No 5 (2023)

Wild-growing barley is widely distributed in Dagestan from the coastal lowland to the subalpine zone and is a good fodder and soil-strengthening plant. The study of wild-growing species of barley in the aspect: distribution, systematic diversity, significance are devoted to the works of prominent scientists (Vavilov, Grossheim, Lvov, Kobylyansky, Omarov, Zhukovsky, Tsvelev), which, in the context of the distribution and use of species of the genus Barley in Dagestan, are summarized by Omarov D.S. [6] Wild species are of interest as carriers of valuable breeding traits and can be included in breeding and genetic programs for the possible introgression of valuable genes into the cultivated barley genotype in order to create new promising varieties with a high adaptive potential. At the Dagestan Experimental Station of VIR in 2020-2022 a field study of 114 samples of wild-growing barley species from the VIR collection was carried out to identify the breeding value of these "wild" forms of plants. The sample included representatives of five species: H.spontaneum, H.bulbosum, H.murinum, H.hrasdanicum, and H.glaucum of different ecological and geographical origin. The samples were evaluated for resistance to barley fungal diseases widespread in the region (powdery mildew, dwarf and yellow rust). Interspecific and intraspecific differentiation in terms of resistance to these biotic factors is shown. Resistant forms recommended as sources and susceptible forms as testers are noted.

The article presents the results of two-year tests and gives a comparative assessment of the bacterial preparation and chemical disinfectants on the productivity of soybeans of the George variety. In the scheme of the experiment, the inoculant Nitragine KM was studied, SP - 0.08 kg / 1 ha seed rate and chemical preparations Tirada, SC - 2.0 l / t + Tabu, HSK - 1.0 l / t + Nitragin KM, SP - 0.08 kg / 1 ha seed rate. The studies were conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the experimental field of the institute. Soil: dark gray forest heavy loam, humus content 3.8%, mobile potassium 153 mg / kg, mobile phosphorus 226 mg / kg, pH - 4.88, exchange calcium. The predecessor is winter wheat. Determination of germination of soybean seeds showed that laboratory and field germination when using an inoculant (option 2) and chemical disinfectants + an inoculant (option 3) practically did not differ from the control variant and were at the level of 86% - 91.4%. The safety of plants for harvesting was 6.5% - 14.1% more than in the control. Two-year testing of technology elements in the cultivation of soybeans using the inoculant Nitragin KM, SP and chemical disinfectants had a positive effect on the productivity of the crop. The safety of plants for harvesting was 84.5 - 92.1%, the yield of the crop increased by 113.6 - 125.8%.

Under the conditions of the Moscow region, in a field experiment, a comparative assessment of 6 types of perennial grasses and 13 of their varieties was carried out in the lawn mode of use for 12 years. It has been established that in the first year of life, the highest intensity of tillering in the first two to three months was observed in perennial ryegrass, meadow fescue and giant bentgrass. The projective cover of single-species lawns from these species amounted to 92-96% by autumn. In the first year, red fescue was characterized by lower development rates and by the beginning of autumn formed a high-quality lawn with a closed-mosaic structure and 71-79% projective cover, depending on the variety used. The slowest formation of lawns in the year of sowing was noted for meadow bluegrass, which provided projective cover in different varieties from 14 to 60%. The bluegrass lawns reached their maximum density mainly in the third year. The most high-quality lawn with a closed-diffuse composition and 100% projective cover was formed already in the first year when using a grass mixture with the participation of varieties of red fescue, meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass, bent grass, a mixture of meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass and giant bent grass, as well as a mixture of these species with varieties of bluegrass, red fescue and meadow timothy. The best longevity with a high density of shoots and close-diffuse composition with more than 90% annual projective cover for 12 years was distinguished by lawns from red fescue varieties Dipa and Celianna. In polyspecific lawns with the participation of bluegrass meadow, the share of its shoots in the total structure did not exceed 17-38%. Starting from the eighth year, due to the low vegetative mobility of red fescue, there was a consistent increase in the number of bluegrass shoots in the lawn. With intensive constant use of the lawn for sports, the grass mixture with a predominance of up to 90% of bluegrass meadow variety Balin turned out to be the most stable.

