Vol 5, No 12 (2025)

this article presents the results of a comprehensive linguistic study aimed at identifying and conducting a multifaceted analysis of verbal markers that represent the concept of "morality" in the synchronic slice of the modern English language. The methodological paradigm of the research is based on an integration of corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis methods. The empirical foundation comprised data from the largest representative corpora – the British National Corpus (BNC) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), enabling a comparative analysis that accounts for national and cultural variations. Within the study, we not only identified and classified the primary and secondary linguistic markers but also conducted a detailed semantic-cognitive analysis, revealed their frequency of use, distribution across text types, and their typical collocations (frequency, distribution, collocational profiles). Furthermore, we established their pragmatic functions within various types of discourse (political, media, academic). A special focus of the research is concentrated on the semantic dilemma of "morality / ethics." Through a comparative analysis of contextual environments and discursive practices, we determined the points where the meanings of the words «morality», «moral», and «ethics» coincide and differ, highlighted their unique features, and identified the typical contexts for the use of each.

in recent years, phraseology has become the object of intensive study. There are many works based on materials from various languages dealing with various aspects of phraseology, their origin and functioning. The successes in the study of various aspects of phraseology based on materials from different languages and in comparative terms are obvious, since all these studies contribute to the development of a whole layer of phraseology. All this has theoretical and practical value. The results of the conducted comparative study can be used in the practice of teaching English, comparative grammar, lexicographic practice, as well as in theory and practice of translation. A large proportion of verbal somatic phraseological units has been selected in the work. Verbal somatic phraseological units in English and Russian are units of the language system in the form in which they are registered in the corresponding dictionaries of these languages. The phraseology of each language has a systemic character. Due to the anatomical and physiological data of representatives of different ethnic groups, the universal nature of the laws of logical thinking and the interaction of languages, phraseological parallels with varying degrees of equivalence can be found in the somatic phraseology of these two languages.

this article is dedicated to the study of verb government in the Udmurt language. The research is based on the analysis of factual material – examples presented in the National Corpus of the Udmurt Language. Due to a combination of inherent properties, Udmurt verbs can govern various forms of nouns (pronouns) and other verbs; a distinction is made between strong and weak types of government; transitive and intransitive verbs exhibit different combinatory capacities. As a result of the conducted research, a distinctive property of Udmurt intransitive verbs was identified – some of them, depending on their contextual environment, acquire the ability to govern the accusative case. This property of the verb is proposed to be designated by the term syntactic government.

this article examines the referential functions of the definite article in Germanic languages, specifically German and English, where the article plays a key role in defining the relationship between a linguistic expression and the object it refers to. Articles help determine the degree of familiarity or uniqueness of the referenced object, particularly in clarifying the definiteness or indefiniteness of the object. The study identified both universal and specific features in the referential mechanism of the definite article in both languages. The main differences are due to the greater grammaticalization of the German article and lexical and phraseological features. It was established that complete functional overlap is observed in the use of the definite article in the sphere of situational (exophoric), anaphoric, and cataphoric reference. The key differences between these languages stem from the functions of the article, which are related to the case system, gender, and the specifics of its use in set and idiomatic expressions in German. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of reference in Germanic languages and can find practical application in courses on theoretical grammar, linguistic typology, and in the teaching of English and German. This article will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying English and German.

this article provides a linguistic, cultural and regional analysis of the images of the Lake Maiden in the cycle of legends about King Arthur. The works about the legendary king became famous in the Early Middle Ages and were influenced by historical events that took place at that time. Over time, the legends became more detailed and new characters appeared, which successfully merged into the overall plot. The origin of the main character of the cycle is still unknown, it is not possible to determine whether King Arthur actually existed or is a fictional character. Many of the images presented in the works of the Arthurian cycle were borrowed from Celtic mythology, for example, the image of the Lake Maiden echoes the heroine of mythological tales about fairies living in lakes and springs. The combination of mythology, descriptions of real historical events and many unanswered questions make the legendary cycle an interesting material for research. This article provides a brief historical summary and a linguistic and cultural analysis of the work and images of the Virgin of the Lake in the works about King Arthur. The conclusion of this paper presents the conclusions that were obtained after studying the empirical material. The materials of this work can be used in teaching activities in the framework of courses on foreign literature and regional studies.

