Vol 8, No 3 (2025)

the purposeful policy of I.V. Stalin to create a centralized state led to a restriction of the independence of the RSFSR, which affected the organization and activities of its governing bodies in all spheres. A.N. Kosygin, having assumed the post of chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, faced limited republican resources, which hindered the effective restoration of the RSFSR. Modern research shows that in addition to centralization, there was a tendency in the Soviet Union to decentralize economic management. The purpose of the article is to identify the measures taken by Kosygin to overcome the limitations of the independence of the RSFSR. Archival documents were studied by the method of source analysis. The article concludes that Kosygin sought legal decentralization in economic management in relations between the RSFSR and the federal center, while at the same time strengthening centralization within the republic.

interest in Yakut folk costume among early researchers began in the XVII century with the beginning of the historical process of advancement of Russian pioneers – servants and industrial people sent to bring the population of the “Yakut land” under the authority of the tsar and with the beginning of organization of the first scientific expeditions of the early XVIII century, whose descriptions and reports contain fragmentary materials directly related to the topic we are studying. The names of people who collected the first collection of yasak from Yakuts in 1630-31 are known. They were Samson, Navatsky, Martin Vasiliev and Anton Dobrynsky [20, p. 31]. Undoubtedly, then travelers and researchers were attracted by the clothes of “exotic” peoples of Siberia, including Yakuts, first of all from the point of view of their biological function, as an object of protection from low weather conditions, but no less interesting for them were aesthetic (combination of different fur skins, interesting decorative design) and social functions of clothes (men's and women's, clothes of poor and rich people). In 1632 Yakutia became a part of the Russian state and as a result of their close economic and cultural ties, the traditional culture of the Yakut people gradually transformed, in particular, great changes took place in folk costume. The population, especially the Yakut intelligentsia and the wealthy class in the villages actively adopted the culture of urban dress, home furnishings and behavior of the Russians. As a result, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Yakut folk costume less preserved its originality, artistic traditions and image system of ancient costume, based on the religious worldview of the people completely disappears. The aim of the article: is to solve the question, which remained out of the researchers' field of vision: the reasons of change and transformation of the appearance of folk costume from the middle of the XVIII century to the present time. Methods: content analysis, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization and deductive method of research.

this article examines the economic activities of the Ussuri Cossacks and their contribution to the development and protection of the borders of the Amur region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is emphasized that after the annexation of the Amur region in the middle of the 19th century, the Russian government sought to strengthen its position in this strategically important region, not only to ensure important trade routes, but also to increase trade with neighboring countries, primarily Japan and China. The Government also faced the need to stabilize the military and political situation in the Pacific region. These and other factors predetermined the importance of the resettlement of the Cossacks in the Amur region and the organization of the Ussuri Cossack army. The article notes that border protection was the main responsibility of the Ussuri Cossacks. Initially, due to the lack of the necessary number of regular troops, it was the Cossacks who were the military force capable of defending the border along a fairly long stretch of the border – along the Amur and Ussuri rivers. It is emphasized that the Ussuri Cossacks played a significant role in the settlement and development of the Amur region and became the basis on which the settlers developed a special way of life and ethnoculture, which allowed them to perceive themselves as Far Easterners.

this study examines Romania’s post-war transformation within the context of regional developments, highlighting the factors that shaped its trajectory during the early Cold War years. Between 1944 and 1953, Romania experienced a period of profound political, economic, and social transformation, shaped by its evolving relationship with the Soviet Union. The post-war transition brought significant structural changes, including economic nationalization, agricultural collectivization, and institutional reorganization, aligning Romania with the broader framework of the Eastern Bloc.

the purpose of this article is to examine the content of the articles in the newspaper «St. Petersburg Vedomosti» as a source source on the history of cultural cooperation between the Russian Empire and Europe during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740). This article presents the results of work with the materials of the newspaper on the basis of using the methods of historical cognition and semantic analysis of texts published in the 30s of the XVIII century. The significance of this type of historical sources for studying the process of formation and development of musical and theatrical relations as one of the significant spheres of interstate relations between Russia and Europe is determined. The authors note that cultural relations in the sphere of musical theater between the states in the 30s of the XVIII century had a significant impact on the formation of the image of Russia in the eyes of the West European audience as an enlightened empire and contributed to the legitimization of the imperial status of Russia in the eyes of the monarchs of European states. In this regard, the search for and study of new sources on this historical problematic acquire special relevance, as they allow us to reveal new, previously unexplored aspects of the historical process of acquiring and strengthening the Russian state's status of a great power in the Age of Enlightenment.

