Vol 8, No 6 (2025)

issues related to private property have always been acutely perceived in almost any society. The United States of America in the early 19th century was no exception: the United States faced a number of challenges related to the distribution of land ownership and, as a result, land scams and affairs. Based on one of such scams, a precedent that entered American historiography as the "Yazoo Affair", the goal was set to identify both the decisions of the federal authorities regarding the western lands, their logic and legal aspects, and their impact on society. Particular attention is paid to how agrarian policy influenced the formation of the doctrinal foundations of the ideology of the American South, which would later justify the secession of the southern states in 1860-1861 from both an ideological and legal point of view. The connection between the US land policy (in relation to the western territories) and the domestic political development of the country is subject to contextual analysis in accordance with the political realities of the early 19th century. XIX century, and also taking into account the tendencies in which the country as a whole was developing. This allows us to trace the dynamics of the interaction of political power and ideological constructs that will later be used by the southerners.

the article analyzes the medical diplomacy of the USSR and the USA during the Cold War (1947-1991) through their participation in global vaccination programs against smallpox and polio. It examines the ideological, organizational, and geopolitical aspects of the superpowers' approaches, their contributions to disease eradication, and their efforts to expand influence in the Third World. Based on archival documents and scholarly literature, the study highlights the programs' impact on international relations and the global health system. It underscores the importance of cooperation, the risks of politicizing medicine, and the relevance of Cold War lessons for contemporary health challenges.

this article examines the exhibition activities of the Soviet Cultural Fund (SCF) abroad, using the example of the exhibition “100 Years of Russian Art” held in Great Britain in 1989. It analyzes the role of the SCF in promoting Russian art on the international stage, the Fund’s cooperation with foreign non-profit organizations, and the role of the Collectors’ Club in preparing the exhibition. Based on the exhibition catalog, the composition of the exhibition is studied in detail. The exhibits selected for the exposition demonstrate the growing interest in the Russian avant-garde and the transformation of the USSR’s cultural policy during the period of perestroika.

the purpose of the study is to identify the historical prerequisites for the formation of Eurasian economic integration and to determine the role of Russia in the evolution of integration processes in the Eurasian space from the middle of the 19th century to the present. Research objectives: 1. To analyze the integration processes during the Russian Empire and their impact on the formation of the Eurasian economic space 2. To investigate the mechanisms of economic integration within the Soviet Union and their impact on the development of regional cooperation 3. To study the current stage of Eurasian integration within the framework of the Russian Federation and the formation of the EAEU This study is devoted to the analysis of the historical prerequisites for the formation of the Eurasian economic integration and the role of Russia in this process during three key periods: the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. A comprehensive methodological approach is applied, including comparative historical analysis, an institutional approach, and Bela Balasha's theory of economic integration. The results of the study demonstrate the continuity of Russia's integration efforts in the Eurasian space, and show how the mechanisms and forms of integration have transformed in various historical epochs. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the current stage of Eurasian integration, embodied by in the EAEU, which represents a qualitatively new stage in the development of regional cooperation based on the principles of equality and mutual benefit.

this article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the historiography of the trade union movement within educational institutions of the Soviet Union from the late 1950s to the early 1990s. The study focuses on identifying the main trends, key issues, and the evolution of scholarly approaches to the subject in both domestic and foreign literature. The objective of the work is to systematize the accumulated historiographical knowledge, critically assess existing concepts, and determine promising directions for further research into the activities of educational trade unions during the specified period. The analysis is based on a retrospective review of a wide range of sources, including monographs, academic articles, dissertations, collections of documents, and conference proceedings. Special attention is paid to methods of historiographical analysis, the comparative-historical approach, and the principle of historicism, which enable tracing the dynamics of the development of scholarly perspectives in the context of changing political and socio-economic paradigms of Soviet society. The main focus is on evaluating the degree of study of various aspects: the organizational structure of educational trade unions, their functions in the sphere of social protection of workers, cultural and mass activities, production activities, as well as their relations with party and state bodies. The results of the study demonstrate that the historiography has undergone a complex evolution from ideologized works that downplayed the real role of trade unions and emphasized their purely mobilizational function to more balanced post-Soviet research. Contemporary studies increasingly focus on the examination of the everyday activities of trade union committees, mechanisms for resolving labor disputes, implementation of social guarantees for teachers and lecturers, and the role of trade unions in the face of escalating crisis phenomena of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Significant gaps have been identified, particularly the insufficient study of regional specifics, microhistories of primary trade union organizations, the perception of trade union work by ordinary members, and comparative aspects with trade unions in other sectors or countries of the Socialist camp.