this study is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the functional-semantic content of graffiti within the scriptological space – a limited surface (such as school desks) used for spontaneous inscriptions. The aim of the work is to identify and systematically describe the patterns and connections between the localization of graffiti in a specific sector of the scriptological grid and its substantive, meaningful, as well as communicative characteristics. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: 1) to conduct a critical review of contemporary domestic and foreign research in the fields of linguistics, semiotics of space, and sociolinguistics related to the phenomenon of graffiti; 2) to develop and test a methodology for field collection and mapping of graffiti texts linked to the scriptological grid; 3) to carry out semantic, pragmatic, and communicative classification of the collected corpus of texts; 4) to identify statistically significant patterns in the distribution of types of graffiti across space sectors; 5) to interpret the obtained data in the context of spatial semiotics theories and communicative strategies. The empirical basis of this research consisted of a corpus of 300 graffiti texts. As a result, it was proven that the placement of graffiti is not random, but follows deep patterns that reflect the intentions and psycho-emotional state of the scriptor (the author of the graffiti). The identified "dialogic" and "non-dialogic" sectors, as well as zones of concentration of specific types of discourse (invective, romantic, pragmatic), indicate a systematic organization of the scriptological space. The practical results can be applied in sociolinguistic diagnostics, educational psychology, the design of educational environments, and in the study of non-institutional forms of communication.

the article examines the features of implicit evaluation in English-language political discourse as a tool of ideological influence. The study is based on public speeches, publications, and social media statements of contemporary U.S. politicians (D. Trump, J. Biden, B. Obama, N. Haley, etc.) from 2016 to 2024. The aim is to identify the functional and pragmatic characteristics of implicit evaluative means used to shape audience emotions and beliefs. The methodological framework draws on the Appraisal Theory (M. Martin, P. White, 2005), complemented by discourse, content, cognitive-semantic, and pragmalinguistic analyses. The findings demonstrate that implicit evaluation, unlike explicit assessment, operates subtly, avoiding overt confrontation while establishing stable emotional attitudes. The study identifies key forms of implicit evaluation such as metaphor, sarcasm, euphemism, presupposition, and hybrid evaluative patterns combining positive and negative elements. It is concluded that implicit evaluation serves as a crucial instrument of persuasion, legitimization, and manipulation in political communication, ensuring the efficiency and emotional resonance of ideological messages.

this article explores John Green's novel «The Fault In Our Stars» («It's Not My Fault») from the perspective of its genre uniqueness. In the overcoming novel «It's Not My Fault» the characters struggle with a fatal illness, Hazel finds and loses a loved one, and she encounters both challenges and joys on her journey of self-discovery. The analysis of the text shows that the work is a complex synthesis of genre models of young adult fiction, a novel of upbringing (Bildungsroman) and a love novel, which are transformed under the influence of the central theme of cancer. It is proved that despite the use of traditional elements for teen literature, Green's novel goes beyond its limits due to its philosophical depth, intertextual references to classical literature and deconstruction of the cliche «stories about cancer patients». The purpose of the article is to identify and characterize the mechanisms of this genre syncretism and its role in creating a unique artistic statement. The research methodology includes comparative analysis, intertextual and motivational approaches. It is advisable to apply this analysis in practical classes on foreign literature, as well as in preparation for practical classes devoted to the study of foreign literature of the 21st century.

the article is aimed at determining the relevance of using the tactics of pragmatic adaptation, as well as the tactics of proper information processing within the framework of the communicatively equivalent translation strategy while translating military-oriented texts. The examples of the translation of texts of the type with subsequent analysis aimed at confirming the applicability of the mentioned translation strategy and tactics aimed at its implementation are given. The scientific novelty of the study is reasoned by describing the principle of conducting translation activities in the military field from the point of view of the communicative-and-functional approach to translation, taking into account pragmatic factors such as the goals pursued by communicants and their national and cultural characteristics, as well as the peculiarities of Russian and English military terminology. A set of translation tactics aimed at implementing the chosen strategy in each communicative situation, in particular, pragmatic adaptation tactics and tactics of correct information proceeding within the framework of a strategy of communicatively-equivalent translation in translating military texts in order to confirm its applicability (based on the material of Russian and English) is also proposed. The results show the necessity not only to translate a military text from one language to another, but also to adapt it to a foreign recipient (in our case, a foreign military serviceman/ a correspondent, a student/cadet studying military affairs, a prisoner of war, etc.), based on the national and cultural characteristics, as well as the peculiarities of the Russian and English languages terminology formation standards.

