No 3 (2025)

The pluricentricity of the English language depends on its contact interaction with other languages and cultures. The purpose of the work is to identify the specifics of the phenomenon of “nativization” on the example of the current state of the English language functioning in Nigeria, through the study of modern mass media, in view of the dialect continuum and multilingualism, based on the dynamic theory of E. Schneider, which postulates a uniform process occurring with a language when it appears in a foreign land. It is established that the Nigerian English tends to the trend of linguistic homogenization. The current state of the studied variant is characterized by the stage of nativization, affecting the phase of endonormative stabilization, in view of written codification of the language, through the publication of Nigerian English Dictionaries and the publication of national literature in Nigerian English. It was revealed that language interference does not occur in a one-dimensional manner, affecting the state of Nigerian English and autochthonous languages. This situation leads to linguistic differentiation when speakers of different ethnic communities adapt English to their own linguistic peculiarities. It is determined that nativization is characteristic of the lexical, syntactic, phonetic levels of Nigerian English functioning in the English-speaking Nigerian media. At the lexical level, high-frequency interchanges of words and expressions occur, both from autochthonous languages into English and vice versa, which leads to situational code-switching among native speakers. Syntactic nativization is characterized by the construction of sentences in Nigerian English in accordance with the syntactic rules of indigenous languages. Phonetic nativization manifests itself in the adaptation of consonants’ system (replacement of consonant sounds with analogues of autochthonous languages) and vocalism’ system (quantitative reduction of vowel). A specific feature of soundpronunciation speech of Nigerian English speakers is observed by using of speech rhythm (or tone), which leads to the syllabic pronunciation of words and the stress shift.

Contemporary linguistic research highlights the significance of cultural and sociolinguistic aspects in language study, making the analysis of lexical-phraseological means in Russian as a Foreign Language (RFL) textbooks particularly relevant. Examining how linguistic means shape the image of a Russian person allows for a deeper understanding of the interaction between linguistic structures and cultural representations. This article investigates how lexical-phraseological means are used in RFL textbooks to construct the image of a Russian person. The study uses text fragments from educational materials as the empirical basis for analysis. The empirical base was developed through lexical-phraseological analysis, which reveals how various linguistic units contribute to the construction of cultural and sociocultural concepts. The research employs content analysis and semantic study techniques to systematize and interpret phraseological and lexical units reflecting perceptions of a Russian person. The study identifies linguistic means characteristic of the examined texts, demonstrating both stereotypical and multifaceted images. Notably, the analysis supports the theoretical model concerning the influence of phraseological units on the perception of cultural stereotypes. Researchers note that phraseological constructions in textbooks not only convey information about cultural and sociocultural features but also shape cognitive schemas in learners, which can either promote a deeper understanding of cultural realities or reinforce simplified or distorted images. RFL textbooks address various aspects of Russian life, such as traditions, daily life, and social norms, allowing students to develop a more comprehensive understanding of native speakers. The results show that lexical-phraseological means in RFL textbooks serve not only to convey linguistic information but also to create cognitive and cultural constructs that shape foreign students’ perceptions of a Russian person. Therefore, the article demonstrates how theoretical approaches to analyzing linguistic means help reveal the mechanism of constructing the image of a Russian person in RFL textbooks, emphasizing the importance of lexical-phraseological constructions in cultural socialization and intercultural understanding.

