Nº 4 (2025)

The concept of improving surveillance within the air traffic control (ATC) system is based on the use of modern technological solutions for the benefit of civil aviation of the Russian Federation. Currently, high-precision and continuous determination of the aircraft position can be ensured through the use of a multi-position surveillance system (MPSS). This article proposes an algorithm for determining the aircraft position in the MPSS based on the modified least squares method (MLSM). A distinctive feature of the proposed algorithm is the obtaining of estimates of aircraft coordinates under the assumption of random measurement errors and the estimated state vector with a nonlinear dependence of measurements on the estimated parameters. To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, experimental studies were conducted through computer simulation. Analysis of the obtained results demonstrated high accuracy of aircraft coordinate determination and consistency with theoretical data. Thus, the use of the developed algorithm based on the modified least squares method allows for the estimation of aircraft coordinates in a multi-position surveillance system with high accuracy under the random behavior of the estimated state vector and measurement errors.

In this article, the authors analyze the route network of air traffic sectors in the Moscow Zone, taking into account the introduced areas, where flights of civil and experimental aircraft are prohibited without a special permit from the Ministry of Defense. This fact has led to an increased traffic intensity in the Penza 123 (P123) sector of the district control center, which increases the burden on radar control and procedural control controllers. In order to maintain flight safety indicators at an acceptable level, an analysis of the workload of the Penza 1 (P1), Penza 2 (P2) and Penza 3 (P3) sectors was performed separately, a model of the air situation of the Ministry of Health was developed, changes in the commercial efficiency of aircraft operation were calculated and tested with the involvement of existing air traffic services specialists. To obtain more reliable results, all air traffic controllers were divided into groups according to their level of training. The criteria for selecting candidates were such parameters as position, work experience, employee class, presence or absence of aviation incidents and accidents in the work history. In addition, the authors drew conclusions about the effectiveness of the proposed measures. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the development of a methodology for constructing conflict-free routes that takes into account the criteria of flight safety, economic efficiency and is aimed at reducing the burden on air traffic controllers, contributing to the development of the theoretical foundations of the airspace optimization.

One of the most important ways to improve aviation radio navigation systems is to increase the accuracy of aircraft position-fixing. Among the factors affecting the accuracy of radio navigation systems is the signal-to-noise ratio, the magnitude and dynamics of which are the subject of this work. The assessment of the signal-to-noise ratio will theoretically improve the accuracy of aircraft position-fixing by applying adaptive filtering algorithms. The article presents the results of theoretical studies of the signal-to-noise ratio and the factors influencing its absolute value. An experimental installation for monitoring signals from air navigation support facilities is presented. To assess the changes in the signal-to-noise ratio, the results of recording and studying the signal of the Doppler VHF omnidirectional radio range (DVOR) at Irkutsk International Airport and the daily log of the signal-to-noise ratio for various GNSS satellites are presented.

The article analyzes the education system for ethnic minorities in the People's Republic of China through the lens of the social governance concept. The central research problem is finding a balance between the policy of forming "The unity of the Chinese nation" and the constitutionally guaranteed rights of ethnic groups to preserve their linguistic and cultural diversity. The author traces the evolution of the PRC's ethnic educational policy from 1949 to the present, highlighting a shift from the model dominant during the Mao era – which can be characterized by the Confucian concept of "uniformity without unity" (tong er bu he) – to the contemporary model of "unity in diversity" (he er bu tong).  Based on the theoretical framework of "vertical interaction", a hybrid governance model is analyzed, in which the Party and the government as the subject retain hierarchical control but delegate some authority and the responsibility for preserving their identity to ethnic groups as the object. As a result, the ways of implementing the "unity and diversity" model within the four key strategies of modern ethnic education – multiculturalism, cultural transformation, ethnic identity, and social equality – have been identified and characterized.

This article provides an overview of extant theories on the grammatical categories of definiteness-indefiniteness (D/ID) and coreference-incoreference (C/IC) in the German and Hungarian grammatical systems. Despite the fact that this issue has been the subject of study by a number of Russian and foreign linguists in the context of German grammar since the 19th century, it is the contention of the present study that an examination of it from the perspective of typological linguistics will facilitate the highlighting of elements of the system that have not been considered in this discussion before. Utilising the accomplishments of linguistic typology as a theoretical foundation, it is imperative to incorporate the issue of the categorisation of German and Hungarian nouns into the discourse on determination as a domain that, in a broad sense, encompasses the two categories previously mentioned. Consequently, we propose a novel perspective on D/ID and C/IC, along with their interaction within the grammatical systems of structurally diverse article languages. This proposal is accompanied by a supplemented classification of the expressions of these grammar categories. The phenomenon described by V. G. Admoni of the layering of grammatical meanings on top of each other in the process of communication is taken into account.