the article presents the results of a study on the semantic content of the word happiness, which represents one of the fundamental human values, thus defining its special research interest. The study aims to describe the semantic field of the lexeme happiness, based on a comparison of lexicographical and psycholinguistic meanings. The lexicographical meaning is determined by the method of dictionary definitions, while the psycholinguistic meaning is formed through an associative experiment. The results of the associative experiment allowed, firstly, to identify semantic components for which a salience index was calculated, and secondly, to obtain three associative fields from which one integrated semantic field was constructed. The most frequent components of the associative field of the lexeme happiness were determined by examining and interpreting the obtained reactions. Furthermore, the semantic components were grouped into macropoles; and systemic relationships between the components of the semantic field were established. The analysis of the constructed macropoles revealed that, firstly, their boundaries are diffuse; secondly, semantic components belonging to the structure of different macropoles occupy a close position within the structure of the macropoles (central or peripheral); thirdly, frequent semes were identified that are part of the structure of most semantic components: 'absence', 'I', 'another'; and fourthly, the linguistic phenomenon of enantiosemy was observed in the semantic structure, both within a single macropole and across different macropoles.

the article is devoted to the analysis of media, social and communication practices of countering fake news and artificially constructed information channels in Russian social networks. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that digital platforms are becoming a key channel for the consumption of news content and a factor in shaping public opinion, while the dissemination of false information undermines trust in the media and enhances manipulative processes in communication. The purpose of the study is to identify and systematize methods of countering disinformation using the example of Telegram and VKontakte. The methodology is based on content and discourse analysis, comparative analysis of media practices and expert interviews. As a result, three groups of anti-fake practices have been identified: institutional, editorial, journalistic, and user-based. It is shown that the effectiveness of counteraction is determined by a combination of technological tools and communicative strategies of trust, transparency and self-regulation.

neural machine translation tools are continually evolving, demonstrating both technological and methodological advances. This article presents a comparative analysis of state-of-the-art architectures of leading domestic and international translation systems focusing on lexical disambiguation. It examines the implementation of modern neural models, optimization of their structural components, and improvements in translation accuracy on complex examples involving polysemous words. Special attention is given to differences in contextual processing and approaches to enhancing source text interpretation quality while minimizing errors. The analysis identifies key strengths and weaknesses of each architecture type, enabling recommendations for the future development of automatic translators. This article targets researchers, specialists, and practitioners working in machine translation and natural language processing.

this article systematically examines the historical evolution, major achievements, and practical challenges of China's Uyghur language development policy. As an important part of Chinese culture, the protection and development of the Uyghur language has gone through several stages from initial establishment to systematic promotion. Through various measures such as legislative guarantees, educational promotion, cultural heritage, and information development, the state has made significant progress in standardizing the Uyghur language, popularizing education, and developing media. However, it still faces numerous challenges, such as optimizing the bilingual education model, protecting language resources, and cultivating talented people. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively evaluate the implementation effectiveness of the Uyghur language development policy and provide recommendations for promoting the scientific protection and sustainable development of the Uyghur language in the new era.

the article examines the axiological components of the concept FRIENDSHIP in English and Russian linguistic cultures. The scientific novelty of the work is justified by the fact that no previous research has been conducted on the axiological components of the FRIENDSHIP concept based on media texts, which represent the most dynamic source of reflection and formation of society's values. The results of the study show that value components can be identified in each field of the complex structure of a concept through a comprehensive methodology, including interpretation and axiological analysis based on an assessment act. The identification of axiological components in the nominative and informational fields is carried out on the basis of data from lexicographic sources, and in the interpretative field - from modern media texts. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the value components, reveals their national and cultural specifics, differences in the value picture of the world and the peculiarities of the mentality of speakers of the languages and cultures under consideration.

this article presents an interdisciplinary study of the style-forming role of emophones – sound elements serving emotional and expressive functions – in opera, theatre, and cinematography. The relevance of this work is determined by the growing significance of sound design in contemporary artistic culture and the necessity for a systematic analysis of the mechanisms of emotional impact on the recipient. The research methodology includes comparative analysis, classification of emophones into types (verbal, non-verbal, musical, noise-based), and a historical-cultural approach. The study reveals genre-specific features of emophone implementation: musical conventionality and fixation in operatic scores; psychological depth and improvisational nature in dramatic theatre; complexity and technological control in cinematography. It is established that, despite fundamental differences in their realisation, all three art forms utilise universal techniques of emotional sound transmission (pauses, dynamic contrast, leitmotifs). Particular attention is paid to the trend of converging audio practices and the formation of hybrid forms in contemporary art. Promising directions for further research are identified: the analysis of emophones in immersive theatre and virtual reality, the study of musicals as a synthetic form, and interdisciplinary work at the intersection of art history and neuroscience. The research findings hold value for specialists in art theory, sound engineering, and media studies.