The article examines the preservation of synesthesia, a specific type of metaphor, in the English and French translations of I.S. Turgenev’s novel "A Nest of Gentry". As a literary device that generates figurative meaning, synesthesia is integral to the expressive structure of this literary work. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the translators in conveying this expressive element in the English and French versions of the novel. The material of the study includes six English and three French translations of the novel "A Nest of Gentry" by W. Ralston (1869), M. Hapgood (1903), C. Garnet (1917), B. Isaacs (1947), R. Freeborn (1970), M. Pursglove (2016), as well as C. Sollohoub (1862), M. Lichnevski (1927) and F. Flamant (1982). The methodological foundation of this study is comprised of a range of general scientific and specialized methods, including logical approaches (such as analysis, comparison, abstraction, and generalization), a functional method aimed at identifying elements of the linguistic repertoire within spoken language, and component analysis intended to examine the content components of linguistic structures. The objective of this study is to identify and analyze convergent examples of the synaesthetic element reconstruction within the text of the novel. For each original expression that falls within the category of imagery-creating means, multiple translation alternatives are documented in the translations and evaluated against the original expression based on selected criteria for assessing translation quality—namely, adequacy and convergence. The application of these criteria is essential for comparing the original expression with specific translation solutions: a translation is considered adequate if it faithfully reproduces the semantics of the original statement, thereby focusing on the reconstruction of the substantive component of the original means of expression. Convergence, on the other hand, is defined as the preservation of the functional aspect of the expression; in the context of synesthesia, this pertains to the figurative attribute of the original expression. The object of this study is the reconstruction of synesthesia in the English and French translations of the novel, while the subject pertains to the evaluation of the effectiveness of translation strategies concerning synesthesia in terms of the equivalence of tropes across the compared languages. The analysis of the reconstruction of synesthesia in the English and French translations of I.S. Turgenev’s novel "A Nest of Gentry" encompasses the following aspects: the selection of translation strategies employed by translators to convey synesthesia, considering the linguistic differences and cultural nuances of the languages in question; the retention or loss of imagery in the translations; and the impact of the chosen translation solutions on the reader’s perception. The study’s results reveal that all nine translators of I.S. Turgenev’s novel The "A Nest of Gentry" into English and French encounter specific challenges in conveying synesthesia. In some instances, translators present inadequate or divergent translation solutions, resulting in either a partial or complete loss of imagery and emotional impact from the original text. The selection of linguistic means in the translations depends on the translators’ understanding of the implicit meaning of the source expression, while the consistency in the choice of linguistic units by certain translators often appears to be mere coincidence. Evaluating the success rate of synesthesia reconstruction in the English and French translations indicates that only four out of the five selected instances of synesthesia underwent reconstruction. Considering the overall number of analyzed translations, the study examined a total of forty-five reconstructions, of which sixteen were identified as coherent. This finding represents only 35 % of the total number of translations reviewed. The most effective translation solutions are provided by B. Isaacs, who achieved successful reconstruction in three out of five instances. R. Freeborn, M. Lichnevski, and F. Flamant successfully reconstructed two out of the five analyzed synesthesia. Both R. Freeborn and F. Flamant made one error in translation that involved a distortion of meaning. In contrast, K. Garnett, M. Pursglove, and F. Hapgood managed to reconstruct only one of the five expressions without committing any translation errors. Notably, K. Garnett demonstrates a tendency to operate at the pragmatic level of translation, prioritizing the preservation of the original meaning while avoiding attempts to imitate the author’s literary style and minimizing comprehension errors.

The author of this article analyzes the verbative synlexes – stable, composite units, which are the functional analogues of verbs and have the property of stylistic and expressive neutrality. The theoretical base of this study is the writings of linguists like Z.N. Levit, V.N. Teliya, G.I. Klimovskaya, E.N. Laguzova and others. Novelty of re search consists in choice of the source of the material – "Vershinino’s dictionary" in which an old-timer dialect of some villages in Tomsk region is recorded. Verbative synlexes are represented in this dictionary in status of phraseological units or illustrative material for the vocabulary entries. The author of this article identifies 353 verbative synlexes in the dictionary and – as a result of the analysis of them – makes the following conclusions: in Vershinino’s dialect speaking all-Russian verbative synlexes prevail. They are presented in their original form, or as dialect variants (phonetic, morphological); verbative synlexes in Vershinino’s dialect are formed by three main structural models: verb + noun in accusative case, verb + на + noun in accusative case, verb + в + noun in accusative case; in the formation of the verbative synlexes dialect speakers use numerous verbs, of which the most common are the verbs delat’/sdelat’/izdelat’, davat’/dat’, brat’/vzyat’ (for all-Russian synlexes) and the verbs khodit’, idti/ poiti, delat’/sdelat’ (for dialect units); verbative synlexes enter into relationships of synonymy and antonymy with each other. More often they are variants for each other; verbative synlexes are assigned to the various lexical and semantic groups and reflect different aspects of folk life; transformative potential of the verbative synlexes is implemented by using adjectives.

