№ 3(55) (2025)
- Жылы: 2025
- Мақалалар: 22
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/2309-348X/issue/view/22310
Бүкіл шығарылым
Articles
TECHNOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR FOOD INDEPENDENCE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN RUSSIA
Аннотация
The article provides information about the Agrarian Forum «Agrarian Week - 2025» held in the Orel Region. The forum program included various events, including: an international scientific conference, practical seminars: Field Day and a fair of varieties at the Shatilovskaya agricultural complex; Russian Field Day; Orel Municipal District Day and others
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):5-11
5-11
THE RESULTS OF PEA BREEDING IN THE MIDDLE URALS
Аннотация
For several decades, the Krasnoufimsky Breeding Center of the FSBSI UrFASRC UrB of RAS has been successfully implementing comprehensive research aimed at creating new crop varieties adapted to the specific climatic and environmental conditions of the Middle Urals. Within the framework of this scientific program, the main focus is on the creation of high-yielding pea varieties with increased resistance to adverse environmental factors, including drought, low temperatures, excessive moisture and exposure to phytopathogens. As a result of many years of research, new varieties of peas have been created: the mustachioed, non-crumbling Krasnoufimskyj 20 variety with a yield of 2.98 t/ha, the determinant mustachioed Meteor variety with a yield of 2.84 t/ha, the chameleon Uralskyj 90 pea variety with a yield of 2.92 t/ha, and the leafy Malachite variety with green seeds, which provides a yield of 2.37 t/ha. The Meteor variety is characterized by a shortened growing season, 5 days ahead of the standard, and simultaneous ripening of beans on the stem. The Malachite leaf variety has an increased resistance to lodging by 2-3 points, in comparison with the Krasnoufimskyj 93 standard (2 points). These varieties have not only high productivity, but also a significant level of resistance to lodging, overgrowth, shedding, phytopathogenic microorganisms and pests, which makes them promising for use in agricultural production in the Middle Urals.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):12-17
12-17
SEED PRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC SOYBEAN VARIETIES IN THE SOUTH-EAST OF KAZAKHSTAN
Аннотация
In recent decades, soybean production has been gaining momentum both in the world arena and in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The multifunctional use of soybeans in the oilseed, technical and forage production directions is of great importance in the national economy.To increase the share of domestic soybean varieties on the Kazakhstan market, it is necessary to properly manage seed production at the originator research institute - LLP "KRIAPG" and obtain high-quality seeds of the highest reproductions.At the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, the systematic management of seed nurseries (P-I, P-II; R-I and R-II) serves as the basis for the propagation and production of high-quality, high-quality reproductions of seeds.This article shows the results of the development of seed production of highly productive soybean varieties - Zhansaya, Ai Saule, Pamyat YuKG and Lastochka for implementation and provision of agricultural producers.he leading regions for soybean production include Almaty, Zhetysu, and East Kazakhstan regions, which account for more than 95% of all production in the Republic.he main share of soybean areas is concentrated in Almaty and Zhetysu regions - 83%. The average soybean yield in Kazakhstan was from 20 to 23 c/ha.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):18-25
18-25
ENVIRONMENTAL PLASTICITY AND STABILITY OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES IN AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE KALUGA REGION
Аннотация
The article presents the results of agroecological studies of soybean varieties and their adaptive potential. in the Kaluga region in the Spas-Demensky district in 2016-2019. The indicators of ecological plasticity and stability were calculated according to the methodology of S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell, edited by V.A. Zykov. Stress resistance and average yield under contrasting conditions were determined by the equation of A.A. Rossille, J. Hamblin. The environmental conditions index (Ij) is calculated, plasticity is estimated by the linear regression coefficient (bi), ecological stability of varieties, stress resistance and genetic flexibility are determined. Favorable conditions for cultivating varieties were in 2016. The index of environmental conditions Ij had positive values - 0.27. High plasticity was shown by the varieties Pripyat (bi =1.82), Georgiya (bi =1.65), Okskaya (bi = 1.43) and Volma (bi = 1.27). The best varieties in terms of environmental stability (σd2) are Svetlaya (0.0008) and Pripyat (0.0002). In the agro-climatic conditions of the Kaluga Region, Mageva, Svetlaya and Kasatka varieties showed increased resistance to stress factors (-0.27). Pripyat (2.1) and Okskaya (2.0) varieties have higher genetic flexibility. The Pripyat variety has the best performance in terms of yield, environmental plasticity, stability and genetic flexibility.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):26-32