guslitsy is a well-known region of the Moscow region in the Old Believer world. It was located within the borders of the southern part of the Orekhovo-Zuyevsky District (and partially in the northern part of the Yegoryevsky District). The region was formed on the basis of an ancient volost, which was first mentioned in the will of Ivan Kalita. The residents were renowned for their skills in copying liturgical books. The region also had its own local iconography, including the production of copper-cast icons. The article highlights the main problems of studying the Old Believer region: the problem of identifying cultural heritage monuments, the problem of source studies, and the problem of preserving historical memory. Currently, this issue has not been given much attention in historical studies and local history. The problems outlined in the article will help in further research of the Old Believer region. The author's future research goal in the Moscow region is to identify liturgical literature and icons and books kept in the families of descendants, as well as their descriptions, reconstruction of the existence of a particular item (author, ownership records, the description itself, dating, etc.). The author considers it important to conduct surveys of local residents about their descendants, the life of a particular village and church (audio, photo and video recording of local rituals).

the article examines the evolution of the railway infrastructure of the Kaluga region in the post-Soviet period (from the 1990s to the present), focusing on the dynamics of passenger transportation. The purpose of the work is to identify problems and show possible options for the development of railway transport in the Kaluga region in the period from 1991 to the present. The turning point was the launch of the Moscow – Kaluga express in 1999, which offered increased comfort. Important milestones were the appearance (and subsequent cancellation) of "accelerated electric trains" (2000-2010), the reorientation from international routes (Moscow – Kiev) to domestic ones ("Daytime express trains" Moscow – Bryansk via Kaluga with double–decker trains from 2019). Another aspect of our work is the issue of the influence of geopolitics – reduction trains of Ukraine/Moldovans after 2014 and their complete disappearance by 2020 After 2022, southern trains were actively developed, which somewhat revived passenger traffic in the Kaluga Region. The article discusses the prospects for the development of the Moscow Central Diameters (hereinafter – MCDs) in the context of plans to extend them to the regions.

the focus of this article is the bibliographic index "The Great Patriotic War", which provides a panoramic view of the events and images of one of the most tragic periods in the history of our country. It was a social project, sustained in the traditions of Soviet bibliography, which demonstrates the localization of research and public interest of the society during the war. The bibliographic text of the index of literature is based on the prevailing discourse typical of wartime. In the presence of the core structure of the bibliographic index, its mobility is fixed due to the introduction of special headings and subheadings, which is explained by the dynamics of the displayed events and the desire for a comprehensive representation of the life of society. The index includes information not only about publications directly related to the fighting, but also indirectly reflecting the life of the country through science, education, culture, art, and fiction. In the wording of the titles of sections, headings, subheadings and publications, information about which was included in the index, the idea of the invincibility of Russian weapons based on the patriotism of the Soviet people runs through the red thread. The social status of the publication's hero was also significant. In the studied resource, the author of the article noticed a combination of features inherent in both scientific and auxiliary and recommendatory bibliography. The index's rich information field is characterized by emotional coloring and factography. The meta-informational canvas of the bibliographic index "The Great Patriotic War" allows the historian to use it not only as a reference when identifying literature for his own research, but also to construct events and images of the period of the Great Patriotic War.

