No 1 (2024)

The results of an ecologically and economically sound analysis of the prospects for increasing the efficiency of agricultural use of the territory of the Subarctic climatic zone of the Russian Federation based on the rational use of modern technologies, increasing soil fertility, the formation of adaptive agrophytocenoses of various specialization in substituting areas of economic activity in order to self-supply the local population with agricultural products and increase the potential for sustainable development of regions are presented.

This article presents the results of studies on the determination of informative DNA marker systems that provide reliable control of the presence of Xcc-loci of resistance to black rot in the breeding material of white cabbage. At the initial stage of the work, 20 molecular markers taken from the VegMarks database were tested on isogenic cabbage lines contrasting in resistance to black rot (resistant line 269-Yas12p-2 and susceptible line Pi714). It was found that only the SSR marker Ol10-C01 reveals polymorphism between contrasting samples of white cabbage. PCR analysis with the use of this polymorphic marker and phytopathological testing have been also performed on F2 plants of the hybrid combination 269-Yas12p-2 × Pi714. As a result of the statistical analysis of cleavage, it was found that the SSR marker Ol10-C01 is co-inherited with a trait of resistance to black rot, since the expected segregation of F2 plants by genotype 1:2:1 according to Mendel’s law by this locus and the optimal frequency of recombination between the Xcc resistance locus and the marker (13.7%) are observed.

Few people know about the existence of such a grain crop as spelt and its benefits for human health. This is a unique product with a balanced vitamin and mineral composition, surpassing even soft wheat in the content of valuable substances. The center of origin this crop is the Mediterranean countries. The first mentions of spelled are found in Ancient Egypt, Babylon, Greece, Turkey and Armenia. After a long period of oblivion, spelled Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl reappeared in the crops of European countries and is actively cultivated in Iran, India, Turkey, the USA, and in Russia – in the Krasnoyarsk region, Omsk region, Tatarstan, Dagestan. The absence of gene-modified varieties and the complex of beneficial properties of its grain are interesting for the use of this crop. Spelled grain contains more than 18% protein and has a higher content of fiber, Zn, Fe and Mn compared to other types of wheat. Products made from spelled grain are use as dietary products. Using spelled as food reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases and a number of cancers. Today, the main suppliers of spelled cereal are Iran, India, Turkey, USA, Armenia, and Dagestan. Literary information about the regions with soil and climatic conditions appropriate for the cultivation of this crop is rather scarce. The morpho-biological study of spelled in connection with economically valuable traits and the identification of promising samples for cultivation in a particular region is relevant. Since 2013, the Dagestan Experimental Station has been conducting laboratory and field evaluation of new naked spelt lines, created by Professor Vladimir Dmitrievich Kobylyansky (St. Petersburg, VIR). These lines were created by selection hybrids(F12) from crossing of spelt (T. dicoccum) and hard wheat varieties (T. durum Desf.) In 2016, 2 best ones with glassy grain were selected and were included in the control nursery for a comprehensive study under the winter sowing period of spring grain crops accepted in the region. The samples were studied for early maturite, resistance to fungal diseases, lodging and yield. The results of a three-year (2020–2022) study of the two selected forms were obtained and the contribution of various traits to the formation of the crop was determined.

Currently, the optimization and development of new techniques for microclonal reproduction of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) are one of the traditional objects of research of domestic and foreign scientists. It is noted that the success of reproduction depends on a number of factors: the timing of introduction into culture in vitro, the type of explants, the sterilizing agent, the composition of the nutrient medium. At the same time, the survival and growth of explants at each stage of reproduction depends not only on the salt composition of the nutrient medium, but also on growth regulators, mainly cytokines and auxins. This article discusses the theoretical aspects of the use of various growth regulators at different stages of clonal micropropagation of black currant, provides methods of microclonal reproduction developed by scientists of leading research organizations.

The research was carried out at Agrofirm Chokh of the Gunibsky district in the Kizilyurt transhumance zone of the Republic of Dagestan on light chestnut soil. The humus content in the arable layer is 2.77%, P2O5 – 2.21, K2O – 32.8 mg/100 g of soil, the density of the arable layer is 1.24 g/cm3, the lowest moisture capacity (MC) of the soil layer 0–0.6 m is 29.2%. We studied the influence of two corn predecessors: sunflower and corn itself during the main tillage for corn based on plowing to a depth of 28–30 cm without skimmers and with skimmers. During the autumn period, after harvesting the predecessors, the soil was not cultivated, and in the spring, upon the onset of its physical ripeness, two treatments were carried out in a layer of 0–15 cm with disk cultivators to crush the plant residues of the previous crop and plowing to 28–30 cm with a PLN-4-35 plow when physical ripeness of the soil in this layer. It has been established that a radical way to reduce the weediness of corn crops and increase its yield in the irrigated conditions of the Western Caspian region when placed after late-harvested predecessors, including repeated sowings in the same field, is to carry out basic tillage and moisture-recharging irrigation in the spring of the year of sowing. To chop the plant mass remaining after harvesting the predecessor, double processing with disc implements should be carried out before plowing. Plowing is carried out with skimmers, which ensure uniform distribution of weed seeds in the surface layer and their simultaneous germination at a later date than when plowing without skimmers. Subsequently, their life activity is limited to vegetative corn plants. The infestation of corn crops with such soil treatment is reduced three times, the corn yield for the predecessor corn increases by 1.12 t/ha of grain (16.3%), after sunflower – 1.32 t/ha (17.8%).

