Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya
The quarterly Journal "Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya" has been published since 2011.
The journal publishes original papers, reviews and brief communications including original theoretical and applied research results related to problems of chemistry, biotechnology and chemical engineering.
Since 2025, the journal has been publishing articles in early access mode in the Online First format. This allows researchers to be acquainted with the papers and cite them before the final publication of the full issue.
“Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya” is peer-reviewed journal, it is included in the “White List” – a list of the most authoritative scientific Russian and international publications, and the Higher Attestation Commission List.
The Journal is indexing in Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), Web of Science (ESCI), Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), EBSCO Publishing Databases, and European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences (ERIH PLUS), All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of Russian Academy of Science (VINITI RAS). The Journal is presented in the electronic library Cyberleninka, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and described in Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory.
Five-year impact factor RSCI 2023 – 0.611.
ISSN (print): 2227-2925, ISSN (online): 2500-1558
Founder: Irkutsk National Research Technical University
Editor-in-Chief: Sergei N. Evstaf`ev, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor
Frequency / Access: 4 issues per year / Open
Included in: White List (3rd level), Higher Attestation Commission List, RISC, Web of Science
Current Issue
Vol 13, No 4 (2023)
Chemical Sciences
New smart thermosensitive biomaterials on the basis of collagen modified by ethylene glycol vinyl glycidyl ether for 4D bioprinting
Abstract
In this study, collagen reactive under UV radiation was obtained for the first time via the functionalization of the side amino groups of lysine moieties with unsaturated ethylene glycol vinyl glycidyl ether (Vinylox) containing, similarly to glycidyl methacrylate, an epoxy group. The presence of this group having a moderate reactivity provides selective grafting of the side amino groups of collagen in a neutral or weakly alkaline medium and excludes the formation of by-products in the Michael reaction and hydrolysis characteristic of the analog—glycidyl methacrylate. Photometry data indicate that with modification in a weakly basic aqueous solution at room temperature and a significant excess of Vinylox, a grafting degree of 23.4% can be achieved. For the first time, film-forming composites capable of photocuring were obtained by adding polyethylene glycol diacrylate and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) to a weakly acidic aqueous solution of collagen. The presence of vinyl oxide groups provided satisfactory mechanical characteristics of films as the result of UV-initiated collagen cross-linking, while the presence of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) ensured hydrophilic-hydrophobic smart sensitivity. The films have a well-developed fibrillar structure, and the size of voids enables the free movement of nutrients and other compounds. According to MTT assay data, the films release no cytotoxic components and maintain the metabolic activity of stem cells, providing sufficient density of stem cells on their surface. All of the factors mentioned above determine the prospects of using the films both as an artificial extracellular matrix scaffold and as smart thermosensitive scaffolds used to grow stem cells on their surfaces for subsequent laser transfer bioprinting.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):469-475
469-475
Synthesis and antinociceptive activity of 2,2’-(1,4-phenylene)bis[3-aryl-2-azaspiro[3.5]nonan-1-ones]
Abstract
Over the years, azetidin-2-ones, or β-lactams, have received a lot of attention from scientists as potential drug candidates due to their diverse biological activity. Spiro-β-lactams also exhibit biological activity; therefore, it is of interest to synthesize and study the properties of new compounds belonging to this class. The study aims to examine the antinociceptive activity of several synthesized bis(spirolactams), specifically 2,2’-(1,4-phenylene)bis[3-aryl-2azaspiro[3.5]nonan-1-ones]. These bis(spiroazetidine-2-ones) were obtained in the interaction of a twofold excess of the Reformatsky reagent, derived from methyl 1-bromocyclohexane carboxylate and zinc, with N,N-(1,4-phenyle- ne)bis(1-arylmethanimines) by means of boiling them in a 10:1 mixture of toluene and hexamethylphosphorictriamide for four hours. Bis(spiro-β-lactams) on the basis of diimines derived from p-phenylenediamine, 2-methoxybenzaldehyde, p-tolualdehyde, and 3-bromobenzoic aldehyde were synthesized for the first time. The composition and structure of the previously undescribed products were established using IR, [1]H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The antinociceptive activity of the obtained compounds was studied on outbred white mice of both sexes via the hot plate test with an intraperitoneal injection. The effect was estimated two hours after administration. Several synthesized compounds were found to exhibit antinociceptive activity at or above the level of the comparator product – metamizole sodium. Nerve endings can be considered the target of the antinociceptive activity of examined substances since under the effect of these substances, no signs of central action are observed in the behavior of animals. Thus, the conducted studies showed the promise of further search for biologically active substances among the compounds of this series.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):476-482