The article presents the results of a three-year field experiment to study potato yields, as well as the incidence of Kholmogorsky (early ripening) and Nevsky (middle early) varieties with black scurf and silver scurf when planting visually infection-free seed tubers with varying degrees of growth cracks. Tuber cracking can be caused by abiotic, biological and anthropogenic factors. Tuber cracking leads to a decrease in the marketability, an increase in waste during mechanical peeling of potatoes, an increase in the likelihood of its infection with pathogens. It was found that the maximum shortage of the crop was detected with the greatest degree of fracturing of the seed material. The use of tubers with such a defect for planting caused a 1.1-fold decrease in the yield of the studied varieties relative to the controls - without growth cracks. With the intensification of the development of functional disease on potatoes, the prevalence of black scurf increased (by 8.3) and silver scurf (7.6%), especially in the early-maturing Kholmogorsky variety.

One of the quality indicators of fruits is their chemical composition, which depends on the cultivar, growing conditions, degree of maturity and a number of other factors. It varies in less stable cultivars with sudden changes in the weather conditions of the growing season. Apples contain one of the important antioxidant vitamins - ascorbic acid. In the temperate zone of horticulture, the average content of ascorbic acid in apple fruits is 10-15 mg/100 g. The correct selection of graft-rootstock combinations is important, since the rootstock affects the metabolic processes occurring in the fruit plant, including the chemical composition of the fruit. The objects of the studies were summer apple cultivars Orlinka and Yablochny Spas on various types of rootstocks - vegetatively propagated 62-396 and intercalary 62-396 and 3-17-38, grown at the site of variety studies at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK). As a result of the conducted five-year studies, it was found that the meteorological conditions of the growing season had the greatest influence. The maximum content of ascorbic acid was observed in a year with excessive moisture during the active formation and development of the ovary and with drought during fruit ripening. Having conducted a comparative characterization of Yablochny Spas and Orlinka on clone rootstock 62-396 and dwarf intercalaries 62-396 and 3-17-38 in terms of ascorbic acid content in fruits, it was revealed that there were no significant differences between graft-rootstock combinations and cultivars.

The article presents the results of research into a collection of peaches and nectarines cultivated at the Federal Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Sochi. The experiment was conducted in open ground, plot area is 0.5 hectares, planting pattern is 5x2.5m, 5x2, 5x1.5m. In 2019, the Center’s assortment was replenished with 28 variety-rootstock combinations of peach and nectarine based on eight varieties (Pamyat Simirenko, Redhaven, Zolotoy Yubiley, Osenniy Rumyanets, Obilny, Orion, Pyatnitsa 13, Silver Roma) of different ripening periods on four clonal rootstocks: Kuban 86, BP, Best, VVA. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of variety-rootstock combinations of peach and nectarine, resistant to abiotic factors in the humid subtropics of Russia, have been studied. The object of study is peach leaves. Physiological analyzes were carried out in the plant physiology and biochemistry department using classical methods: water deficiency of peach leaves was determined according to Pochinok; tissue hydration - according to Gunar; water holding capacity - according to Arland; dry matter - by drying in a drying cabinet to constant weight. Leaves were collected from June to August. Agricultural technology is generally accepted for peach culture. Brown forest soils. It has been established that the best varieties of peach and nectarine in terms of ability to retain water during the dry period are: Redhaven (AP), Pyatnitsa 13 (AP), Pyatnitsa 13 (Best), Pyatnitsa 13 (BP) with low water deficit (11.06-4. 78%) and high water-retaining system of leaves (64-76%). They were distinguished by an increase in the turgor of leaf tissues to 66.33-69.27%, which is considered a sign of plant adaptability to disturbances in the water-thermal regime.

Representatives of the genus Bacillus are known as producers of a wide range of antagonist compounds of different structures (bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides and lipopeptides, polyketides and siderophores) with growth-stimulating and protective properties. A necessary condition for the use of microbial objects in biotechnological processes is safety for human and animal health. The safety of Bacillus atrophaeus B-11474 strain, which is the basis of a microbial biopreparation of complex action to increase the yield and protect agricultural plants from diseases according to the indicators of virulence, acute toxicity, toxigenicity and ability to dissemination was studied.The non-pathogenicity of Bacillus atrophaeus strain B-11474 was established by testing on white Balb/c mice. The studied strain was deposited in the All-Russian Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM). The experiment was performed in compliance with all established regulatory requirements for work with laboratory animals according to GLP rules and ethical ethical standards for handling animals. The results of investigation of Bacillus atrophaeus VKPM B-11474 live culture suspension revealed no adverse effect on the experimental animals, indicating the absence of virulence, acute toxicity, toxigenicity and dissemination. Mice actively consumed food and water, were motile, with adequate response to experimenters and physical factors, no lethal outcome was observed. The autopsy has shown that the surface of the internal organs was smooth, without visible pathology, with normal color and of dense structure. The test culture was not found in smears-imprints of internal organs. It was shown that Bacillus atrophaeus strain VKPM B-11474 is promising for obtaining a biopreparation safe for use in agriculture and can be used for further research.