Identification of stylistic dominants in a literary text is an important component of philological analysis. Along with the peculiarities of poetics of different directions, we can talk about the uniqueness of the style of both the author and the artwork. The analysis of various stylistic dominants allows you to more accurately determine the theme and idea of the work, to reveal the subtext. Meanwhile, stylistic dominants in the works of Silver Age authors have not been studied enough, and there is no unified classification of stylistic dominants. The purpose of the article is to identify the stylistic dominants of the authors’ representation of the subtext, depending on their affiliation to a particular trend and literary association. The research methodology is comprehensive, it is based on the use of comparative, discursive, semantic, stylistic, biographical analysis and is based on the theory of regularity, developed in the communicative stylistics of the text. The research material includes works by poets of various genres: symbolists, acmeists, futurists. For a comparative analysis, the works of several poets representing not only the trends of the Silver Age, but also various literary associations are taken: senior (the period of the late 19th century) and junior symbolists (the period of the early 20th century); three circles of acmeists (according to the degree of involvement in the poetics of acmeists); cubofuturists (V.V. Mayakovsky and others) and egofuturists (And. The Northerner). In the 20th century, the search for new ways to reflect the real world is not limited to substantive changes, but also requires formal transformations in the language of various literary trends and unique poetic associations. Often, form becomes more important to authors than content, which leads to the emergence of a wide variety of literary techniques and means of expression in their works. In the literary works of this period, one can find the original use of stylistic resources in the field of phonetics and graphics, vocabulary and phraseology, morphology and syntax. The aesthetic attitudes of each literary trend required different stylistic dominants in the representation of the subtext. By stylistic dominance, we mean the use of various regulatory linguistic and extralinguistic means or their combinations, which determine the uniqueness of the author’s idiosyncrasy and reflect his original speech style and worldview. Literary trends of the Silver Age are distinguished by unique, sometimes contradictory qualities and stylistic dominants that can reveal the subtext in different ways. It is established that the choice of stylistic dominants depends on many factors, starting from the historical literary process and ending with the peculiarities of each poet’s biography. Taking into account the dominance of certain ideological and thematic features among the authors of different literary trends, the article examines different types of subtext and regulatory means of their representation at the level of stylistic dominants. Symbolists especially often use color and sound painting to create unique images saturated with symbolism. In the poetic worldview of the symbolists, the concepts of loneliness, longing and longing are often found. Given the place of religious philosophy in the poetics of the Symbolists, we can talk about the predominance of philosophical and religious overtones in their poetry. Acmeists use precise words and allusions to various events and works of literature. As stylistic dominants, representatives of this trend are usually characterized by lexical means of representing mythological and cultural overtones, taking into account the ideological and thematic orientation of their works. Futurists often experiment with the form, changing the graphic and phonetic form of the word. Each futuristic association has its own unique features. Cubo- and egofuturists stand out in particular. Using various transformations of lexical, word-formation, graphic and syntactic means as stylistic dominants, the poets actualized philosophical and social subtexts.

The literary tradition of the religious and philosophical study of N.V. Gogol’s novel "The Overcoat" is mainly associated with the identification of evangelical images, motifs, plots (e.g., allusions to the parables of the marriage feast, about the rich man and Lazarus, etc.), as well as components of the hagiographic text (primarily, the lives of St. Acacius of Sinai, as well as St. martyr Acacius). The purpose of the article is to consider the semantic dominants of the story in the context of the epistles of the Apostle Paul, whose personality and theology had a significant impact on Gogol’s worldview and creativity. In the "The Overcoat" there are motifs letter – spirit, old – new, etc., which go back to the apostolic text. The letter – spirit antithesis is not just a background motif of the story, but forms a microplot of writing inside the plot about the official, which is formed with the help of such semantic nodes as the writing person, text, letter. Bashmachkin’s "Official for writing" exists in a world of text that breaks down into letters and is devoid of meaning. His focus on the service of the letter and indifference to everything else, including the spiritual world, correlates with the antithesis of the dead letter – life-giving spirit indicated by the Apostle Paul. The binary oppositions old – new, "inner man" – "outer man", emphasized in the epistles of the Apostle Paul, define the core of Gogol’s artistic anthropology, which asserts the idea of spiritual formation and spiritual choice of man. In this regard, the plot of Bashmachkin is read as a story about the tragic fall of a man from his high destiny, as a story about a man who did not make the transition from a sinful existence to a meaningful existence in the spirit.