26-32
Factorial analysis of lentil raw materialsin the Lower Volga region
Аннотация
Одной из ценных зернобобовых культур, используемых в пищевой промышленности и экспортируемой за рубеж, является чечевица. На фоне усиливающейся аридизации климата, возникает острая необходимость в создании новых сортов обладающих устойчивостью к абиотическим и биотическим факторам. А так же способных формировать стабильно высокую продуктивность в складывающихся условиях. В связи с этим оценка исходного материала для дальнейшей селекции в условиях сухостепного Заволжья Саратовской области является актуальным направлением исследований. В статье представлены результаты оценки 22 сортов чечевицы по хозяйственно-ценным признакам на тёмно-каштановых почвах Саратовского Левобережья. Статистическая оценка выявила, что показатели высоты прикрепления нижнего боба, полегания растений, массы семян с 1 растения, содержания клетчатки и золы отнесены к категории со средним варьированием (20,0 %>V>10,0 %). Содержание протеина и БЭВ имели слабую межсортовую изменчивость признаков (V<10,0 %). Средние положительные корреляционные связи установлены между высотой прикрепления нижнего боба и массой 1000 семян (r=0,56); количеством семян с 1 растения и содержанием протеина (r=0,59); массой семян с 1 растения и содержанием протеина (r=0,61); биологической урожайностью и содержанием протеина (r=0,59). Выявлено, что урожайность значимо коррелирует с элементами структуры урожая: количеством бобов на растении (r=0,89), количеством семян с 1 растения (r=0,91), массой семян с 1 растения (r=0,90), массой 1000 семян (r=-0,83), а также биохимическими показателями: содержанием протеина (r=0,59) и клетчатки (r=-0,50). Расчёт коэффициента детерминации, выявил наибольший вклад исследуемых параметров в общую продуктивность: количество бобов на растении - 19,6 %, количество семян с 1 растения - 20,5 %, масса семян с 1 растения - 20,1% и масса 1000 семян - 17,1%. Факторные нагрузки составили: по первому фактору - 43,40%, по второму - 15,66 %, по третьему - 12,10 %, по четвертому - 9,68 %, по пятому - 7, 74 %, по шестому - 5,26 %.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):33-41
33-41
CHARACTERISTICS OF LESS COMMON LEGUME CROPS AND THEIR CULTIVATION PROSPECTS IN THE DONETSK REGION
Аннотация
The research of economically valuable plants of the Fabaceae family in the collection of the Donetsk Botanical Garden was aimed of characterizing the bioeconomic features of species and varieties of grain legumes, vegetables and forage crops, namely Cicer arietinum L., Glycine max L. Merr., Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet, Lathyrus lacteus (М. Bieb.) Wissjul., L. sativus L., Lens culinaris Medik., Trigonella coerulea (Desr.) Ser., T. foenum-graecum L., Phaseolus vulgaris Savi., P. multiflorus Wild., Vicia faba L., Vigna radiata (L.) Wilcz. in view of their suitability for cultivation in the steppe zone of the Russian Federation. When grown in steppe conditions, plants are characterized by full developmental cycles, full-fledged seeds and hardiness to short-term moisture deficits. The vegetation period is from 100 to 120 days. Biomorphological and economic characteristics of crops correspond to the standard for agricultural plants. The research shows good cultivation prospects and presents specific open-field agricultural technology for 11 uncommon crops. The economic characteristics of 2 domestic, 5 foreign varieties and 4 selection forms suitable for growing in the regional natural and climatic conditions, namely P. vulgaris (`Little Red Riding Hood', `Purple Queen', `Borlotto di Vigevano', `Canadian Wonder', `Yin Yang', selected specimens Gyori-D3 и Jates-D1) and Vicia faba (`Green Hangdaln', `Dolce', selected forms Belgian White and Italian Green). Crop maturity is 55-75 days for bush beans, up to 80 days for semi-climbing beans and up to 110 days for climbing beans, seed yield is 1.7-2.30 kg/m2. Technical maturity of V. faba varieties is 56-60 days, seed yield is 0.28-0.47 kg/m2. Growing Lathyrus lacteus in ex situ conditions is one of the ways of its conservation and introduction into the economic plant range of the steppe zone.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):42-51
42-51
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SEEDING RATES AND DOSES OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON BUCKWHEAT PRODUCTIVITY AND GRAIN QUALITY
Аннотация
