach to the study of the communicative properties of public art and its impact on the audience of non-visitors. This approach allows us to expand the boundaries of research into this phenomenon, which can be useful for theorists and practitioners interested in unconventional strategies of communication with the target audience.

The subject of this study is the analysis of the impact of social media, namely the Bilibili platform on the perception of China (especially by foreign tourists). The authors of the article analyze in detail the comments of users about the image of China to the tourist videos on this resource. The purpose of the study is to identify the main public perceptions of Chinese culture, the processes of modernization of original China, and the country's infrastructure. The article analyzes through thematic modeling the numerous emotional reactions of users of the Bilibili platform, their feedback about the host country, the choice of topics for discussion and their frequency, responses, etc. Key topics for users of the platform include: admiration for China's urban development, high-speed railways and natural landscapes, as well as criticism of its political system and infrastructure. The latent Dirichlet distribution model is used as a research methodology to determine the topic and the Vader sentiment analysis tool to analyze emotional reactions (neutral/negative/positive). The algorithm of the research methodology includes several stages: data collection (about 9 thousand comments), data purification from unnecessary information, modeling, assessment of the quality of the model used and assessment of emotional coloring. The scientific novelty of the research is due to the analysis of data from one of the largest social networks Bilibili, a comprehensive methodology, and the use of digital diplomacy strategies (shaping the country's image through digital communication). The findings of the study indicate a predominantly positive attitude towards China's national image: 60.7% of comments express a positive opinion, 27.9% – neutral and 11.4% – negative. The authors of the article conclude that social media plays an essential role in the process of forming a positive image of China, especially given the enormous popularity of China among foreigners as a tourist destination, a keen interest in the distinctive Chinese culture and at the same time the innovative infrastructure of the country. Undoubtedly, the conducted research has some limitations (one platform, cultural limitations of the user audience, insufficiency in demographic characteristics and in the sample, the potential for systematic error, etc.). At the same time, these factors determine the scientific potential and importance in shaping a larger-scale media image of China among the digital audience of other countries.

The paper defines the boundaries of the term free translation and delves into how such a strategy can be considered in terms of assessing translation quality. The object of the study is the concept of free translation in the works of various researchers. The subject of the study is the implementation of this strategy in literary translations. The research focuses on the distinction between free translation as a translation error and free translation as a translation strategy used intentionally. The authors review various approaches to the definition of free translation and propose their own criteria for distinguishing free translation as a strategy that represents an intentional deviation from the source text. The paper also emphasises that the evaluation of free translation depends on the normative requirements for translation in a particular period of time. The paper uses the following methods: comparative analysis, translation analysis, contextual analysis, and descriptive method. The paper concludes that the strategy of free translation is implemented when the translation decision is optional but motivated from the point of view of the translator as a decision-making actor. Free translation can be considered as a translation error in cases where the translation decision is optional and unmotivated. Free translation as a translation error and free translation as an intentional strategy are distinguished on the basis of the communicative-functional approach to translation, as this approach does not assume that the translation should reflect the content of the original as accurately as possible. When developing a system for assessing the quality of a fiction translation, it is necessary to move away from the semantic approach to equivalence and take into account the functional and communicative features of the target text.

This study evaluates the performance and nuances of several large language models — ChatGPT, Gemini, Mistral, and Llama — focusing on their capacity to generate academic article titles in both Russian and English. The analysis explores how these models perform in terms of linguistic quality and cross-linguistic adaptation, as well as their adherence to established conventions of different academic traditions. Drawing on a diverse corpus of 100 academic articles published between 2018 and 2023 across humanities and technical fields in both languages, the research examines the ability of these models to handle a wide spectrum of subject matter and genre-specific demands. Special attention is given to identifying differences between models, both in terms of stylistic and structural preferences and in the context of cross-linguistic adaptation when generating titles in Russian and English. Employing unified zero-shot prompts based on concise summaries of the original articles, the models generated alternative titles, which were subsequently analysed according to their level of detail, terminological accuracy, and stylistic conformity to academic conventions. The findings indicate that all tested models are generally capable of producing relevant and genre-appropriate titles; however, they exhibit clear differences in informativeness, granularity, and stylistic nuance, each demonstrating its own generation strategy. This paper offers the first comparative multilingual analysis of several large language models within the context of academic discourse, introducing the linguistic community and academia to an emerging type of research material — AI-generated texts, as opposed to conventionally authored texts produced directly by humans. Despite demonstrating considerable potential as preliminary aids in generating academic titles, variations in informativeness and style among models highlight the necessity for careful editorial oversight. AI-generated titles should thus be viewed as initial drafts that require refinement to ensure full compliance with academic standards.