the article examines the institutional aspects of Chad's interaction with the United Nations, starting from the country's accession to the organization in 1960 and up to the present day. The key stages of cooperation, interaction mechanisms, and their impact on domestic policy and socio-economic development of Chad are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the main challenges that hinder effective cooperation, such as political instability, lack of human and administrative resources, weak coordination between national structures and international agencies, and difficulties in managing international financial assistance. The article substantiates the need to reform the existing mechanisms of Chad's interaction with the UN in order to increase their effectiveness and more productive use of international resources. Possible areas of development include strengthening Chad's diplomatic representation in international organizations, optimizing the coordination of UN programs with national strategies, improving the management of financial flows, and enhancing the country's participation in peacekeeping missions. A comprehensive analysis of the historical experience and modern trends of Chad's interaction with the UN allows not only to identify existing problems, but also to formulate promising ways to solve them, which makes this study relevant in the context of international relations and global development.

in the middle of the XIX century Great Britain had the status of a world industrial power. Its political influence spread over most of the European states. The main foreign policy direction of the British government in this period. was the economic and political struggle for influence in Egypt with France. Both states sought to expand their colonial possessions in the Middle East and Central Asia. East and Central Asia. The main route to the Middle East, was through Egypt. The further construction of the Suez Canal under the leadership of France, seriously affected Britain's position in the matter, and her radical action, to stop the construction and to advance France in attacking the ‘East India Company’.

the anti-alcohol campaign in the USSR, which was held in 1985-1988 under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev, became the most ambitious initiative focused on the fight against alcoholism in the history of the USSR. The purpose of the campaign was to reduce the consumption of alcoholic beverages, to improve public health and to increase the productivity. However, after those early successes, such as the reduction in production and consumption of alcohol, the campaign faced a number of problems. A significant aspect is the comparison with the previous anti-alcohol measures, which were taken during the Stalinist era and did not lead to long-term results. The article discusses the reasons of inefficiency of the campaign, which are inadequate preparation and implementation of the actions, the absence of a holistic approach as well as the neglect of social and economic factors, that contribute to alcoholism. The analysis shows that the methods of the Stalinist era, including repressions and limited freedom of choice, were not taken into account in the new policy. As a result, the anti-alcohol campaign ended in failure which in turn led to the increase of illegal alcohol production and its consumption. The study highlights the importance of a historical context accounting and a holistic approach solving social problems in order to achieve sustainable results in public policy.

the Great Patriotic War became an important test for the entire Soviet people. Youth policy, the work of Komsomol organizations and political tasks facing the Komsomol in the pre-war and war periods became relevant in the period of victory in the war. The victory, which marked a new stage in the development of Soviet society and the state, brought together ideas about the post-war reality with the previous political ambitions and fears of the Soviet leadership, in connection with which the issue of the effectiveness of social policy in general, and youth policy in particular, became more relevant than at the stages preceding this moment. The article examines the experience of Komsomol organizations of the Gorky region in the post-war period in the context of the implementation of the tasks set to restore the number and improve the quality of work of organizations. The article also examines the main trends and ongoing transformation processes in young people in connection with the end of the war and the political and social challenges surrounding them. It is also worth noting that the article highlights the main problematic issues and points of influence, which can be used to analyze changes in the youth policy of the USSR in the post-war period and to characterize subsequent events in this pressing issue.

the purpose of the article is to study the role of artificial in military conflicts, to identify the areas of its application and potential challenges associated with it. The research hypothesis is that artificial intelligence significantly modifies the very essence of military conflict. The key method of the research is content analysis of actual studies of domestic and foreign authors, together with departmental documents of specialized organizations. Along with content analysis, the paper uses statistics as a research method. The research establishes that it is too early to talk about the transition of military conflicts to a new stage, despite the development of artificial intelligence in this area. To date, there are many technological, legal and ethical obstacles to the transition to the full-scale use of artificial intelligence in the battlefield. According to the opinion formed among researchers, the way out is the strengthening of international consolidation to ensure such application of artificial intelligence in the military sphere, which would be in line with humanitarian values and norms of international law. The relevance of the article is confirmed by the increased interest in artificial intelligence among researchers, as well as at the state level.

