卷 109, 编号 4 (2023)

Hypoxic/ischemic brain injuries a major medical challenge. One of the approaches to the development of therapeutic interventions is to establish the pathways of survival for neurons in tolerant to O₂ deficiency vertebrates, which could suggest the ways to mitigate hypoxic catastrophe for separate cells under oxygen starvation. Metabolic depression is considered to be a universal strategy for the survival of hypoxia tolerant animals; however, the details of the mechanism of brain metabolism limitation with a decrease in PO₂ have not hitherto been established. Under oxygen starvation, an increase in the extracellular concentration of inhibitory neurotransmitters can be one of the significant links in the apparatus for suppression of electrical activity, which makes it possible to reduce energy demand. GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) serves as a universal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS of higher and lower vertebrates, the functioning of which is associated with the metabolism suppression and leveling the consequences of an energy failure. GABA is found in various taxonomic groups of vertebrates. This review considers strategies for GABA involvement in the mechanisms of ensuring a brain tolerance to oxygen starvation in representatives of various taxonomic groups of lower vertebrates (cyclostomes, cartilaginous and bony fish, amphibians, reptiles), which are distinguished by a most pronounced ability to survive under acute and chronic hypoxia/anoxia.

Multisegmental transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord (sсTS), affecting spinal neural networks and motor pools of leg muscles, was used to correct treadmill walking in stroke patients. The study involved 15 patients in the recovery period after acute cerebrovascular accidents. A noninvasive spinal neuroprosthesis with a multichannel stimulator and a system for detecting phases of the walking cycle (“Cosima”, Russia) was used to activate motor pools of leg flexor muscles in the transfer phase, activation of motor pools of extensor muscles in the stance phase in combination with continuous activation of spinal locomotor networks. Using of sсTS during walking on a treadmill increased the amplitude of movements in the ankle joint and the length of the step cycle on the paresis side, as well as decreased the asymmetry of both legs in the phases of the step. The height of the paretic leg lift increased in 80% of patients. With a combination of continuous and phase-dependent stimulation, the increase in the range of motion in the joints was maximal compared to phase-dependent or only constant stimulation. The obtained data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm of the sсTS modulates the parameters of walking movements in patients with the consequences of cerebral circulation accidents and can be considered as a promising method of motor rehabilitation.

Changes in the velocity of cerebral blood flow can make a significant contribution to the formation of age-related cerebrovascular diseases. The age-related changes in the velocity indicators of cerebral blood flow in rats at different stages of aging were studied. Using Doppler ultrasound the state of blood flow in the cortex and subcortical structures of the cerebral hemispheres was analyzed by the value of linear velocities and blood flow indexes in young Sprague-Dawley 4-month-old and aging 18 and 23-month-old rats. It has been established that aging is accompanied by changes in the parameters of cerebral blood flow in the cortex and subcortical structures of the rat brain. Changes develop gradually and differ at different stages of aging. By 18 months, perfusion in the frontal and parietal regions hemispheres of the brain increases due to an increase in peak and mean velocity per cardiac cycle and a decrease in the level of resistance of cerebral vessels. These processes precede the development of subsequent hypoperfusion disorders of blood flow observed at later stages of aging. Hypoperfusion changes in 23-month-old rats are most pronounced in the frontal region of the cerebral hemispheres and are characterized by a decrease in peak velocities and an increase in blood flow indexes.

DAT-HET rats with their underlying hyperdopaminergia are a promising model for the investigation of neuropsychiatric diseases, which are based on impaired dopamine neurotransmission, including alcoholism. The aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of free alcoholization on drinking, locomotor, exploratory behavior, anxiety, and Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels in rats with impaired functioning of the DA system (DAT-HET). The study was carried out on adult male rats of the DAT-HET (n = 15) and Wistar (n = 13), which were divided into 4 groups: “DAT-HET ethanol” (n = 10) and “Wistar ethanol” (n = 9), who were in the mode of free alcoholization for 112 days of the experiment. The DAT-HET water (n = 5) and Wistar water (n = 4) groups did not have access to an ethanol solution and did not participate in behavioral tests. Ethanol preference and consumption was assessed in the “Two-bottle test”. The amount of ethanol consumed in the cells was recorded weekly. Behavior was assessed using the Open Field and Elevated Plus Maze tests. After alcoholization, to assess the level of TH, an immunohistochemical (IHC). It was found that during free alcoholization, DAT-HET rats do not form preferences for ethanol. Under the low ethanol consumption, the initial hyperactivity in DAT-HET rats is leveled. The DAT-HET model leads to an increase in TH levels in NAcc. In addition, the free alcoholization reduces the level of TG in NAcc with the development of a pathological increase in TH, observed in the DAT-HET model, but has no effect on healthy animals.

Mechanical unloading of skeletal muscles leads to the development of atrophic processes and a decrease in the total number of satellite cells (SCs) that are involved in muscle regeneration. In vitro studies revealed an increased differentiation of myoblasts derived from rat soleus muscle after an unloading-induced decrease in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is necessary for the activation of SCs and also participates in the regulation of myoblast proliferation and differentiation. It can be assumed that a decrease in the activity of AMPK after mechanical unloading can contribute to the acceleration of myoblast differentiation. The main purpose of this study was to elucidate a possible role of AMPK in the regulation of differentiation of myoblasts isolated from rat soleus muscle after mechanical unloading. To test this hypothesis, a specific AMPK activator, AICAR, was used to prevent a decrease in AMPK activity during differentiation of myoblasts isolated from rat soleus muscle after 7-day unloading. Immunocytochemistry, PCR-RT and Western blotting were used to assess changes during myoblast differentiation. In differentiating myoblasts derived from the unloaded soleus muscle there was a significant decrease in AMPK (Thr172) and ACC (Ser 79) phosphorylation levels, an increase in myotube differentiation index, myoblast fusion factors and the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF). Furthermore, there was a decrease in the expression of slow myosin heavy chains (MyHC) and an increase in the expression of fast MyHC isoforms. AICAR treatment of differentiating myoblasts obtained from the unloaded soleus muscle prevented a decrease in AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, returned the expression levels of MRF and fast isoforms of MyHC to the control levels as well as maintained the expression of slow MyHC. Thus, abnormally accelerated differentiation of myoblasts isolated from atrophied rat soleus muscle can be compensated by maintaining the control levels of AMPK activity using AICAR.

This article presents the results of studies of the levels of expression of the IL13R gene and the levels of expression of the molecular IL13R in the bronchi of control rats and rats with ovalbumin-induced asthma. The choice of these receptors is due to the great importance of these structures in the pathogenesis of allergic bronchial asthma. Biological materials of 64 Wistar rats were studied using real-time PCR and immunohistochemical methods. As a result of the studies, it was found that under conditions of asthma development in the tissues of the bronchi of rats, a pronounced expression of the IL13R genes, a significant expression of the molecular receptor for interleukin-13, occurs. In bronchi with an intramural ganglion (bifurcation zone), the level of IL13R gene expression and the level of expression of the IL13R molecular receptor were significantly higher than in tracheal samples without ganglia. Sodium cromoglycate, administered to rats 5 hours after the last inhalation of ovalbumin, led to a decrease in the mRNA content in the bronchi of animals compared to animals that did not receive mast cell stabilizer treatment.