476-482
Physico-chemical biology
Effect of growth medium composition on the viability and genetic stability of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. explants under in vitro cold storage conditions
Abstract
Cultivation of plants at low positive temperatures is promising for the in vitro preservation of valuable Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. varieties. The study aims to examine the effect of chlorocholine chloride concentrations in a specialized medium on the viability and the physiological and morpho-anatomical parameters of chrysanthemum plants (Excel, Sheer Purple, and William Seward varieties), as well as their genetic stability after 12 months of cold storage under in vitro gene bank conditions. In vitro microshoot tips (without leaves) were placed on a 1/4 Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 60.0 g/L sucrose and 0.2–0.8 g/L chlorocholine chloride. The explants were stored in cooling chambers at a temperature of 4 °C. After 12 months of preservation, a reduction was observed in growth kinetics with increasing concentration of chlorocholine chloride in the medium. The viability of explants decreased from 96 to 91% at higher concentrations of chlorocholine chloride. The effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II decreased more than twice under cold storage conditions as compared to the control. Several histological features were identified in the leaves of in vitro explants cold-stored in the gene bank: decreased in leaf thickness and mesophyll density in leaf blades, degradation of palisade tissue, and a high degree of transpiration regulation. The SSR and ISSR analyses were used to show that the microshoots of the examined chrysanthemum varieties were identical to the original plants following in vitro cold storage. The conducted studies revealed that the presence of 0.6–0.8 g/L chlorocholine chloride in the medium reduces the growth kinetics of explants while maintaining their high viability and genetic stability.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):483-493
483-493
Modulation of growth and chemical element accumulation in Fragaria × ananassa plants in vivo under the effect of silicon chelates
Abstract
Due to the protective role played by silicon in plants against unfavorable environmental conditions, siliconcontaining preparations are of considerable interest as biostimulants. In this work, a mechanical composite of rice husk and green tea containing soluble silica chelate complexes was used as the source of silicon. The study aims to examine the effect of silicon chelates on the growth and physiological parameters and the chemical composition of Fragaria × ananassa plants (Solnechnaya Polyanka variety) under greenhouse conditions. The plants were watered using water without a mechanical composite (control) or an aqueous solution containing 0.3 g/L of mechanical composite twice per period. Sampling was carried out one week after the last treatment. In order to determine the concentration of chemical elements (Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, and Mo) in the roots and shoots of garden strawberry, it was proposed to use synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis. The use of the mechanical composite was shown to increase the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids; decrease the amount of hydrogen peroxide; and increase the activity of the main antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase). It was determined that under the effect of the preparation, silicon accumulates primarily in shoots, affecting the accumulation of micro- and macroelements in the shoots and roots of plants. The obtained results substantiate the use of silicon-containing “green chemistry” as a means of controlling the growth and development of garden strawberry plants under in vivo conditions.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):494-505
494-505
Effect of protatranes on the biosynthesis of extracellular enzymes of Candida ethanolica BKM Y-2300 T
Abstract
The study aims to explore the possibility of using synthetic biologically active compounds (protatranes) to increase the lipolytic and proteolytic activity of Candida ethanolica. Protatrane 1 (tris(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium-4chlorophenyl-sulfanyl acetate) and protatrane 2 (tris(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium-4-chlorophenyl-sulfonyl acetate) were added to the growth medium at trace concentrations of 1×10−6–1×10−8wt% separately and together. It was established that with the introduction to the growth medium, protatranes had a multidirectional effect on the biosynthesis of enzymes by Candida ethanolica yeast. This effect was dependent on the concentrations of these compounds, as well as on their separate or combined introduction. All the studied concentrations were found to be effective for lipase synthesis, as they improved enzyme synthesis by 1.7–8.6 times. The combined use of protatranes increased enzyme synthesis by 3.4–11.7 times. For protease formation, the combined introduction of the studied protatranes at a concentration of 10−6wt% was found to be the most effective, with enzyme synthesis reaching 184.8±7.02 U/mL in the culture broth. When co-introduced, the studied protatranes tris(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium-4-chlorophenylsulfanyl acetate and tris(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium-4-chlorophenyl-sulfonyl acetate can be used to increase the production efficiency of extracellular lipases and proteases by Candida ethanolica. The specific effect of protatranes was revealed to be the uneven dynamics of extracellular enzyme accumulation, manifested in the presence of sharp peaks during yeast cultivation. The reasons for this unevenness require further research.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):506-515