This article is devoted to the study of professionalisms in the speech of morgue workers. This vocabulary is a vivid, representative material for understanding not only the concept of "death" itself, but also the attitude to it through the prism of language of those people who are associated with death on duty. The analyzed vocabulary is specific, cynical and even cruel, which is a consequence of non-standard morally difficult work. The study of professionalisms in the speech of morgue workers is of interest to linguistics, since it allows to expand the understanding of the mechanisms of formation and functioning of special vocabulary in highly specialized areas of activity. Also, the study of professional speech allows to better understand the psychological and social aspects of work in the morgue, which actualizes the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the study of forensic discourse. In this study, both general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis) and linguistic methods (the method of contextual and semantic-stylistic analysis, the method of interpretation) were used. The research material was also obtained using the interview technique. The scientific novelty consists in identifying the functions of professionalisms that are not limited to simply reducing the time of communication, but include specific goals (for example, maintaining emotional balance, ensuring accuracy and unambiguity in the description of procedures). Unlike works devoted to medical vocabulary in general, this article focuses on a specific segment of professional speech associated with the peculiarities of work in the morgue. The theoretical part of the work is a scientific review of the topic under study, with special attention paid to the works of recent years. The practical part of the article is devoted to the description of the meanings of words that represent groups of professional vocabulary of morgue employees.

Vasily Ivanovich Belov is a Russian writer, a representative of "village prose," known for his well-recognized literary works: "The Village of Berdyayka" (1961), "Searing Summer" (1963), "A Routine Affair" (1966), "Carpenter Stories" (1968), "Kanuns" (1972), and many others. The article is dedicated to identifying Vasily Ivanovich Belov's position regarding the phenomenon of women's emancipation and the idea of gender equality in the story "Morning Dates" (1977). The female images in the story are examined in the context of the writer's moral inquiries, rooted in the traditions of Russian culture and literature. It is argued that Belov, as an artist, has a natural need to reveal the nature of human behavior in the process of moral choice. Behind Zorin's "shameful period of life" lies the spiritual crisis of the epoch. The material for the undertaken study is Vasily Ivanovich Belov's short story "Morning Dates" (1977). A comprehensive approach was used in the analysis, including elements of biographical, structural-semiotic, and cultural-historical methods. The analysis of existing sources led to the following conclusions: the writer's story embodies a cross-section of society during the third "wave" of women's struggles for freedom and independence, reflecting the penetration of feminist theories new to Russia in the second half of the 20th century; the author uncovers the depth of moral contradictions, activating the binary opposition of "harmony – discord"; V.I. Belov highlights in the artistic text the bleak picture of a lost Russia, while transmitting the key idea: "And, apparently, all women must be forgiven for everything." According to Belov, a "new" type of woman needs to find a balance between the traditional/ideal and modern/real in her tense search. Such a synthesis allows the writer to form a symbolic-metaphorical plan for the narrative. In the works of Vasily Belov, as well as in Russian culture as a whole, a woman gains value precisely in the role of a mother; she must instinctively protect the foundations and mysteries of life – the maternal essence – as an axiological dominant. The scientific novelty of the research is due to the fact that such an experience of comprehensive analysis of V.I. Belov's story has been undertaken in academic practice for the first time.

This study is dedicated to the central role of polycode texts (such as political cartoons, social advertisements, digital posters, etc.) in ideological communication and emotional mobilization of society in the digital age. It indicates that traditional linguistics has long been limited to a monocodal paradigm, making it difficult to systematically explain the synergistic mechanism of numerous symbolic resources—visual, linguistic, spatial, and color resources—in political texts. Therefore, it introduces the theory of "affordance" from the field of ecopsychology into the analysis of polycode texts. As a result, the theory of affordance in ecological psychology is innovatively integrated into the multimodal text analysis. The subject of this research is the problems of applying the theory of affordance to the study of polycode texts. The object of this research is polycode texts. Its goal is to identify the mechanisms by which the structural-compositional features of polycode texts determine the interpretative activity of the recipient. The methodology of the study includes a general method of analysis, critical discourse analysis, and a descriptive-analytical method. It has been established that the creators of polycode texts deliberately activate certain strategies of meaning-making through visual affordance (for example, via visual effects); the activation of collective memory through precedent phenomena (for instance, precedent names); and stimulation through tropes of interpretations related to attributing certain axiological characteristics to the depicted content (rational-irrational/absurd; contemplative-active; self-preservation-self-destruction). This fact indicates that the structural elements of the text are not arbitrary but serve as instruments that implicitly regulate cognitive processes of reception. Such an approach opens new perspectives in studying the property of interpersonality, organizing the polycode text in terms of its intended accessibility for understanding. The scientific novelty of the research lies in considering polycode texts as a cognitive environment from the perspective of affordance theory.