The results of long-term monitoring of the spatial dynamics of soil acidification within the terminal moraine hill are presented. The studies were carried out in 1996-2020. on the agro-ecological transect (VNIIMZ, Tver region) - an array crossing the landscape positions of the hill, consisting of 10 fields with an individual history. The exchangeable acidity of soils was determined at 30 sampling points, regularly located in each field at 40 m from each other. We used pHKCl data for 1996 and 2020 and acidification indicators determined as the difference in the values of soil exchange acidity at the beginning and end of observations. Statistical processing consisted in revealing the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors on soil acidification. It was found that the soils were significantly acidified during extensive farming. In 1996-2020 the average exchangeable acidity decreased by 0.6 (0.023 per year), but the soils did not move out of the slightly acidic category, which will take another 10 years. The spatial variability of pH significantly decreased: strongly acidic and neutral soils disappeared from the soil cover. It has been established that the landscape determines 34% of the spatial variability of soil acidification, and anthropogenic factors determine 26%. There are 4 groups of territories in the agrolandscape, significantly differing in the degree of soil acidification, which is explained by the heterogeneity of the relief and parent rocks. According to the diversity of anthropogenic impact, 5 groups of fields are distinguished, where differences in soil acidification are due to their history. In general, it is impossible to single out an anthropogenic factor in the agrolandscape that significantly affects the degree of soil acidification, however, the impact is noticeable on individual substowlands, which allows developing measures to reduce the intensity of this degradation factor. It is recommended to develop crop rotations within the tops of the hills and not to place fallows, hayfields and hatching fields with eastern goat's rue. On the middle, lower parts of the slopes and in inter-hill depressions, it is not recommended to place winter and cover crops.

The results of a study on the creation of technology for non-contact detection of local temperature changes in the skin of the udder and teats are presented. The focus of the technology is the early diagnosis of mastitis in cows, since this disease of the udder is one of the most common and causes great damage to dairy farming, leading to a decrease in milk yield. The technology makes it possible to determine the temperature increase in local areas of the udder skin, to carry out early diagnosis and reduce additional costs associated with the treatment of mastitis. This paper presents an algorithm for non-contact temperature diagnostics of local areas of the skin of the udder of cows using 3 thermal imaging modules that allow you to receive thermograms simultaneously from all local areas of the skin of the udder. We have derived formulas for the main parameters of thermal imaging modules for their location relative to each other. Data collection can be carried out both in the dynamic and in the static position of the animal. This algorithm assigns one of 3 possible statuses to the animal: “healthy”, “suspicion of subclinical mastitis”, “suspicion of clinical mastitis”.

In the course of the study, the indicators of the realization of the genetic potential of economically useful traits of beef cattle were considered, allowing to expand the completeness of the assessment of the breeding qualities of animals: exterior criteria (height at the withers, chest depth, trunk width, chest girth, etc.) related to productivity (average daily weight gain, removable live weight, etc.). Factors of selection were studied - genetic and phenotypic features. Particular attention was paid to the phenotypic indicators of the realization of the genetic potential of beef cattle, reflecting the important contribution of genotype and environmental factors. The high level of their variability contributes to the efficiency of selection. At the same time, a significant proportion of variability is due to the action of non-genetic factors, primarily the influence of changeable and unchangeable environmental factors. The accuracy of the assessment of breeding qualities of animals directly depends on the methods of their identification, registration and control of their productivity. The purpose of the study is to study a number of indicators of the best expression of signs of the realization of the genetic potential of animals for the digitalization of the evaluation of breeding qualities of beef cattle. An assessment of breeding animals is proposed, which will allow obtaining an instrument of expanded boundaries of genetic variability in the formation of the desired type of beef cattle. The development of the direction of digitalization of signs of qualitative genetics, in particular, signs of the exterior of an animal related to productivity and their inclusion in programs and plans to increase the genetic potential of animals, will be one of the effective methods of increasing it in cattle herds. Digitalization of the assessment of breeding qualities of beef cattle allows you to realize hidden reserves to increase the genetic potential of signs of meat productivity and covers the use of indicators that were previously not used due to the use of significant resources and the complexity of existing methods of collecting a large amount of data on animals. The proposed assessment of breeding animals will allow us to obtain an instrument of expanded boundaries of genetic variability in the formation of the desired type of beef cattle and will serve as an addition to the zootechnical rules and in the development of an automated system for managing breeding work in beef cattle breeding.