Afghan intellectuals of the mid-20th century and the emergence of Afghan national consciousness

the mid-20th century saw the emergence of a new type of intelligentsia in Afghanistan. These were people who had a national consciousness, i.e. were confident in the existence of the Afghan nation as a sovereign community of fundamentally equal members and, accordingly, protested against the remnants of the class system and social inequality. The purpose of this study is to study the intelligentsia of Afghanistan in the 1950s. The objectives of the study include an analysis of their biographies and ideological views. Object of the study: Afghan intelligentsia of the mid-20th century. Subject of the study: biographies of statesmen, their political ideas and influence on the development of Afghan society. Coming from the military and civil service, these public and political figures were deeply disappointed in the discredited monarchy and found a new object of loyalty and source of political legitimacy in the image of the Afghan people, in whose name they now intended to create, work, and even fight the authorities, striving to achieve genuine democracy and universal equality. Although the ideas of a national state, democracy, and egalitarianism had an origin external to Afghanistan, the immediate impetus for the transformation of the social structure and the emergence of a nationally minded intelligentsia was the socioeconomic crisis that began after World War II.

History of Afghanistan, Afghan nation, Vish Zalmiyan, Hezb-e-Khalq, Watan