Historical Bulletin

in 2025, Russia celebrates a great holiday dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War and the liberation of the territory of our country from Nazi invaders. However, the theme of war, the history of military operations and the feat of the Soviet people, for many years will remain in the field of view of historians, local historians, since many facts are still little studied and require scientific analysis. The theme of the genocide of the civilian population in the occupied territories of the Soviet state will forever remain in the history of the Second World War of the most complex and painful, from the point of view, both scientific study and moral justification and presentation. The discovery of archival documents, the study of eyewitnesses of eyewitnesses makes it possible to objective analysis and detailed study of the tragic events of the military at a regional level, especially in the territories of a long-term German-fascist occupation, which determines the relevance of the research topic. During the Great Patriotic War, the Volovsky district was part of the Kursk region and was occupied twice-in November-December 1941 and from July 1942 to January 1943. In the course of the study, analysis of archival documents, facts of genocide in relation to civilians, executions and the application of the death penalty, and burning of people (“Volovskaya Khatyn”, organization) concentration camps for prisoners of war and civilian population, widespread plunder and destruction of material and cultural values, which contributed to an increase in mortality among the civilian civilian population. The author concludes that the genocide of the Soviet people, committed by Nazi criminals and their accomplices, is not related to any individual actions, but purposeful ideologically worked out policy, and the extraction of lessons from the history of the Nazi regime and his unleashed aggressive war is necessary to prevent falsification of the history and distorting the facts related to one of the most bloody conflicts in history humanity.

the article examines the phenomenon of rethinking historical memory in South Korea using the example of A.P. Kim-Stankevich. Alexandra Kim-Stankevich was the first Korean revolutionary woman and a member of the Russian communist movement. The article analyzes the transformation of public perception of the personality of Kim-Stankevich in South Korean society of the 21st century, reflected in scientific and fiction literature. Special attention is paid to the study of the role of A.P. Kim-Stankevich in the struggle for the rights of Korean workers in Russia and her contribution to the Korean independence movement. The paper examines modern literary works, including the novel by Jung Jeol-Hoon and the graphic novel by Kim Geumsuk, that highlight the formation of a new historical narrative in South Korea. The article demonstrates how rethinking historical heritage helps to overcome ideological barriers and expand understanding of ways to achieve national independence.

Tashtyk culture (2nd century BCE – 5th century CE) of Southern Siberia demonstrates close connections with the culture of the Han dynasty. Chinese traditions can be traced in the Tashtyk burial rites – cremation, secondary burials, and the inclusion of grain in grave goods. Chinese silk fabrics bearing hieroglyphic inscriptions and ornaments similar to those from Xinjiang have been discovered in the Oglakhty burial site. Architectural details of the “Li Ling Palace” reflect Han-style construction forms. The totality of archaeological evidence confirms active cultural interaction between China and Southern Siberia, indicating the spread of Chinese civilization elements northward through Xinjiang.

this article analyzes the historical spread of Buddhism in the EU and the US, with the goal of selecting educational material that can be used in modern history or social studies classes within core and elective courses. Based on an analysis of contemporary Russian historiography on this topic, the article presents the main stages and determinants of the historical path of Buddhism, which by the beginning of the 21st century had spread from its original eastern regions to the Western societies of the EU and the US, as well as the comprehensive consequences of this historical phenomenon. The authors note that the Buddhist regions of the Russian Federation demonstrate political stability and instructive examples of national and religious tolerance. Therefore, one way to preserve and enhance the humanistic heritage of Buddhism in modern conditions is to adequately reflect the relevant aspects of this world religion in school history and social studies courses (including the peaceful and progressive spread of Buddhism in Western countries).

the article presents the results of a source study reflecting the features of environmental protection in the first decades of the Soviet state in the context of the development of the textile and light industry. The relevant historical sources that reflected environmental protection issues at the legislative level have been identified; the content of the selected sources has been analyzed; aspects of the environmental agenda reflected in the analyzed sources have been highlighted. The study used the historical-comparative method, the historical-systemic method, and the method of historical periodization. In the first decades of the Soviet state, measures to protect and regulate the use of nature and certain natural resources were enshrined in law. The following conclusions are formulated: firstly, on the enshrining at the legislative level in the first decades of the Soviet state of measures to protect and regulate the use of nature and certain natural resources; secondly, on paying special attention to the issues of protecting natural objects that were in danger of extinction, on the creation of nature conservation zones and reserves; thirdly, on taking into account the possibilities of a departmental approach to various problems for solving nature conservation issues; Fourthly, on the consideration of the problem of rational use of natural resources primarily from the perspective of socialist construction and the active development of industry, and not from the perspective of environmental protection; fifthly, on the absence of a unified legislative framework regulating the negative manifestations of production processes in the textile and light industries.