506-515
Effect of the overexpression of external alternative NADH dehydrogenase gene in Arabidopsis on the resistance of transformed tobacco plants to negative temperatures
Abstract
The study aims to confirm the functional activity and localization of the At_NDB2 transgenic protein of Arabidopsis in tobacco cells and to evaluate the effect produced by the permanent expression of external alternative NADH dehydrogenase on the resistance of a heat-loving plant to low temperatures. Proteins and mitochondria were isolated from the leaves of tobacco plants grown at 25 °С (day/night) at the 7-leaf stage. At_NDB2 protein localization in mitochondria was determined via electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The functional activity of At_NDB2 was confirmed through the polarography of isolated mitochondria and the specific mitochondrial complex I inhibitor (rotenone). It was also found that the cyanide-resistant respiration rate and the activity of an alternative oxidase enzyme were significantly higher in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. In order to determine the resistance to low temperatures, the parent and transgenic tobacco plants were grown in soil until the 2–3 and 6–7 leaf stages, after which they were kept at 3 to -3 °С for a day in the dark and left to regrow at 25 °С for seven days. Although it was previously shown that oxidative stress is reduced in transgenic plants at low temperatures as compared to wild-type plants, it was established that the tolerance of transgenic and nontransformed plants does not differ. Thus, alternative NADH dehydrogenase activity was found to reduce oxidative stress and increase alternative oxidase activity, without enhancing the resistance of Nicotiana tabacum to negative temperatures.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):516-522
516-522
Response of the rhizosphere microbial community of phytoremediation plants to oil pollution and the application of biopreparations
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate microbiological activity in the rhizosphere of plants growing under oil pollution conditions and in the presence of biopreparations having a different spectrum of action. Common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.) were selected as phytoremediation plants. The soil was treated with the hydrocarbon-oxidizing preparation “Lenoil” and two preparations of nonspecific action having a growth-stimulating effect: “Elena” and “Azolen”. A soil pollutant concentration of 4% was selected for conducting plant-based bioremediation. The study showed a slight increase in the total microbial count and the microscopic fungi count in the rhizosphere of plants due to pollution, while indicating a decrease in the count of amino-autotrophs and cellulolytics. The introduction of non-specific biopreparations into the soil promoted the growth of destructive microorganisms despite the fact that microorganisms in the preparations are not designed for soil detoxification and decontamination. Under the effect of biopreparations, the rhizosphere of sunflower and wheatgrass plants exhibited an increase or stabilization of microbiological activity, which may indicate their positive effect on microbiological processes occurring in contaminated soil. The rhizosphere of Agropyron cristatum L. plants generally provided a more favorable environment for the development of such groups of bacteria as amino-autotrophs, cellulolytics, micromycetes, and hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria. Of the studied variants of soil treatment with biopreparations for phytoremediation purposes, it is recommended to combine the application of the “Lenoil” biopreparation and the planting of phytoremediation plants in oil-contaminated soil.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):523-531
523-531
Changes in the lipid composition of Peltigera canina at an elevated temperature
Abstract
Extremophile organisms can survive under extreme conditions through tolerance mechanisms. Such organisms include lichens, which are symbiotic associations of fungi and algae and/or cyanobacteria. Among other factors, the high stress tolerance of lichens can be attributed to their ability to synthesize a wide range of metabolites, including chemically diverse lipid compounds. Despite their obvious relevance, the biochemical mechanisms of stress tolerance in lichens that are mediated by changes in the lipid profile remain understudied. Peltigerous lichens constitute a separate division of lichens characterized by high growth rates and metabolic activity indices. Taking into account the temperate climate in which these lichens grow, it can be assumed that they may be highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. These factors led to the choice of Peltigera canina, epigeic lichen, as the subject matter of this study. The present work examined stress-induced changes in the redox status of P. canina, as well as changes in its lipid composition at an elevated temperature (40 °С). The exposure of hydrated lichen thalli to an unfavorable temperature led to an increase in the level of hydrogen peroxide, phenoloxidase activity, and lipid peroxidation, which constitutes an important part of stress response in lichen. The stress-induced changes in the redox status of lichen thalli stimulated an increase in lipophilic antioxidant agents: a dramatic increase in the level of α-tocopherol and an increase in carotenoids, specifically β-carotene. Thus, the accumulation of lipophilic antioxidants constitutes an important part of the lipid-mediated stress response of P. canina to temperature elevation.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):532-544