The article is devoted to the problem area of the Russian agro-industrial complex – the complexity of the emerging set of technologies. The focus is on complexity theory, implemented within the framework of synergetics. The range of issues discussed are includes: prerequisites for the formation of complexity theory in agricultural science; creation of a generalized concept of the agricultural technologies complexity; architecture of the complexity of production, processing and food technologies as a whole; features of the mathematical apparatus for modeling agro-industrial complex technological complexes; an emergent effect that arises from the interaction of heterogeneous technologies that have a common goal; designing the complexity of connected technologies; the pace of the combined technologies development; technological requirements for the output parameters of processes throughout the entire technological chain; features of the design of complex technologies with a quantitative assessment of their level of complexity; consideration of a complex technological system as an object of synergetics.

Particular attention was paid to the dialectical development of complexes of modern innovative technologies as the theoretical basis for the entry of the Russian agro-industrial complex into the Sixth technological order.

In agrochemistry, a promising direction can be considered the preparation of soil-improving mixtures consisting of local, relatively cheap natural resources. These include phosphorites and phosphate rock prepared from them, limestone, dolomites, and can also include loam (overburden rock). One should expect an increase in their agrochemical efficiency when using modifying acids, in particular nitric acid, for the purpose of chemical activation (as a result of nitrate decomposition) of nutrients while simultaneously enriching soil-improving mixtures with nitrogen. The purpose of the research is to study the chemical activation of loam and phosphate rock with nitric acid (65%) when preparing a soil-improving mixture (SUMS). We proceeded from the composition of the PUUS with the ratio phosphate rock: dolomite: PS: nitric acid as 1:0.6:1:0.8. The work was carried out based on materials from laboratory experiments. In the experiments, the chemoactivating effect was considered at the level of individual components. This is due to the lack of appropriate GOST standards for a multicomponent mixture. Therefore, the data on the chemical composition have approximate values, because eliminated the influence of the components on each other and the immediate influence of nitric acid on them. However, it is possible to indicate the approximate values of the main agrochemical indicators of the PUUS: the content of total nitrogen 9,0%, total phosphorus – 19%, digestible and water-soluble forms of phosphorus 7,0 and 3,5% (according to the FM + dolomite + double treatment with HNO₃), total potassium 0,2% (approximately based on cover loam).

The tie between the ovarian morphology and the exterior of 113 local black-and-white first-Calving heifers and the cross-breeds of different blood relationship with the Holstein bulls has been studied for the first time. The size of this tie varied from r = 0.01 to r = 0.22. And by this the tie of right-side ovary was stronger (r = from 0.06 to 0.22), of left-side – (r = from 0.01 to 0.09). The gynaecologist inspection of sexual organs of 96 cows, being selected visually, for the insemination by signs of heat and sexual behavior exposed the presence of the follicle of before-ovulation ripeness in the ovaries of 42.7% of animals (+++; ++++).

The article discusses the issues of moving, loading, transshipment and storage of loaded and empty containers on the field-warehouse line. The work was carried out at the Redkinskaya AIC LLC enterprise, which has 625 hectares of arable land for growing seed potatoes with appropriate crop rotation and producing up to 10 000 tons of elite seeds. The technology for harvesting potatoes using soft containers (bags) and containers is described. The required number of containers for harvesting was calculated, depending on the gross harvest of potatoes in fields of different areas and the time of all operations of the technological process. Suitable overall dimensions of containers and materials for their manufacture have been determined. Transport for moving and loading and unloading operations using both types of containers is indicated. A comparative assessment of the bags and containers usage is provided, and prospects for the development of the latter in various agricultural operations are outlined. The processes of sorting, warehousing, storing and planting potatoes using containers are presented. A diagram of tubers delivery to the planting site and the planting process is shown. A container-transport technology for harvesting selection potatoes of the first field reproduction has been developed.

The development of intensive farming technologies is impossible without the introduction of modern technologies. The problem of compound feed production in the voiced aspect can be solved not only through the development of new machines and equipment, but also the introduction of modern control systems. The article presents an analysis of existing dispenser control systems. Based on the analysis of programs and control systems, it was revealed that almost all programs are designed to work in limited conditions, some of them do not take into account a number of factors affecting the accuracy of the material supply. Therefore, a control program for a twin-screw dispenser is proposed. When developing the management program, we started from the technological process of dosing. The possibility of controlling two augers was taken into account: first, a large auger (driven by an asynchronous electric motor) turns on and feeds the main part, then it turns off and the second small auger (driven by an asynchronous or stepper motor) turns on, which carries out the filling of the remaining part. In this case, signals about the amount of material supplied are transmitted from weighing sensors (strain gauges). The proposed control program for the twin-screw dispenser is developed for the TM241C24R PLC in the Structured Text (ST) programming language, one of the languages of the IEC61131-3 standard, in the EcoStruxure Machine Expert programming environment. The control is displayed on a liquid crystal display. The main screen displays basic information: the parameters of the electric motor, the recipe and the readings of the weighing sensors. The program allows you to control the operation of dispensers in several modes. In automatic mode, each dispenser supplies only one component. In manual control mode, the dispensers are started and stopped by the operator from the control panel. In this case, it is possible to set the rotation speed of the dispenser shaft. In the dosing mode with two augers, one component is dispensed with two augers. The proposed program will improve the accuracy of dosing in automatic mode.