the article examines the evolution of the role of American transnational corporations in the system of international relations under the conditions of the digitalization of the global economy. It demonstrates that corporations have lost the status of purely economic actors and have transformed into elements of global governance capable of influencing both domestic and foreign policy of states. Special attention is paid to U.S. digital corporations controlling data infrastructure, communication networks, and algorithms, which enables them to shape new forms of legitimacy and political influence. The study identifies contradictions between corporate global strategies and the principle of state sovereignty, as well as the prospects for the evolution of international relations under growing digital dependence. It concludes on the need to develop new models of state–corporate interaction to ensure global stability.

the article provides a historical and anthropological reconstruction of the operational features of land communication routes in Yakutia in the first quarter of the 20th century, based on the materials of the Commission for the Study of the Yakut ASSR, including data from the Yakut Integrated Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925-1930). The research is primarily based on documents stored in Collection 47 of the St. Petersburg Branch of the RAS Archives, as well as materials from their collections in the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region and scientific literature. It is shown that the region's land transport network was a system of state, zemstvo, and commercial roads, closely linked to river shipping. Of central importance was the Irkutsk-Yakutsk Road, providing Yakutia's main link with the outside world, while the northern routes – Verkhoyansk and Ust-Yansk – were characterized by extreme natural and climatic conditions and poor infrastructure. Based on the observations of astronomer E.F. Skvortsov identified anthropological aspects of the routes' functioning: the way of life at stations, the organization of food and rest for travelers, and the specifics of travel in conditions of cold, snow, ice, and permafrost.

this article aims to reconstruct the authentic dates of the lives of famous figures from Ancient Greece, Rome, and Asia Minor during the period between the first year of the Nabonassar era and the reign of Emperor Justinian I in Byzantium. The work draws on recent research, firstly, to summarize and refine chronological data on key military-political, cultural, and natural historical events, and secondly, to examine historical and biographical data on the lives of famous figures from the studied regions during this time period. During the course of the study, tables of biographical data for famous historical figures were compiled. Their life dates were reconstructed and chronologically aligned with the dates of creation of ancient Greek and Roman literary works, the works of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and other classics of historical science, and the dating of historical facts recorded in the Parian Chronicle and other surviving chronicles. The tables, arranged chronologically, recorded the actual years of life of, first, scientists and cultural figures, and second, kings, statesmen, and military leaders. During the study, individual biographical data on famous historical figures from the studied regions and time periods, obtained in previous studies using astronomical chronology, were supplemented and refined. The historical and biographical data on the lives of famous historical figures, reconstructed in this work, will help establish reliable dates for the most important historical events of the studied and subsequent eras in Europe, Asia Minor, and other regions of the world.

the article provides an analysis of the collections of Bashkir clothing in the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, by S.N. Shitova, Candidate of Historical Sciences. The article reconstructs the history of collecting Bashkir collections in Bashkortostan and neighboring regions. The ethnographic collection includes women's and men's clothing, headwear, jewelry, and footwear, representing various variants of the local complexes of the Bashkir traditional costume. The museum exhibits were collected by ethnographers, from other museums, and from private sources. Based on the analysis of the museum's exhibits, donation books, collection inventories, and S.N. Shitova's field ethnographic diaries, which are stored in the National Museum of the Bashkir People, the article explores the features of the collection, manufacturing techniques, and everyday use of the Bashkir people's costume complexes.

the article analyzes the construction of the image of the "Islamist" in state and semi-state media in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan from 2014 to the present. The study reveals how media discourse is used as a tool of "soft power" to legitimize security policies and strengthen the secular model of the state. Based on a comparative analysis of materials from leading media in the two countries, the authors identify key narratives used in shaping the image of the "Islamist": a threat to national security, an external threat, and betrayal of national interests. It is shown that Tajik media predominantly use an emotional and tragic narrative referring to the civil war, while Uzbek media are dominated by a bureaucratic and legal discourse. It is established that, despite differences in rhetoric, in both countries the image of the "Islamist" is deliberately simplified and demonized, which contributes to the consolidation of society around the current government and justifies the existing model of secular authoritarianism.