. The article examines English-language neologisms in the terminological field of «Residential Interior Design», found in the Cambridge Dictionary blog (2022–2025) using the continuous sampling method. It focuses on their derivational mechanisms and thematic classification. The predominance of blend words and metaphoric phrase terms indicates active linguocreative word-formation in this field. Based on their denotative features, six lexico-thematic groups have been identified, reflecting evolving approaches to residential interior design. The most frequent group consists of new terms for style trends, while less represented groups («Types of premises», «Colouristics», «Art objects», «Layout», «Furniture») demonstrate highly specialized, but equally important aspects of design that need terminological consolidation in professional discourse. The study confirms the trend towards a balance between aesthetics and functionality in modern residential interior design. The findings are of practical importance for theoretical and applied developments in such areas as lexicography, intercultural communication and design education.

The article addresses the issue of internal classification of educational media discourse. Educational media discourse is analyzed from a linguopragmatic perspective as a polyaspectual meaning-generating and form-modeling communicative system that reflects the specifics of verbal interaction among participants in educational communication. Relevant parameters for classifying educational media discourse include genre-thematic parameter, contextual conditioning parameter, and linguopragmatic parameter. The genre-thematic parameter allows differentiating subtypes of educational media discourse based on dominant communicative goals, imagined images of sender and receiver, dictum content of texts, and significant characteristics of their linguistic embodiment. The contextual conditioning parameter enables distinguishing subtypes of educational media discourse by taking into account its pragmatic and sociocultural relevance with regard to individual-personal and conventional features of both sender and receiver. The linguopragmatic parameter makes it possible to consider dominant directions of pragmatic components' actualization by senders, as well as the degree of involvement of subjects (both senders and receivers) in their verbal interaction. Subtypes of educational media discourse identified through these parameters are presented in the resulting scheme of internal classification of educational media discourse.

The article discusses the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools for the automatic assessment of written works of 10th–11th grade students. The relevance of the study is driven by the growing demand for the integration of digital tools into the educational process and the need to modernize approaches to assessing language skills. An experimental study conducted a comparative analysis of the effectiveness, accuracy, and objectivity of automated essay checking using AI and traditional expert assessment. The results demonstrate the high effectiveness of AI in identifying grammatical and lexical errors, but significant discrepancies with expert assessment are noted in the criteria of text structure, logic, and style. Based on the analysis, recommendations are formulated for a hybrid assessment model that combines the technological capabilities of AI and pedagogical expertise.

The value of the presented study lies in identifying and substantiating the primary tasks and the ways to address them in order to overcome potential challenges that may arise during the modernization of higher education in transport universities. This article is a logical continuation of the study, which made it possible to identify key factors, the manifestation of which can negatively affect the existing higher education system, limiting the possibilities of implementing advanced scientific and practical achievements, modernization processes and building effective, a flexible and diversified system of training a new generation aviation specialists. The proposed approach ensures alignment with labor market demands and the needs of the innovative economy, both in terms of educational programs and the conditions and material-technical resources required for the training process.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the formation and institutional development of pedagogical expertise in Russia (1920-2020s) as a key mechanism for assessing and regulating teachers' professional competencies. The specific features of the formation of domestic expert practices are revealed; their interrelation with the socio-political and technological transformations of Russian society is substantiated; the cyclical nature of the problems of the institute of expertise in education (ideologization, formalization, crisis, standardization) is determined. The various innovative approaches for its improvement are being considered. The potential for the development of tools for measuring the effectiveness of pedagogical practice is shown through a multimodal system for evaluating pedagogical effectiveness; a digital ecosystem of expert communities; personalized professional growth trackers, etc. The materials of the article can be useful in developing new criteria for evaluating teachers, taking into account not only formal indicators (length of service, qualifications), but also pedagogical effectiveness, innovative methods.; to create algorithms to reduce the bureaucratic workload during evaluations; to develop educational programs for experts, including courses in pedagogical analytics, as well as to prevent systemic crises and predict risks. The conclusions of the study emphasize the uniqueness of the Russian experience of pedagogical expertise and the need to develop local solutions that take into account the specifics of the national education system.

The paper presents the results of a theoretical study devoted to determining the key aspects of the development of patriotic identity among university students. Theoretical analysis and synthesis, axiomatic and inductive methods are used as methods of analyzing scientific literature. It is shown that the result of patriotic education should be a patriotic person with a patriotic identity, an integrative personality quality that includes a system of knowledge in the field of patriotic issues, patriotic feelings, qualities, attitudes and behavior. A person's patriotic identity is formed in the process of identifying oneself with an ideal model, the image of a patriotic person, and acts as a guideline for professional, social, family, and personal life activities for building a young person's life strategy aimed at serving the Fatherland to ensure national security and sustainable development of the country. It is proved that the achievement of these results can be ensured when the educational activities of the teacher / educator and the activities of the educatee are organized in accordance with the structure and content of the psychological processes of interiorization and exteriorization, which requires a revision of approaches to patriotic education in the higher education system.