the article provides a comprehensive historical and chronological study of documentary sources, as well as catalogs of solar, lunar eclipses and other astronomical events related to the period from 405 to 362 BC. The purpose of the study, which uses special methods of historical research, as well as methods of astronomical chronology, is to confirm or refute the officially accepted in historical science dating of the Eleatic, Corinthian and Boeotian wars, regional military conflicts that immediately followed the Peloponnesian War. According to modern data of historical chronology, it is believed that the Eleatic (Elean) War took place in 402 - 400 (according to other sources 401-399 or 400-396) BC, the Corinthian War in 395-387 BC, and accordingly the Boeotian War in 378-362 BC. However, the author's earlier historical and chronological research and dating of the works of Ancient Greek playwrights using the astronomical chronology method and subsequent dating of Thucydides' Eclipses and the Parian Chronicle showed the erroneousness of the official dating of these military conflicts. The conducted comprehensive historical and chronological study made it possible, firstly, to prove the erroneousness of the officially accepted dating of the Eleatic, Corinthian and Boeotian wars in historical science. Secondly, to obtain, using the method of astronomical chronology, the authentic dating of these military conflicts and the famous battles of Leuctra and Mantinea, which are consistent in time and events with the chronological information contained in the "Parian Chronicle" previously studied by the author, as well as with the dating of the "The First Year of the Olympian Era". Thirdly, they allowed to support with additional astronomical evidence the authentic dating of the eclipses of Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War determined earlier by the author. Fourthly, to determine the years of life of famous military leaders and chronologists of this historical period of Ancient Greece.

the article, based on a comparative analysis in relation to the needs of the modern educational process, examines the main factors that determined the course of the heroic defense and the fall of the two most famous coastal fortresses of the Russian Empire – Sevastopol during the Crimean War and Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War. The author emphasizes the analysis of the determinants that determined both the long-term nature and the unfavorable for the Russian side outcome of these famous in Russian history battles for the key coastal citadels of the empire. At the same time, common features and historical characteristics of the Sevastopol and Port Arthur defense are highlighted, forming educational material aimed at revealing the potential that ensures understanding of complex cause-and-effect relationships and the development of analytical skills and critical thinking in students, which is so necessary at present.

the article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the formation and development of small entrepreneurship in Kazan in the period from 1985 to 1999, characterized by profound economic instability. The purpose of the study is to identify the key stages in the formation of the entrepreneurial class, analyze the mechanisms of business adaptation to changing conditions and assess the impact of regional specifics on these processes. The objectives were: to study the first steps of private initiative within the framework of the cooperative movement and individual labor activity during Perestroika; to consider the subsequent formation of market relations after the collapse of the USSR, with an emphasis on the role of the Declaration of Sovereignty and the Treaty on the Delimitation of Powers of the Republic of Tatarstan in creating a favorable business environment; as well as an analysis of problems (high inflation, instability of the tax system, the 1998 crisis) and survival strategies of Kazan entrepreneurs. Particular attention is paid to the dual nature of economic instability, which acted both as an obstacle and a catalyst for entrepreneurial activity, as well as the exceptional importance of the regional political factor and targeted support from institutions such as the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republican Fund for Financial Support. The practical application of the research results lies in the possibility of using the identified historical experience of forming an entrepreneurial environment in the context of transformation processes to develop modern strategies for supporting small and medium-sized businesses, especially in regions with unique economic and political specifics. Understanding the lessons of the past contributes to more effective forecasting and management of entrepreneurship development in periods of crisis and uncertainty. The article concludes that, despite the difficulties, small entrepreneurship has strengthened its position and become an integral part of the urban economy of Kazan by the end of the 1990s.

in the article, the key characteristics of the Norman elite of the first half of the 11th century are studied based on the analysis of Norman historical sources, primarily William of Jumi?ges’s Deeds of the Norman Dukes and Orderic Vitalis’s Ecclesiastical History. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic, emphasizing the role of the Norman aristocracy in strengthening the duchy and its influence on key events in European history, such as the conquest of England in 1066. The goal is to analyze the social structure, functions, values, and distinctive traits of the elite. In the section on materials and methods, the complex hierarchical structure of the Norman nobility headed by the duke is described in detail, including the high aristocracy (counts, barons), knights, and clergy. The mechanisms for forming and maintaining power are analyzed: the system of vassalage and grants (fiefs), inheritance principles (primogeniture), as well as strategic marriage alliances, land confiscations, and the role of ecclesiastical institutions. Methods of working with the chronicles are considered, taking into account their specificity (the courtly nature of Jumi?ges’s work, Vitalis’s more critical perspective) and informativeness for reconstructing social relations. The research results are presented through the prism of the elite’s multifunctionality. Its main functions are highlighted: military (organizing and participating in campaigns, defending territory), administrative (managing estates, adjudication, tax collection), economic (controlling land and resources), and spiritual (patronage of the church, founding monasteries). Dominant values are analyzed: martial valor and honor, religiosity (often combined with pragmatism), the aspiration to expand land holdings, kinship identity, ambition, and individualism. Characteristic features are noted: cohesion due to the relatively recent formation from the blending of Frankish and Scandinavian nobility, cruelty in conflicts, and the dynamism of the social structure. In the conclusions, it is emphasized that the Norman elite, despite internal contradictions, formed an effective state structure. The combination of its martial qualities, organizational abilities, land interests, and expansionist ambitions created the prerequisites for subsequent large-scale conquests. The work confirms the value of Norman chronicles as a source for studying the social history of feudal society.