as a classic Confucian text, the Analects has had a profound influence on the philosophy and culture of China and the entire world. Despite their apparent simplicity, the concepts contained therein are rich in cultural content and are of great importance both for the translation of the Analects and for understanding Confucian philosophy. Despite the significant number of Russian translations of the Analects, there are few studies devoted to their analysis. This work uses Russian translations by V.P. Vasilyev, P.S. Popov, I.I. Semenko, L.S. Perelomov, and A.E. Lukyanov as source material. Based on the Analects with translation and notes (Lun Yu Jizhu) and dictionary interpretations in Russian lexicography, using the method of component analysis, more accurate equivalents are selected to convey the original meanings of the concepts. The peculiarities of word choice in these translations and the reasons for the formation of such peculiarities are also analysed.

the article examines four Russian-language translations of J.D. Salinger's novel "The Catcher in the Rye," made by translators of varying gender identities. The influence of a translator's gender identity on the translation of substandard vocabulary is explored. The research's novelty lies in the translation analysis of four translations of the novel, three of which have not previously been the subject of this type of research. The aim of the study is to identify and compare the key translation techniques used by the translators of different gender identities. The relevance of the study lies in its analysis of the characteristics and differences in the translation strategies of male and female translators, which is important for understanding gender stereotypes. The results of the study may be of interest to such fields as gender linguistics and translation theory.

this article focuses on the specific features of translating lexical units in technical texts at various levels. In contemporary translation theory, identifying the "unit of translation" remains one of the core challenges. When comparing an original text with its translated versions, any researcher involved in the translation process invariably confronts the challenge of selecting an appropriate "unit of orientation," i.e., the "unit of translation." The paper investigates the main trends and principles of translation, as well as the specific characteristics of technical text translation. The research methodology involves a review of scholarly works by both domestic and international researchers concerning the discussed topic.

this study presents an analysis of the transformation of the image of the monastery in the works of V.M. Shukshin, covering both his short prose and his later work «Before the Third Rooster». Using the examples of the stories «Bright Souls», «The Master», «The Strong Man», «The Microscope», «In the Cemetery», the authors traced the changes in V.M. Shukshin’s view of faith and God. In the early stories, references to religion are fragmentary, while in the later ones they acquire integrity and ideological intensity. In the stories «The Strong Man» and «The Master», the temple is an abandoned place for people who do not see spiritual value in it. In the writer's interpretation, the monastery goes beyond the traditional concept of a sacred place, becoming a mirror of the complex and contradictory relationship of man with faith and established traditions. The story-tale «Before the Third Rooster» acts as a multifaceted study of the intersection of spiritual and mundane principles. In this work, the monastery appears as an arena of intense struggle between good and evil, where human weaknesses and vices open the way to chaos and destruction, and strong will and strength of spirit are necessary to preserve faith. The results of the work systematize knowledge about the life and work of V.M. Shukshin and can be applied in literary criticism for further research of the writer's prose and biography.

this article focuses on the functional features of provocative speech units in sports discourse. The authors aim to determine the effectiveness of provocative motivation, expressed through direct insult, in stimulating an athlete to achieve record-breaking results. In this regard, the paper examines two intentions realized through speech acts between a coach and an athlete: conveying a hidden meaning to the addressee for the corrective impact of the destructive mindset adjustment and indirectly inciting them to action, i.e. motivation to win. A common speech technique for achieving this is hinting as a unit of provocativeness, where the intentional meaning is deliberately concealed by the speaker to incite the interlocutor to deduce independently the obscured meanings. The selection of lexical and grammatical components of the motivating provocative utterance is carried out in close connection with the speech acts. It is the "here and now" situation that serves as an indicator for the text recipient on the existence of another meaning within the speech unit. Decoding this meaning (its actualization) must be performed in a non-trivial way, through mental operations that go beyond habitual patterns.