In the conditions of field experience 2021-2024. on gray forest soils of the Bryansk region, the effect of three seeding rates and four doses of mineral fertilizers on the productivity and quality of buckwheat grain was studied. The purpose of the research is to identify the optimal seeding rate and the dose of mineral fertilizer, which ensure an increase and stabilization of the yield and quality of buckwheat grain in the soil and climatic conditions of the Bryansk region. The object of research is a mid-season variety of buckwheat Dasha. The predecessor is winter cereals. The placement of plots in the experiment is systematic, the repetition is three times, the total plot area is 250 m2, the accounting area is 50 m2. The test scheme included 12 options: 4 options for the use of mineral fertilizer (N15P15K15 (control); N30P30K30; N45P45K45; N60P60K60) and 3 seeding rates (3.0 million; 3.5 million and 4.0 million). It was found that the most optimal is the seeding rate of 3.5 million and the dose of the main fertilizer N45P45K45. Using this combination of seeding rate and fertilizer dose, the average number of plants at the time of harvesting was 207 pcs/m2 (with their preservation at the level of 59.0%), the number of grains from 1 plant is 30 pieces, the weight of 1000 grains is 30.4 g, the weight of grain from 1 plant is 0.93 g. Such indicators of the crop structure ensured the highest grain yield at the level of 19.1 c/ha, which is 3.8-8.9 c/ha higher than in other versions of the experiment. The grain obtained in this version of the experiment in terms of quality indicators: core content (76.8%) and size (83.2%) corresponds to class 1.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):52-60
52-60
THE EFFECT OF THE BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT ALBIT WITH MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND BASIC TILLAGE TECHNIQUES ON THEYIELD AND QUALITY OF BUCKWHEAT
Аннотация
The article presents data on the study of the effect of Albit biologics on the yield and quality of buckwheat grain, as well as the effect of Albit biologics in combination with nitrogen-phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on sod-podzolic sandy soil. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental field of the Novozybkovsky Agricultural Research Center named after V. R. Williams and at the Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science and Ecology of the Bryansk State Agrarian University from 2021 to 2023. When using the Albit biopreparation, the yield of buckwheat grain increased by an average of 0.14 t/ha or 22% compared to the control variant. The use of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N60P60K60 + Albit increases the yield of buckwheat grain by an average of 0.85 t /ha or by 135% compared with the control. Increasing the doses of potash fertilizer from 60 kg/ha to 90 kg/ha of the active substance in combination with nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers and Albit gives a yield increase of 0.95 t /ha or 150% compared to the control. When using mineral fertilizers at a dose of N60P60K120 + Albit, an average yield increase of 1.04 t/ha or 165% was obtained relative to the control. The use of Albit biologics and increased doses of potassium fertilizer improve the physical quality of buckwheat grains. It was noted that the nature of buckwheat grain according to the studied experimental variants increased from 430 to 466 g/l, the filminess of the grain decreased from 21.8% to 20.3%.
With tillage-free tillage, the yield of buckwheat increases by 33%, and surface by 20% relative to the control option (dump treatment), as well as the technological properties and quality of buckwheat grain are improved.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):61-66
61-66
PRODUCTIVITY OF HAYLAGE MASS OF ANNUAL LEGUM-CEREALS MIXTURES DEPENDING ON THE COMPOSITION AND ELEMENTS OF AGROTECHNOLOGY UNDER CONDITIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE CENTRAL NON-BLACK EARTH REGION
Аннотация
The article presents the results of 7-year studies on the reaction of annual legume-cereal mixtures grown for haylage to changes in meteorological conditions during the period of sowing - mowing maturity, the use of mineral fertilizers and their combination with non-root feeding with biostimulants with microelements. Vetch and pea-cereal mixtures with spring wheat and oats formed the maximum productivity level under excessive moisture (HTC ˃2.5), provided the production of 11-14 t/ha of dry mass with the accumulation of 1.9-2.7 t/ha of crude protein with the energy value of 10.2-10.7 MJ/kg in the variant with pre-sowing application of N30-45 against the background of Р50К75. For lupine-cereal mixtures of various compositions, moisture conditions close to the average long-term values (HTC 1.30) were preferable - the yield of 7.2-8.2 t/ha, the accumulation of crude protein of 0.94-1.16 t/ha with the energy value of 8.9-9.6 MJ/kg were created against a natural nitrogen background with the autumn application of Р60К60. Changes in moisture supply away from the optimum reduced the productivity of legume-cereal mixtures and required an increase in the dose of nitrogen fertilizer to achieve the highest indicators. The effect of a combination of fertilizers and biostimulants on the productivity of lupine-cereal mixtures under near-average perennial moisture conditions (2023-2024, HTC 1.27) was contradictory. It is necessary to continue research under different moisture supply with an expansion of the composition of mixed crops and the range of biostimulants.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):67-79