The article is devoted to the study of the cognitive theory of metaphor and provides the teacher with tools for a deeper theoretical understanding of the teaching process, as well as for a more accurate use of linguocultural methods in explaining a topic. The aim of the article is to investigate the methodological area of teaching Russian as the foreign language using the concepts of metaphor and frame. The tasks of the article are to determine the main concepts of the theory of cognitive metaphor in the beginning of the XXI century and to support didactic knowledge. Metaphorical lexicon is described as a linguodidactic resource of teaching Russian as the foreign language competencies. The article discusses methods of working with linguistic and text metaphors, which take into account analytical (the process of interaction between the original and figurative meaning) and synthetic (text-forming function – the ability to generate associative-derivative connections within the boundaries of the text). The search and interpretation of key metaphorical images helps students build a model of the text in its figurative and semantic deployment. When students understand the specifics of the metaphorical conceptualization of a text, they perceive it not only from the point of view of eventfulness, but also in its value-semantic embodiment. A special role in this process is given to frame analysis, with the help of which “nodal” moments in the text are determined: subjectspecific fragments are highlighted and connections are established between them, which generally helps to optimize the communicative competence of students, the transition from the impulse inherent in the task to communication and generating your own text. Based on the material of the historical and philosophical work of N. Ilyina “The Expulsion of the Normans. The next task of Russian historical science” examines the possibilities of frame analysis within the framework of the linguocultural approach. We assume that the text, rich in metaphorical images, cultural and historical references and mythopoetic ancient Slavic symbolism, will arouse students’ interest not only for its content, but also for the ways of working with metaphors in which its conceptual content is revealed.

The purpose of this article is to identify the basic principles and stages of an independent analysis of a literary work and to ensure a minimum set of tools necessary for practical development by readers-senior classes or students of the procedure for analyzing a lyrical poetic work. The material for the analysis was the methods of immanent and intertextual analysis described in the works of literary critics, taking a linguistic commentary; Illustrative material was chosen by the text of the poem by Ye. Yevtushenko “Two Bicycles”, the method of studying the problem – conceptual and comparative analysis, schematization. Most Olympiads, including the All-Russian School Olympiad in Literature, offers a task for the analysis of the text of a literary work - prose or poetic. An analysis of literary works of different genera and genres, different cultural eras and literary areas are a philological skill that requires the ability to use their reader impressions, reflect, highlight, compare, compare elements, generalize the observations made and interpret them. The ideas about a holistic analysis of a literary work are expanded in the article due to an appeal to linguistic commentary and intertextual analysis. The intertextual analysis helps the interpretation of the literary work in the case when the “internal”, contextual connections are supplemented by “external”, connecting this text with other systems of references through quotes, roll calls, heroes, plot motifs, events, or even proxy elements (in lyrics in lyrics (in lyrics). The beginning of the analysis seems to be a complex step in the procedure for independent analysis of the text of the literary work, therefore, the article highlights different methods of the start of the analysis and demonstrates their potential on the material of the poem Evtushenko “Two Bicycles”. The author concludes that in an independent analysis of the reader-schoolman, the detection of patterns in the organization of various aspects of the literary work contribute to both the moments of the reader’s “surprise” and the purposeful highlighting of fragments of the text, their comparison and comparison, the search for semantic laws and, then, the interpretation of the identified data. The article proposes a short algorithm taking into account the main aspects of the analysis of the lyrical poetic work.