The subject of the study is the writing of adverbs formed from ordinal numerals in the Russian language during the 18th–19th centuries, focusing on their hyphenated, linked, and separate forms. The object of the research is Russian orthography of the 18th–19th centuries in its historical development, as represented in dictionaries, grammars, and texts from the subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. Special attention is paid to identifying the factors that influenced changes in spelling norms, primarily addressing the question of why the hyphenated form of the studied adverbs became established. A detailed analysis is provided of the first rule for the spelling of adverbs formed from ordinal numerals in the 18th–19th centuries, as formulated in N.I. Grech's grammar of 1827. Compliance with this rule has been checked in the usage represented in texts from the 18th–19th-century subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The study was conducted using the following methods and approaches: semantic and contextual analysis methods, an inductive method of material analysis, a linguistic and cultural analysis method, as well as methods of targeted sampling from lexicographic sources and illustrative materials, extralinguistic interpretation of language facts, and frequency-statistical characterization. The novelty of the study lies in the investigation of the establishment of the hyphenated form of adverbs formed from ordinal numerals over time during the 18th–19th centuries. A significant contribution by the authors to the development of the topic is a diachronic description of the main stages of the formation of the orthographic norm for these words. Based on the materials from the texts of the subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language and dictionaries, it was concluded that the number of hyphenated spellings of the specified group of adverbs gradually increases. After a prolonged period of variability in the second half of the 19th century, a fairly stable usage emerged, implying a semi-linked form for adverbs formed from ordinal numerals. The increase in hyphenated spellings, alongside a noticeable decrease in linked forms, cannot be explained by the grammatical process of adverbialization, as many adverbs were already being written as linked at that time. The choice of a semi-linked form is evidently determined by the significant degree of semantic separation of the base in such formations.

Relevance of the article is determined by modern trends in linguistic science and practice, within which the effective development of professionally oriented language competencies is increasingly associated with the need to create a learning environment that is as realistic as possible. Purpose of the study is to analyze the methodological toolkit accumulated to date at RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba in introducing immersive virtual reality technologies into the process of teaching Business English, as well as to identify on this basis optimal teaching models that contribute to the development of key professional skills and abilities of students. Object of the study is the field of teaching foreign languages, including the use of various modern technological solutions. Subject of the research focuses on training modules and educational methodological complexes of professionally oriented English, elaborated in the specialized structural unit of RUDN (Virtual Reality Laboratory), based on immersive VR technologies (a total of 66 specialized programs for students of various profiles - engineers, ecologists, economists and lawyers, specialists in the hospitality and restaurant business). The study used general scientific and special methods: generalization and classification, deduction and induction, analysis of administrative-regulatory and methodological documents. Practical significance of the article lies in providing other Russian universities planning to introduce immersive virtual reality technologies into programs for teaching English in the business sphere, the opportunity to use the relevant materials and developments of RUDN. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the results of a survey-questionnaire of students regarding both their overall assessment of the VR courses in business English currently operating at RUDN and the degree of influence of this kind of methodological innovations on the effectiveness of the educational process. The study identified optimal models for using immersive environments in teaching English in business, aimed at developing students' language skills, as well as cognitive and communicative abilities. The results obtained will be useful for further study of the long-term impact of VR technologies on students' academic performance, their impact on health and psychophysiological state of students.

This study examines modus and modality as key linguistic categories involved in the construction of meaning in Russian political media discourse, which functions as a vital instrument of institutional influence and regulation of public consciousness. The object of the research is contemporary Russian political media discourse, viewed as an institutionally and pragmatically organized system of public communication under conditions of digitalization and mediatisation. Particular attention is given to the linguistic means of expressing modality and modus across various speech formats, including official addresses, televised statements, digital media publications, and informal platforms. The author offers a detailed analysis of epistemic, deontic, and expressive modality, especially regarding their role in legitimizing authority, producing rhetorical impact, creating the effect of credibility, managing audience attention, and ideologically framing the message in the context of modern media communication. The methodological framework is based on a linguo-pragmatic and discourse-functional approach, incorporating methods of contextual analysis, pragmatic interpretation, and elements of content analysis of media texts. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive linguistic interpretation of the functioning of modus and modality in Russian political media speech—an area previously underexplored in a systematic manner. The research identifies stable linguistic patterns through which modal structures perform manipulative, mobilizing, and persuasive functions in public communication. The main conclusion is that modus and modality operate as interconnected rhetorical mechanisms of institutional influence on mass consciousness. The author’s specific contribution includes the identification of typical markers and pragmatic patterns, as well as the distinction between official and unofficial segments of political media discourse. Future research may focus on cross-cultural comparisons of modal strategies and the impact of digitalization and artificial intelligence on political text modality.