67-79
NAKED OATS, THEIR TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES ANDCONSUMER PROPERTIES
Аннотация
The results of research with lines of naked oats breeding FRC Nemchinovka for 2020-2024 are summarized. It was found that the line 2/3h2267 has the highest yield and breeding value, which gave grounds to proceed to its registration as a variety. Grain unit of all naked oats lines significantly exceeded the requirements for filmy oats by 50-70 g/l. Grain of the same lines grown under the conditions of Tula region contained more protein and less starch than in Moscow region. There was also a tendency to increase the fat content in grain from Tula from 8.4% to 9.2%. The content of β-glucans in grain varied significantly depending on both variety and place of cultivation.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):80-87
80-87
YIELD OF BARLEY DEPENDING ON THE MAIN TREATMENT OF TYPICAL CHERNOZEM AND INTENSIFICATION MEANS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGION
Аннотация
The research was conducted in 2021-2024 to assess the impact of spring barley cultivation in a grain-fallow crop rotation on the yield of spring barley, as well as the effects of basic soil tillage, fertilization levels, and herbicides. The stationary experiment was conducted simultaneously in all fields on a typical heavy loamy black soil with a humus content (according to Tyurin) of 6.8-7.0% in the 0-30 cm layer. In the four-field crop rotation, barley was planted after soybeans. The experiment studied three factors: methods of basic tillage, fertilizer doses, and herbicides. The use of resource-saving methods of basic tillage, surface tillage (disk tillage at 10-12 cm), and no-till tillage at a depth of 20-22 cm led to a decrease in barley yield by 0.11 and 0.21 t/ha, respectively, averaged over 2021-2024. The use of these methods in combined soil cultivation systems in crop rotations did not significantly affect the crop yield. However, in the severely dry year of 2024, a significant decrease in yield compared to plowing was observed, ranging from 0.19 to 0.39 t/ha. The use of fertilizers at a dose of N60 P60 K60 provided an increase in yield, on average, by 0.82 t/ha, compared to N30P30K30, which provided an increase of 0.47 t/ha. The use of increased the yield of barley by 0.39 t/ha, regardless of soil cultivation and fertilizer use. The maximum increase in the experiment was achieved by the combined use of intensification tools (fertilizers at a dose of N60 P60 K60 and herbicides) - 1.20 t/ha.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):88-93
88-93
EVALUATION OF SPRING BARLEY VARIETIES FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND ADAPTABILITY IN CONDITIONS OF INSUFFICIENT MOISTURE
Аннотация
The productivity of a variety is determined by its biological characteristics, growing conditions and the level of plant resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. This article presents the results of studies of environmental testing in 2019-2023 of spring barley varieties for statistical parameters of environmental adaptability. The object of the study is 3 varieties of local selection (Talovsky 9, Osered, Biryuch) and the most widely cultivated varieties of varying degrees of drought resistance in the Voronezh region. The highest yield potential was shown by the varieties of local selection Osered, Biryuch (3.88 and 3.94 t / ha, respectively), exceeding the standard by an average of 11.4-13.3%. The drought-resistant local variety of the old generation Talovsky 9 and the varieties Eifel and Medikum 157 were also characterized by high productivity. The varieties Osered, Biryuch and the multi-row variety Vakula had a high compensatory capacity, while Talovsky 9, Oskolets, Eifel had an average one. Talovsky 9 and Priazovsky 9 had high stress resistance. The most plastic were Eifel, Osered, Biryuch. Talovsky 9, Osered, Biryuch were highly stable (according to PUSS). According to the complex of studied indicators, the varieties of local selection Osered, Biryuch, Talovsky 9 and the Eifel variety were the most adaptive to the conditions of the southeast of the Central Chernozem Region.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):94-99
94-99
DETERMINATION OF THE PRODUCTIVITY POTENTIAL OF THE EAR OF BREEDING MATERIAL OF SOFT SPRING WHEAT
Аннотация