the article is devoted to the activities of the Krasnodar Cotton Mill during the 1960s – 1970s. The purpose of this study is to analyze the functioning of the Krasnodar cotton Mill in the context of the historical process, to identify the real extent of its impact not only on improving the infrastructure of the city of Krasnodara, but also on the fate of people associated with this enterprise. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: a description of the activities of the Krasnodar cotton mill in the period of the 60s – 70s of the XX century; an analysis of the contribution of the enterprise to the development of urban infrastructure; drawing up a list of workshops; establishment of the schedule of activities of the combine. As part of the work on the article, various scientific sources were used, among which are: materials from city newspapers, including the newspaper "For Communist Labor", published at the combine; archival materials; regulatory and legal documentation; data from the personal archives of employees of the enterprise. Interviews were conducted with former employees or residents of the Krasnodar Cotton Mill microdistrict. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the selected material in the framework of a general study of the textile industry in the USSR. It can also be useful in analyzing local history material. The scientific novelty is expressed in the analysis of the functioning of a particular enterprise, its impact on the fate of Krasnodar residents, on the development of urban infrastructure. The materials directly related to the activities of the Krasnodar Cotton Mill in general and pile production in particular are presented. In the course of the research, it was concluded that the Krasnodar Cotton Mill had a huge impact on the textile industry of the USSR as a whole and on the infrastructure of the city of Krasnodar in particular.

the aim of this article is to analyze the portrayal of the Chinese statesman Li Hongzhang in the pages of the Russian newspaper «Russky invalid». The study covers the period of his active diplomatic and political career, paying particular attention to how his actions and decisions were covered. It analyzes not only the facts but also how the perception of his personality was formed in Russian society in the second half of the 19th century. This research contributes to understanding the specifics of the formation of ideas about the Chinese political elite in the Russian information space of that period. The author examines in detail how Li Hongzhang's activities were covered, identifying the main trends in the assessments of his role in the context of complex Russian-Chinese relations. The article also provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of public opinion formation in Russia about China and its leaders from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century. The source base includes both archival materials and publications from the periodical press, which provides a comprehensive view of the subject of research. The methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, taking into account the various points of view presented in the newspaper, which makes it possible to create a balanced picture of the perception of Li Hongzhang in Russian society at that time.

the purpose of the article is to analyze the reform of school education in the second half of the twentieth century. Based on statistical methods, theoretical and practical analysis, the article reflects the main stages of development and directions of reform of secondary schools in the Chuvash ASSR. The key government decisions that determined education policy and their impact on the structure, content and organization of the educational process are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the transition to universal secondary education, the development of vocational education and changes in the school management system. The historical background of the problems and contradictions that arose during the reform process, their social and cultural consequences are considered. The article is based on archival materials from the Central State Archive of the Chechen Republic, normative legal acts, resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which makes it possible to assess the scale and effectiveness of transformations in school education. The reorganization of the system of general education schools in the Chuvash ASSR and adaptation to fundamentally new realities required significant efforts and careful work from government agencies responsible for school education during this period. In the period 1964-1984, Chuvashia became one of the most developed regions of the country with great economic beginnings and potential, cultural and historical features and traditions characteristic only of it. In the Chuvash Republic, Chuvashia, a system of general school education was formed and developed, and comprehensive schools operated. All this has played a huge and significant role in the development of science, national economy, economics and culture.

during the period of political unrest in Egypt, the British government decided to openly interfere in Egyptian politics. Among European states, these actions caused serious concern and a number of questions that the UK had to answer. To this end, British diplomats have developed a strategy according to which, in all official statements and the media, the United Kingdom acts as a consulting state to restore order in the political and economic spheres of Egyptian society. At the same time, the British parliament is developing "political reforms" aimed at creating a puppet government in Egypt and establishing a dependent state. This government policy became known as "Veiled Protectorate."