532-544
Microorganisms inhabiting the endo- and rhizosphere of Hedysarum zundukii (Fabaceae) endemic to the Baikal region
Abstract
Bacteria provide plants with additional resistance to adverse environmental factors, such as the lack of soil nutrients, anthropogenic pollution, the presence of phytopathogens, etc. The search for valuable biotechnological strains should be conducted among microorganisms associated with plants growing under unfavorable conditions. The present study aims to isolate and characterize microorganisms inhabiting the endo- and rhizosphere of Hedysarum zundukii, a local endemic of the Olkhon region (Olkhonsky District, Irkutsk Oblast). A total of 88 microbial strains were isolated, with Gram-positive microorganisms predominating in both the rhizo- and endosphere. In the rhizosphere, the vast majority of strains were found to belong to actinomycetes. Of the 25 identified isolates, four belong to the Rhizobiaceae family. The Phyllobacterium zundukense rhizobacterium was previously described as part of the microbiome of root nodules in Oxytropis triphylla also growing in this region. Its detection in the rhizosphere soil of H. zundukii suggests that this microorganism is associated with different legume species rather than with a single host. Of particular interest are the strains of Actinomycetia, as well as Lysobacter sp. and Variovorax paradoxus, which are promising for further study as producers of biologically active compounds, stimulators of plant growth and development, or pollutant degraders. Thus, isolates from both the rhizosphere and endosphere of H. Zundukii may possess traits useful for biotechnology and require further study.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):545-551
545-551
Germination specifics and introduction into in vitro culture of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Schischk.
Abstract
The article examines the effect of storage conditions, mericarp processing, and germination conditions of the endemic Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Schischk. on germination. The technological process of obtaining aseptic in vitro culture was perfected. Mericarps collected from introduced species in 2022 were examined. Explants were sterilized once or twice with 0.1% AgNO3 or 0.1% AgNO3, followed by the use of 10% Н2О2. The pericarp was removed from the sterilized mericarps, and seeds were germinated on a solid 1/2 Murashige and Skoog medium. Callus genesis was induced by culturing the true leaves of seedlings on a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (10 μM) and 6-benzylaminopurine (0–5 μM) in the dark. The seeds of S. divaricata exhibit shallow dormancy, and the most favorable conditions for their germination are stratification for 30 days at 4 °С or the scarification of mericarps and germination in an environmental chamber (photoperiod of 16.5 h and a daytime temperature of 27 °С with its slight decrease at night). Laboratory germination capacity reaches 94%. The absence of whole seeds at the end of the experiment suggests a small soil seed bank, which accounts for the vulnerability of natural populations along with monocarpy. The in vitro culture of S. divaricata was obtained. Pericarp removal from mericarps was shown to accelerate germination and improve germination capacity while significantly reducing contamination. A callus was formed on leaf petioles in 66% of explants on an auxin medium, while on a medium with auxin and cytokinin, it was formed across the entire surface of the leaf blade in 72% of explants. Further callus development occurred only on the auxin medium.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):552-560
552-560
A way to mechanically activate a suspension of black truffle spores
Abstract
True truffles, or fungi of the genus Tuber, are among the most valuable, rare, expensive, and mysterious fungi on the planet. The reproduction of truffle fungi in the wild is a complex process that depends on many factors, for example, the presence of suitable host trees, as well as the optimal parameters of temperature, moisture, soil pH, soil symbionts, and other organisms. Successful production and reproduction of truffles require a large number of conditions to be met, primarily the release of their spores from ascii, germination under favorable conditions, and distribution in the environment. The present study aims to develop a method for mechanically breaking ascii in order to release the spores of black truffle. It is shown that homogenization by means of an immersion blender together with a vibrating chopper is a highly effective way to break ascii. The microscopic examination of the specimens at all stages of the experiment revealed that this method leads to the breakdown of at least 85% of ascii and the release of truffle spores. The use of centrifugation approaches enables the separation of black truffle spores from hyphal debris, fungal symbionts, and various associated organisms. Such spores can form mycelium on growth media. The study results can be used to prepare Tuber sp. inoculum and obtain their axenic cultures. Thus, the introduction of methods for releasing spores from ascii improves the efficiency of black truffle cultivation.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):561-568