This article presents experimental data from two years of research to determine the productivity potential of an ear of soft spring wheat. Soft spring wheat is the most important agricultural crop, therefore, the issue of increasing its yield, which consists of the sum of the effects on productivity characteristics, is always relevant. In this experiment, an analysis of these characteristics was carried out to determine the possibility of using cultivars from the collection of soft spring wheat and the Darya standard variety in breeding work. The productivity of an ear of spring wheat is determined by several factors and is an important component of grain yield. High ear productivity, as a rule, positively correlates with the overall yield. The main factors affecting the productivity of an ear of spring wheat are: the number of grains in an ear, the more grains in an ear, the higher the potential productivity; the weight of grain from an ear is also closely related to yield and depends on growing conditions; the number of spikelets in an ear can contribute to an increase in the number of grains of breeding material for soft spring wheat based on the productivity of the ear. The productivity potential of the ear of promising lines of soft spring wheat was determined and forms with values exceeding the standard grade were selected, these are the breeding lines L-57, Sumer V.Lis and Sumer VS. Also, a comparative assessment of the ear water content was carried out according to the ledges between the Darya standard variety and the Sumer V.Lis breeding line with the maximum amount of grain in the ear.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):100-105
100-105
PRIMARY SEED PRODUCTION OF A NEW WINTER WHEAT VARIETY SKIPETR 2, BREEDING BY THE FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF LEGUMES AND GROAT CROPS
Аннотация
The article presents data on the organization of primary seed production of the new winter wheat variety Skipetr 2. The concept of "primary seed production" is considered, which is based on the individual-family method of selection with a two-year evaluation of the offspring, allowing to preserve and evaluate the variety by the most important economic and biological characteristics and properties. The importance of using quality seeds in preserving the variety is emphasized.It was found that field and laboratory rejection in the nursery testing the first year offspring varied in the range from 20.0 to 37.8%, and in the nursery testing the second year offspring varied from 13.6 to 1.66%. It was found that the highest yield (82 c/ha) was formed in 2022, and the largest weight of 1000 seeds (51 g) was obtained in 2023. It was revealed that the seed material, according to the main sowing and varietal indicators (seed purity, moisture, germination energy and germination), met the requirements of GOST 52325-2005.The obtained results confirm the compliance of the seeds with the requirements of state standards and their potential for mass production and use in agribusiness.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):106-111
106-111
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOSPHOROUS FERTILIZERS WITH LONG-TERM USE IN INCREASING THE YIELD OF SPRING WHEAT GRAINS IN THE LEACHED CHERNOZEM OF THE OREL REGION
Аннотация
In a long-term stationary field experiment, on leached, heavy loam chernozem with a very low content of mobile phosphorus (38-47 mg/kg), the comparative effectiveness of doses and methods of applying superphosphate and phosphoric acid according to background I (N60K60) and background II (aftereffect of 24 t/ha of manure from N60K60) on the crop was studied spring wheat grains in unstable weather conditions 2009-2024. The growing seasons of 2009 and 2024 were characterized by contrasting weather conditions. In the driest year of 2010, the duration of the combined effect of drought and high temperatures was observed throughout the growing season. Precipitation was insufficiently below the annual average: in May - 21 mm, in June - 11 mm, in July - 49 mm, in August - 50 mm. In the wettest year of 2016, precipitation was higher than the annual average: in April (21 mm), May (32 mm), June (19 mm), July (52 mm) and August (162 mm). A tendency of low dependence of the yield of spring wheat grain on May precipitation was found for annual (Ps90) and reserve (Ps270) N60K60 and aftereffect of 24 t/ha from N60K60, R2=0.070 and R2=0.089, R2=0.104 and R2=0.113, in the control - R2=0.173. The assessment of the indicator "air temperature - yield according to experimental options" revealed in April a higher dependence of the yield of spring wheat grain on average daily temperatures, R2= 0.559...0.282. The use of mineral fertilizers and the aftereffect of manure fertilizers were an important factor in the stability of spring wheat crops to the effects of unstable weather conditions. The best adaptation (V=26% and V= 28%, V=27% and V= 29%) to unstable weather conditions with a more stable 16-year dynamics of the spring wheat grain harvest corresponded to the variants of the experiment using superphosphate and phosphorous flour annually (Ps90 and Pf90) and in reserve (Ps270 and Pf270) with N60K60 and the aftereffect of 24 t/ha of manure from N60K60, in control, V=40%. The largest 