this article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for the historical insolvency of fascist ideologies as models of social development. The introduction defines the problem, noting that fascism, which arose in the context of the socio-economic crises of the early 20th century, proved to be an unviable project, whose collapse was not an accident but a natural outcome. The research methodology is based on a historical-analytical approach, within which the key elements of fascist regimes are deconstructed: their economic, political, social, and cultural doctrines. Such aspects as the militarization of the economy, corporatism, anti-intellectualism, suppression of the individual, and the cult of violence are analyzed to reveal their internal contradictions and destructive potential. The research results demonstrate that the economic model of fascism, oriented toward autarky and military expansion, was inherently unstable and could exist only through plunder and preparation for war, which inevitably led to catastrophe. In the social sphere, the creation of an enemy image and the policy of dehumanization undermined the moral foundations of society, leading to genocide and spiritual devastation. The suppression of free thought and the expulsion of the intellectual elite doomed nations to stagnation and an inability for innovative development. Historical examples of Italy, Germany, as well as Spain and Portugal empirically confirm that all such regimes ended either in military defeat and collapse, or prolonged stagnation.

the article is devoted to the history of the construction of the Cheboksary Hydroelectric Power Station, which is a vivid example of long-term planning and implementation of large-scale engineering projects in the USSR. The idea of creating a cascade of hydraulic units on the Volga and Kama rivers was proposed in 1931 as part of the “Big Volga” project. Difficulties arose during the process related to design and changes in plans concerning the Volga-Kama cascade, but despite this, the Cheboksary hydroelectric unit remained a key element both in the pre-war and post-war periods of the project's implementation. The construction of the Cheboksary Hydroelectric Power Station began on January 22, 1967. This became possible thanks to many years of effort and coordination with state authorities. The article also analyzes both the positive and negative consequences of the construction. On the one hand, the Cheboksary Hydroelectric Power Station contributed to the improvement of the hydrological regime of the Volga River, the reduction of the threat of spring floods, and the provision of stable power supply. On the other hand, interference with the ecosystem led to significant environmental problems, including the flooding of agricultural lands and deterioration of the state of the environment. As a result, despite achievements in the field of energy, the project provoked dissatisfaction among the local population and researchers, raising important questions about the balance between infrastructure development and environmental protection. The article is based on historical sources from the Russian State Archive of the Economy, which makes it possible to gain a deeper understanding of the socio-economic and environmental aspects of this project.

the purpose of the article is to review the activities of the Soviet military, managers and designers of the second half of the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s, to determine the most optimal groups of firepower intended for arming fighter aircraft, the development and production of specific types of weapons. The objectives are to describe and characterize the development of weapons of Soviet fighter aircraft against the background of both the development of weapons systems and aircraft technology, as well as familiarization with foreign experience and views on the potential range of targets that fighter aircraft should hit. In the USSR, great attention was paid to the creation of domestic machine-gun weapons, including high-rate of fire, to defeat enemy fighters, light and medium bombers. Against the background of information from abroad about the development of heavy bombers in the USSR, a special type of recoilless guns was being developed to combat them. However, problems with recoilless guns in aviation, and trends in the development of large-caliber machine guns and small-caliber aircraft guns led to a gradual abandonment of the development of recoilless guns in favor of more effective and versatile weapons. The results of the study can be used to study domestic and foreign aviation and aviation weapons in the interwar period.

the article is devoted to defining the cultural and historical characteristics of the development of publishing activity in the North Caucasus. The author, using the chronological-problem method, makes an ontological review of the stages of development of typographic and publishing business, determining their role in the scientific, technical, political and state development of centralized management of the worldview of the North Caucasian ethnophors. The analysis of the role of the personality of famous historical figures who made a significant contribution to the formation of publishing activity made it possible to understand the ideological position of the spread of the printed word from religious books, dictionaries of interpretation of local languages to state manifestos. The purpose of creating ethno-dictionaries and publications of other literature in the languages of the North Caucasian peoples is to search for mechanisms for understanding the mental cleches of the local population and ways to effectively manage them through integrated knowledge of history and culture. The author emphasizes that the cultural-historical approach serves as a methodological basis for studying the development of publishing activities in the North Caucasus.