561-568
Effect of endophytic bacteria Bacillus subtilison metabolic processes in potato tubers during storage
Abstract
The article examines the effect produced by the preplant inoculation of potato tubers with Bacillus subtilis on biochemical processes occurring in the tubers of a new crop during the postharvest period at different storage periods. The content of malondialdehyde in tubers treated with strains 10-4 and 26D decreased by 15.5 and 35.5% and by 14.9 and 13.6% relative to the control after one and six months, respectively. The proline content in tubers pretreated with strain 10-4 differed insignificantly from the control in both storage periods, while in the case of strain 26D, it was lower than the control by 14.7 and 26.3%. First, the activity of protective proteins in treated tubers decreased relative to the control; then, the activity of trypsin inhibitors in tubers was found to significantly exceed that in tubers stored for a short time. The protein content of pretreated tubers was initially higher than that of the control; then, it was either at the same level (strain 26D) or 15% lower than the control (strain 10-4). The content of ascorbic acid in tubers pretreated with strain 10-4 exceeded that of the control by 16.1 and 17.9% after one and six months of storage, respectively, whereas in the case of strain 26D, no difference from the control was noted. The amount of reducing sugars was 39.4% lower than the control after one and six months of storage (strain 10-4) and 35.6% after six months of storage (strain 26D). The pretreatment with strains 10-4 and 26D positively affected the main biochemical parameters of tubers during long-term storage, providing a protective effect and preserving the biological value of produce.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):569-578
569-578
Effect of water stress on the accumulation of dehydrins in callus culture cells from Pinus sylvestris L.
Abstract
Intraspecific differences in the level of stress tolerance in woody plants remain understudied, even though this characteristic is important for tree breeding. Dehydrins are intracellular defense proteins that protect other proteins, as well as membranes, from damage caused by intracellular dehydration under water stress. The present paper aims to examine the possibility of detecting dehydrins produced in response to water stress, as well as interindividual differences in dehydrin accumulation in Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) under in vitro conditions. In this work, callus culture derived from the branch and bud tissues of two Scots pine trees (T3 and T4) was used; for these trees, quantitative and qualitative differences in the composition of dehydrins were found. Interindividual differences in callus cultures were expressed as variations in the frequency of callus formation events and callus culture growth index. With the addition of 5 or 8% polyethylene glycol to the culture medium, the effect of water stress on the callus culture was expressed in a dose-dependent decrease of water content in callus cells, as well as the accumulation of shock protein Hsp70 and dehydrins having masses of 47, 42, and 27 kDa. The composition of dehydrins and the level of their accumulation differed between calluses derived from T3 and T4, suggesting different levels of water stress tolerance in the cells of these callus cultures. The existence of such differences may provide a basis for detecting dehydrins in Scots pine produced in response to water stress.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):579-588
579-588
Effect of tebuconazole and azoxystrobin on the physiological parameters of wheat seedlings and their resistance to water stress
Abstract
Strobilurin and triazole class fungicides are actively used in agriculture as part of dressers to protect plants from fungal disease. In addition, they have various physiological effects on plants, including increased resistance to adverse environmental factors. The combined effect of these fungicides under water stress is understudied. The present work aims to examine the individual and combined effects of tebuconazole and azoxystrobin on the growth characteristics of wheat and its resistance to water stress. The study used winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) plants grown from seeds treated with tebuconazole (2 mg/50 g seeds) and azoxystrobin (4 mg/50 g seeds) suspensions separately or together. In order to create water stress, five-day seedlings were transferred to 20% polyethylene glycol solution (PEG 6000), with stability assessed at seven and nine days. Tebuconazole was found to have a retardant effect on shoots and stimulate root growth. Azoxystrobin inhibited shoot growth and particularly root growth. When used together, tebuconazole partially reduced azoxystrobin-induced root inhibition. Azoxystrobin increased the negative effect of water stress, while tebuconazole effectively protected the root system of seedlings, partially reducing the effect of azoxystrobin. The stimulation of root growth with tebuconazolewas concluded to play an important role in providing resistance of winter wheat to water stress and to have the potential for use in agriculture.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):589-601