41% share in the increase in the yield of spring wheat grain was noted in the aftereffect of 24 t/ha of manure fertilizer and less than 16% and 37%, 35% and 24% of nitrogen - potash and applied annually (Ps90) and phosphorous flour (Pf90) and in the stock of Ps270 and Pf270 according to N60K60 The equivalent efficiency of increasing the yield of spring wheat grain from the annual and reserve methods of applying superphosphate and phosphorous flour is shown. With slightly different increments (0.69 t/ha, 0.64 t/ha and 1.27 t/ha, 1.26 t/ha; 0.45 t/ha and 1.11 t/ha and 1.08 t/ha) of spring wheat grain yields between the annual Ps90 and Pf90 and the annual Ps270 and Pf270 application superphosphate and phosphorous flour according to N60K60 and the background of the aftereffect of manure from N60K60, periodic (reserve) introduction of superphosphate and phosphorous flour into the rotation of crop rotation is justified
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):112-122
112-122
STUDY OF SPRING SOFT WHEAT SOURCE MATERIAL AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF BREEDING
Аннотация
The study of spring soft wheat varieties of various origins was carried out at the Voronezh Federal Scientific Center named after V.V. Dokuchaev in 2021-2024, located in the central part of the Voronezh region. It was revealed that the group of more adapted Russian varieties had a low yield variation coefficient and amounted to 5.4% over the years of study, while the foreign group varieties had a high coefficient (21.3%). In dry conditions, the decrease in productivity of Western European varieties is quite significant: by 23.1 and 45.0% compared to Russian varieties. According to the microdistribution index, the variability of the group of domestic varieties was 11.5%, the stability coefficient was 4.2, while the group of foreign varieties had significantly higher variability - 25.1% and low stability - 1.9, respectively. There is every reason to recognize this indicator as a weak point in the formation of productivity and requiring the greatest attention from breeders in our region. Higher stability coefficient values than those of foreign varieties were noted in the group of Russian varieties in terms of yield, plant height, 1000-grain weight, and productivity and microdistribution indices. Foreign varieties had higher stability in terms of ear length and second leaf area from the top, which must be taken into account when planning breeding selections. The domestic varieties demonstrated a high positive contribution to the overall variability of the entire productivity complex of the ear: length, weight, number and weight of grain - from 4.16 to 4.99 units. The varieties of Western European origin demonstrated the highest contributions for the weight of the whole ear and the weight of grain in the ear: 4.44 and 4.28, with an annual correlation between them and the final yield (r = 0.35-0.71). This group also demonstrated significant correlation coefficients with the yield of the flag leaf and second leaf from the top: r = 0.47 and r = 0.58. The foreign varieties demonstrated high negative contributions for the microdistribution indices and the Mexican index; these indices require increased attention from breeders when including Western European varieties in crossbreeding
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):123-131
123-131
AMINO ACIDS CONTENT IN WINTER SOFT WHEAT GRAIN
Аннотация
The chemical and amino acid composition of winter wheat grain of the Kazanskaya 560, Saban and Ilvina varieties was studied. Field experiments were laid out in the Laishevsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan on gray forest soil after bare fallow. The cultivation technology is generally accepted for the zone. On average, over two years of study, the Kazanskaya 560 variety had the highest protein content in grain (14.32%) and the lowest starch content (57.97%). A positive correlation was obtained between the protein content and the fiber content (r=0.44) and ash content (r=0.61). A negative correlation was obtained between the protein and fat content in grain (r=-0.46), as well as with the starch content (r=-0.98). The variability of the protein content in grain was 5.45%. The maximum total amount of amino acids was obtained in the Ilvina variety (9.84%) in 2023, which had relatively favorable weather conditions. The Ilvina variety also stood out in terms of the sum of essential acids on average over the two years of study (5.24%). Under the dry conditions of 2024, the sum of amino acids decreased in the Saban variety by 1.36%, the Ilvina variety by 0.68%, and the Kazanskaya 560 variety by 0.07%. It was found that among the essential amino acids, valine (Cv=5.31%), arginine (Cv=8.43%) and histidine (Cv=8.66%) had the lowest variability. Other essential amino acids had average variability (Cv=10.53...19.81%). The Ilvina variety is recommended for inclusion in breeding programs for high grain quality with an increased content of essential amino acids in grain.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):132-137
