An examination of the factors and causes of the failure of US actions in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021

the US defeat in Afghanistan after two decades of military and political presence was the result of a complex interplay of structural, political, economic and social factors. This article examines ten key factors, including misunderstanding of the culture and social structure of Afghanistan, ineffectiveness of the US military strategy, widespread corruption and weak legitimacy of the puppet government in Kabul, frequent policy changes and instability in decision-making in Washington, the role of regional players, economic constraints and lack of sustainable development, diplomatic weakness and regional instability. The influence of the media and domestic pressure of the United States, the inability to provide sustainable security and ignoring the status of Afghanistan as an independent and sovereign state are analyzed as the reasons for the failure of the United States. The results show that the lack of comprehensive strategic planning, domestic political instability, systemic corruption, insufficient engagement with regional players and ignoring cultural and social aspects led to the decline of the legitimacy and effectiveness of the US presence and led to the return of the Taliban and the collapse of the puppet government. The study emphasizes that any military-political intervention in complex countries such as Afghanistan requires a multidimensional approach, respect for national sovereignty and regional cooperation to ensure its success.

factors, eastern actors, types of corruption, instability, Afghanistan and American failure