589-601
Changes in the germination and content of protein and gluten in the caryopses of hard and soft wheat under pulse pressure and prolonged storage conditions
Abstract
The study aims to identify the aging characteristics of hard and soft wheat caryopses without treatment and following treatment with pulse pressure created by a shock wave. The grain was treated with pulse pressures of 11 and 29 MPa. After one month and after three years, the caryopses were sorted into vitreous and floury types. The germination of control soft wheat caryopses decreased after storage, while after pulse pressure treatment and storage, it exceeded that of the control. The germination of control hard wheat caryopses with floury endosperm decreased after storage to a greater extent than that of caryopses with vitreous endosperm. Pulse pressure treatment reduced the germination of caryopses with vitreous endosperm. No change was observed in the protein content of control hard wheat caryopses following prolonged storage. In this case, pulse pressure contributed to the reduction in protein content during storage. The protein content of soft wheat caryopses with floury endosperm decreased after storage. In these caryopses, pulse pressure treatment contributed to better protein retention. Thus, the caryopses of hard wheat and soft wheat with vitreous endosperm were less susceptible to aging as compared to the caryopses of soft wheat and caryopses with floury endosperm, respectively. Pulse pressure damaged the vitreous endosperm, accelerating seed aging. It also contributed to the long-term storage of soft wheat caryopses without a significant loss of viability. Thus, it is possible to treat soft wheat grain to extend its shelf life.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):602-610
602-610
Biochemical composition of fruit must from small-fruit apple varieties grown in the Southern Baikal Region
Abstract
Most climatic zones of the Russian Federation include vast apple plantations that serve as the primary source of raw materials for the production of cider and fruit alcoholic beverages. The technological potential of new apple varieties in the production of fruit alcoholic beverages is understudied. The present study aims to examine the chemical composition (including the fractional composition of sugars and organic acids) of fruit must from small-fruit apple varieties grown in the Southern Baikal region and to identify the most suitable varieties for cider production.The biochemical composition of must was determined via conventional methods as per state standards. Smallfruit semi-cultivars grown in the Southern Baikal Region are characterized by variability in the content of extractive substances. In different years, the fruit of the same variety accumulates different amounts of dissolved solids (12.5–14.5%), primarily sugars (109.3–135.3 g/dm3). Among sugars, fructose is the most abundant (over 50%), followed by glucose. The proportion of disaccharides in the composition of sugars in the fruits of different varieties ranges from 9.1 to 21.5%. The concentration of organic acids in the studied varieties ranges from 7.2 to 13.0 g/dm3. The detected organic acids include malic acid (up to 83.4%), citric acid (up to 6.7%), lactic acid (up to 6.4%), succinic acid (up to 2.5%), as well as trace amounts of tartaric and acetic acids. The amount of phenolic compounds in the specimens varies from 522.5 to 1704.6 mg/dm3. The studied semi-cultivars were classified as sharp and bittersharp cider apple varieties.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):611-620
611-620
Chemical composition of fiber and shive in bast-fiber crops and the products of their alkaline delignification
Abstract
The present article examines the chemical composition of fiber and shive from fiber flax and hemp obtained in Russia under industrial conditions, as well as that of the products of their alkaline delignification. Alkaline delignification was carried out at atmospheric pressure with a 4% sodium hydroxide solution; the chemical composition was determined via wet analysis. The chemical composition of hemp shive from Russian producers was studied for the first time. In the studied objects, the mass fraction of cellulose was found to range from 42.3 to 66.1%, and after alkaline delignification, the yield of products reached 47.0–50.0%. The behavior of fiber flax and hemp fiber is similar during alkaline delignification: cellulose content increases by 1.2–1.3 times, pentosan content decreases by 4.3–6.3 times, and lignin content is virtually the same. The behavior of fiber flax and hemp shive is dramatically different during alkaline delignification. The shive of fiber flax is resistant to alkaline delignification: cellulose content increases by 1.4 times, pentosan content decreases by 4.2 times, and lignin content increases by 1.4 times, which is due to the nature of lignin. Hemp shive is easily alkaline delignified: cellulose content increases by 1.8 times; the content of pentosans decreases by 5.8 times, and lignin content decreases by 2.2 times; the product of alkaline delignification contains cellulose (87.3%), pentosans (5.4%), and lignin (8.2%). The use of hemp shive for chemical and biotechnological transformation is expected to have high prospects.
Izvestiya Vuzov. Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya. 2023;13(4):621-630
621-630