132-137
INFLUENCE OF SOWING DATES ON PRODUCTIVITY AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL OF WINTER SOFT WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE ROSTOV REGION
Аннотация
The research was carried out in order to study the features of grain harvest formation and the adaptability parameters of winter soft wheat depending on the timing of sowing in the soil and climatic conditions of the north-western zone of the Rostov region. The work was carried out on the mid-range southern carbonate chernozem in 2021-2024. The material for the study was winter wheat varieties of breeding FRARC. The scheme of the experiment included five sowing dates: August 25, September 5, September 15, September 25, and October 5. On average, over the years of research, the most favorable regime for the development of winter wheat plants was formed during sowing on September 5...15, when the sum of effective temperatures was at the level of 673...892 °C. The pace of autumn development was the most significant during sowing in the period from August 25 to September 15. According to the complex of adaptivity parameters, the varieties Constanta 22, Volnaya Zarya, Donskaya T20 and Kalitva were distinguished, possessing plasticity, breeding value, homeostaticity, stress resistance and high grain productivity.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):138-144
138-144
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOUR-MILLING PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF WHEAT, TRITICALE AND RYE OF THE CROP 2023, ZONED IN THE SMOLENSK REGION
Аннотация
The grain of the main cereal grain crop of Russia - wheat, is a source of nutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids; biologically active substances - vitamins, enzymes, minerals, micro- and macronutrients. One of the most promising crops in the 21st century for the production of bakery and flour confectionery products is triticale grain. The article presents the results of a study of the milling properties of various varieties of wheat, triticale and rye harvested in 2023, zoned in the Smolensk region. The grain of high-yielding zoned varieties was used as the object of research: spring wheat Radmira and Yubileynaya, winter wheat Nemchinovskaya 85, Nemchinovskaya 24, winter triticale Consul, Slon, Nina and winter rye Talovskaya 45 of the 2023 harvest, grown in the Smolensk region. It was found that the highest yields of varietal baking wheat flour were obtained from the grain of spring wheat of the Yubileynaya variety and the grain of winter wheat of the Nemchinovskaya 24 variety, which amounted to 73.1 and 73.2%, respectively. The yield of varietal baking wheat flour from the grain of spring wheat of the Radmira variety was 72.0%. The lowest yield of varietal baking wheat flour was obtained from the grain of spring wheat of the Nemchinovskaya 85 variety, which was only 70.1%, which is 3.1% lower compared to the yield of flour from the grain of winter wheat of the Nemchinovskaya 24 variety. The highest yield of varietal baking triticale flour 77.2% was obtained from the grain of winter triticale of the Nina variety, the yield of varietal baking triticale flour from the grain of winter triticale of the Consul variety was 72.3%. The lowest yield of varietal baking triticale flour was obtained when milling the grain of winter triticale of the Slon variety, which was 70.9%. The yield of varietal baking rye flour from the grain of winter rye of the Talovskaya 45 variety, which was 70.8%.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):145-154
145-154
STUDY OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WINTER CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
Аннотация
In the period from 2020-2024, a study of the rheological properties of winter rye grain (8 varieties) and winter soft wheat (9 varieties) was conducted in the Republic of Tatarstan. The experiments were conducted at the Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture SSU FRC KazSC RAS. For rye, the falling number (FN), amylogram height, water absorption capacity (WAC) and dough formation time of rye extracted meal were determined. For wheat, the physical properties of the dough were evaluated on the alveograph and farinograph, guided by GOST 34702-2020. Most cultivars had FN between 200-300 sec (grade 1). Amylographic viscosity varied significantly (310-1290 units). Prommo and Aviator hybrids showed FN 280 and 312 sec, amylographic viscosity 811 and 1039 units, respectively, and the least variability in rheological properties. These values are not suitable for baking pure rye bread, but may be useful for improving flour from poor quality grain. Radon, Aviator and Prommo varieties were characterized by high WAC of whole-grain extracted meal (up to 72%), which is important for rye bread making. The time of dough formation was 2-5 minutes, with the varieties Estafeta Tatarstan and Ogonyok showing the