this article examines the role of the Pirogov Congresses in the formation of Russia's public health system from 1885 to 1900. One of their objectives was to petition for the establishment of a supreme medical authority in Russia in the form of an independent Ministry of Health. It is noted that the activities of the Pirogov Congresses were a key step in laying the foundations of the future state system of comparative statistics on general morbidity in the country. It is noted that the topic of the urban crisis was repeatedly raised in terms of the sanitary condition of cities and the living conditions of their populations, demonstrating the high relevance of this socio-environmental issue for the period under review. Key objectives are identified, including a course toward improving medical care for the population based on the practical achievements of zemstvo medicine, the dissemination of hygienic knowledge among the population, the development of the foundations of sanitary statistics, and the need to reform the management system of the medical and sanitary sector by creating an independent Ministry of Public Health. It was concluded that the resolutions of the congresses formed the basis for the programs of activities of sanitary doctors to combat malaria, tuberculosis, infant mortality, and improve the living and working conditions of vulnerable groups of the population.

this article analyzes the issue of wearing the hijab by Muslim female students in Russian educational institutions, an issue that has repeatedly resurfaced in Russian public life over the past fifteen years. Having arisen initially at the level of individual rural schools (the Nogai village of Kara-Tyube in the Stavropol Territory (2013) and the Tatar village of Belozerye in Mordovia (2014)), although it had already acquired an all-Russian scandalous sound at this stage of its development, this problem has grown to such a state that this year already in the third Russian region (Vladimir and Voronezh regions (2024), Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (2025) a complete ban on wearing hijabs in schools has been legally introduced. The author, based on a study of the available scientific literature and journalism, a simultaneous study of the results of his own representative sociological survey (interviews), conducted an analysis of this topical issue, with an emphasis on clarifying precisely its prohibitive aspects, that is, determining what caused such a strictly negative attitude of the official authorities to this issue and what is the point of view of representatives of the Russian Ummah Muslim community itself.

the Akhty-para was politically a feudal socio-political organization on the eve of joining Russia. If we compare it with the old tribal organization, then this system was distinguished, firstly, by the division of the population of this free society along territorial lines. If earlier unions of the clan organization arose on the basis of blood kinship, were connected with a certain territory, then in the first half of the 19th century these ties lost their former significance. By the beginning of the 19th century, Akhty–para included societies or jamaats that were completely unrelated to kinship. For example, the Akhtyparinsky free society included not only Lezgian villages, but also Rutul villages – Borch and Khnov. They also remained part of the aforementioned society even after Dagestan joined the Russian state. Territorial ties, which arose on the basis of private property, enabled representatives of this political entity to implement their social rights and duties at the place of settlement, regardless of their clan and tribe. Describing the state system in the so-called "free societies", representatives of pre-revolutionary historiography sought to show its patriarchy in their works and denied the existence of the foundations of statehood in them. The Akhtyparinsky free society, although it retained various forms of tribal organization, nevertheless, in its social content, it served as an instrument of confrontation between opposing classes. The main governing bodies and sources of power were the aksakals, the council of aksakals, and the kazii (kadii).

this article examines the scholarly activities of Maria Evgenievna Sheremeteva, a prominent Kaluga local historian and ethnographer, during the second half of the 1920s. The study focuses on her investigation of cultural and ethnographic zones within the Kaluga Province, drawing on materials from the funds of the State Archive of the Kaluga Region. Another objective was to compile a chronologically ordered, comprehensive list of M. E. Sheremeteva’s published works (1925-1929) based on her field ethnographic research. The analysis identified 13 such publications, which document Sheremeteva’s contribution to the study of both material culture (dwellings, household utensils, traditional costume) and spiritual culture (rituals, folklore). The article concludes that Sheremeteva’s works are of significant value for the preservation of ethnocultural heritage, having received state-level scientific recognition.