the ceramic complex from the medieval settlement is the most widespread and informative material. The article analyzes the Bulgarian ceramics group I (according to the classification of T.A. Khlebnikova) on the basis of a sample of materials from marker monuments of the Lower Kama region: Kirmensky, Romashkinsky, Bilyar settlements. For comparison, a complex from a Bulgarian hillfort is used. Ornamental traditions and shaping of dishes are revealed. The pottery formation in the monuments of the Lower Kama region is traditionally dominated by pot-shaped (pots and crinkles) and jug-shaped (jugs and crinkles) vessels. Ornamental motifs are caused by the application of linear and combed stamps. In this case, linear ornament can serve as both the main style and an addition to the composition, which prevails on all monuments. The upper part of the vessel (shoulder, corolla or neck) was mainly decorated. The composition of the ornament mostly consists of a combination of linear ornament with other techniques (wavy, fluted, "commas", comb stamp, etc.). The arrangement of the ornament could be varied. So a linear ornament could represent an independent "pattern", or it could be part of a more complex composition. The pottery traditions in the monuments under consideration have great similarities and ornamental traditions, as well as the shaping of vessels in them was uniform. However, there are some differences between the central cities and the eastern ones, due to the degree of influence of non-ethnic traditions. The article discusses in detail the composition of the ornament, examines the principle of applying the ornament to the vessels. The results of the study emphasize the importance of careful study of ceramic material, which can provide information about the socio-economic development of society and be an important ethnocultural marker.

the aim of this article is to analyze the Turkish historiography of Turkish-German relations in 1941-1943. The article uses both general studies on Turkish foreign policy during the Second World War as a whole and more narrowly focused studies. On their basis, the paper provides an overview of the existing points of view in Turkish historiography on the development of Turkish-German relations. As a result, it is concluded that Turkish historians consider the relations between these countries as a part of Ankara's overall diplomatic strategy, the main goal of which was to stay out of the war. At the same time, some authors recognize that Turkey used its balancing policy to gain benefits for itself from different parties to the conflict, including Germany. In particular, chrome, the agreement to supply Germany with which was signed in 1941, served as an instrument of not only economic but also political bargaining by Turkish diplomacy.

the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) occupy key geopolitical positions, have impressive reserves of strategically important resources and developed military and economic potential. In the circumstances of modern realities, the strategic cooperation of such major and geographically close states as Iran and Russia is of great importance for ensuring stability and security in the regions. Such cooperation can play an important role in countering international challenges and threats, as well as in strengthening the positions of both countries on the world stage. In the context of global economic and political changes, increasing competition for resources and influence, Iran and Russia are in a unique position that allows them to diversify their economic ties and establish closer cooperation in various fields. This interaction is aimed at creating conditions that shape the development of mutually beneficial economic and cultural relationships. This study is aimed at assessing the current state and prospects of strategic cooperation between Russia and Iran. Special attention will be paid to key sectors such as energy, defense, trade and culture, as well as the analysis of the impact of foreign policy factors on the development of bilateral relations.

this article examines the history of the formation of the development of engineering education at the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering using the example of three sciences: "Theoretical Mechanics", "Resistance of Materials" and "Structural Mechanics" at different stages of the existence of the oldest building university in Russia, St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, from the moment of its formation in 1832 to the present day. An overview of the scientific achievements of the staff of the departments of the same name is presented. The importance of the contribution of scientists and teachers to the development of mechanics and the improvement of the construction industry of the national economy of Russia and its friendly countries is analyzed. The article describes the experience of the St. Petersburg construction school of the past years, without which the development of modern construction business is unthinkable.

the mid-20th century saw the emergence of a new type of intelligentsia in Afghanistan. These were people who had a national consciousness, i.e. were confident in the existence of the Afghan nation as a sovereign community of fundamentally equal members and, accordingly, protested against the remnants of the class system and social inequality. The purpose of this study is to study the intelligentsia of Afghanistan in the 1950s. The objectives of the study include an analysis of their biographies and ideological views. Object of the study: Afghan intelligentsia of the mid-20th century. Subject of the study: biographies of statesmen, their political ideas and influence on the development of Afghan society. Coming from the military and civil service, these public and political figures were deeply disappointed in the discredited monarchy and found a new object of loyalty and source of political legitimacy in the image of the Afghan people, in whose name they now intended to create, work, and even fight the authorities, striving to achieve genuine democracy and universal equality. Although the ideas of a national state, democracy, and egalitarianism had an origin external to Afghanistan, the immediate impetus for the transformation of the social structure and the emergence of a nationally minded intelligentsia was the socioeconomic crisis that began after World War II.