greatest stability. In general, Tatarstan varieties of winter rye have good baking properties due to their rheology, but high variability requires improvement of breeding approaches. A strong correlation was found between FN and alpha-amylase activity (r=0,989). Flour strength in winter wheat varieties varied between 203-343 alveograph units. All Tatarstan varieties studied meet the requirements for strong or medium strength flour suitable for baking. Nadezhda, Darina and Universiada varieties showed optimal results on alveograph (297-299 units and elasticity to extensibility ratio 0.7-1.1) and farinograph (WAC 60-61% and valorimetric score 65-78%). Krasnodar varieties Svarog (strong wheat), Yuka and Antonina (valuable wheat) also demonstrated high quality.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):155-164
155-164
ADAPTIVE YIELD INDICATORS OF CHANGEABLE AND COMMON ALFALFA VARIETIES IN THE SOUTH-WEST OF THE CENTRAL NON-CHERNOZEM REGION
Аннотация
Article presents results of realizing the productive potential and adaptability parameters of alfalfa varieties in south-west of the Central Non-Chernozem region. Research was carried out at the Starodubsky state varietal plot for period 2020-2023 in conditions of gray forest soils of the Bryansk region. Meteorological conditions were noted to be favorable for growth, development and formation of high yield of alfalfa varieties, their good overwintering and resistance to environmental stressors. Three domestic varieties of changeable alfalfa (Medicago varia Mart.) - Blagodat, Vega 87, Renta and common alfalfa variety (Medicago sativa L.) - Barnard, the Netherlands were taken as test object. The objectives of study included assessment of adaptive indicators of tested alfalfa varieties according to the parameters of ecological stability andplasticity, using criterion of "feed mass yield". The following indicators were calculated: environmental conditions index (Ij), stability (Sd2) and plasticity (bi), stress tolerance, yield range (d), homeostaticity (Hom), coefficient of variation (V). A comparative assessment is given and highly productive varieties are identified in terms of growth, development, regrowth, winter hardiness, feed mass yield and dry matter yield in the region. On average, for 3 years, changeable Rent alfalfa variety was highly productive (19.08 t/ha of dry weight or 76.32 green weight), with high winter hardiness (96%) and post-fall growth energy. According to research results, the most stable varieties with high-grade homeostaticity, compensatory ability and breeding value were Renta (bi = 1.10; V=11.2%, Hom =18.3; Sc =16.7) and Vega 87 (V=6.3%, Hom =19.5; Sc =15.8) which were characterized by ecological plasticity, lower yield variability and relatively high stress resistance.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):165-172
165-172
DIAGNOSTIC INDICATORS OF SOIL FERTILITY IN CROP ROTATION WITH LUPINE UNDER DIFFERENT METHODS OF PRIMARY SOIL CULTIVATION
Аннотация
The results of studies on the influence of primary tillage methods on the biological activity of gray forest soil in crop rotation with lupine and, as a consequence, on the change in humus content are presented. The purpose of the studies is to study the state of soil fertility of gray forest soil with different primary tillage methods in crop rotation with lupine. The studies were carried out on the gray forest soil of the southwest of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Bryansk region of the stationary experiment of the All-Russian Research Institute of Lupine in 2019-2022. The most intensive microbiological activity of the soil was observed in all variants of the experiment in the 0-10 cm layer. The microbiological activity is affected by the method of soil cultivation. Thus, in the 0-10 cm layer with no-till cultivation this indicator is maximum (39%), 24% higher than with plowing, and 16.9% higher than with chisel plowing once every 4 years in crop rotation under lupine. The most promising system of primary soil cultivation in terms of humus conservation and reproduction is the non-moldboard system of primary soil cultivation. With this method, a smaller decrease in humus of gray forest soil was revealed over 8 years (by 0.25 and 0.41%); with moldboard cultivation, the decrease was 0.50 and 0.80%. The degree of humification of organic matter in grain crop rotation has significantly decreased over the years of research to 22.1% with no-till cultivation and to 18.4% with moldboard plowing. Humus of gray forest soil before the experiment was of the humate type, under all soil cultivation systems. After 8 years in grain crop rotation with lupine, without any plowing of lupine for green manure, the humus type changed to humate-fulvate, during moldboard tillage of soil with a ratio of Сhum.acids:Сfulv.acids within 1-05. And for the fulvate-humate type with no-till soil cultivation, with a ratio of Сhum.acids:Сfulv.acids within 1-2.
Zernobobovye i krupânye kulʹtury. 2025;(3(55)):173-178
173-178