the article examines the problem of the relationship between the Bashkirs and the Siberian Khanate according to historiography. The chronological framework of the article covers the period XV-XVII centuries. This is the time of Bashkir interaction with the rulers of the Siberian Khanate and their heirs. The period under review is poorly covered in the sources. The schematic data of the Bashkir shezhere and incomplete information from the Russian chronicles do not allow us to reconstruct the consistent course of events. Historiography is represented by sections in collective works and monographic studies. It has been established that the Trans-Ural Bashkirs were subordinate to the Siberian Khanate, although at times the Siberian khans may have claimed authority over the Ural part of Bashkiria. Since the Siberian Khanate did not have clearly defined borders, it is not possible to accurately determine the extent of the Siberian khans' authority over the Bashkirs. The cited works note that the Bashkirs who became part of the Siberian Khanate lived along the Yaik (Ural), Tobol, Miass, and Iset rivers. Among the Bashkir tribes that were part of the Siberian Khanate, the most commonly mentioned are the Tabyns, the Katays, the Salyuts, and the Synryans. Unwilling to submit to the Siberian khans, the Bashkirs migrated from the eastern to the western side of the Ural Mountains. However, the beginning of Russian colonization led to a reverse migration from the western to the eastern side of the Ural Mountains. The Bashkirs in the Siberian Khanate were subject to yasak taxation and military service. There is no reason to include the Bashkir tribes that were under the control of the Siberian Khanate among the Kazakhs or Tatars. These tribes did not undergo assimilation and retained their Bashkir identity. It is possible that the Trans-Ural Bashkirs became the main support for Khan Kuchum and his successors in their struggle against the Russian state. It is concluded that the role of the Bashkirs should be taken into account when studying the history of the Siberian Khanate.

an article about the inner core of the Russian Cossack's character. All the mechanisms were in place among the Cossacks to ensure its constant reproduction. These are, first of all: historical memory, – no one knew his past like a Cossack; the specifics of the perception of the motherland – the Cossack had it sharpened to the limit and was always his love; "free will" – which the Cossack would not sell for anything, since it was his life; honor – the Cossack always respected moral duty to himself, his family, and the Cossacks; dignity – he knew his Cossack business perfectly and observed firmness in military valor; faith in himself and in all his patrons was much stronger than religious fanaticism; service and justice – the Cossack was always sincere towards his chosen right path of life, friendship, society, and The leader.

the article is devoted to the analysis of the historical evolution of tourism in Russia with an emphasis on its transformation under the influence of socio-economic and political factors. The key stages of the industry's development are considered – from the emergence of individual tourist routes in Ancient Russia to the modern stage of forced reorientation to the domestic market. Special attention is paid to the process of institutionalization of tourism, changing its role in public policy and adaptation mechanisms in the face of external challenges. The study demonstrates that historical experience serves as the basis for the formation of a sustainable model of the tourism industry, capable of effectively using the national cultural and natural potential.

the article examines the representation of the history of the Polish uprisings of the late 18th–19th centuries during the "Era of Stagnation" (1968–1985) in the illustrated magazine "Poland," which was distributed in the Soviet Union by the government of the Polish People's Republic. After analyzing the source, the author concludes that the uprisings were portrayed as part of a pan-European revolutionary movement, rather than a national movement directed against Russian rule. The magazine emphasized the connections between Russian revolutionaries and Polish insurgents. Thus, within the official discourse of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), which was presented in the magazine, the communist rule in Poland and the Soviet-Polish military-political alliance received additional legitimization by being presented as the legacy of the ideas of the Polish insurgents.

this article examines the period of revival and popularization of national Tatar folklore and traditions of studying the genre of fairy tales as a part of it. The stages of collecting, recording and publishing folklore materials on the mythology of the Kazan Tatars in general and on the study of the Tatar fairy tale in particular are outlined. The period we have chosen at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, during which ethnography was revived and popularized as a science, was also marked by the growth of national consciousness among the peoples living in the Russian Federation at that time. A theoretical justification of the Tatar fairy tale genre is proposed. The texts of scientific works of the specified period devoted to the analysis of national consciousness through Tatar mythological images and fairy-tale plots are studied.

this article focuses on border conflicts and ways to realize national interests. It examines the types of conflicts and the factors that influence their emergence. It presents the key characteristics of armed conflict, including the use of military force; the presence of two or more parties pursuing their own interests and goals; distinctive features, such as the absence of a clear front line; the use of irregular formations; asymmetrical combat; and the use of information and non-military actions against the enemy. The article discusses the differences between armed conflict and full-scale war. It is noted that war is primarily caused by profound contradictions in the economic and political spheres; war has decisive intentions; and the resolution of these contradictions, in turn, meets the vital interests of the nation. Armed conflicts are typically dominated by smaller territorial disputes, as well as national, ethnic, religious, and other differences, which are essentially derivatives of the underlying contradictions. War leads to fundamental changes in the state and the military, with martial law being declared during war. State institutions assume special functions, power is centralized, the rights and freedoms of citizens are restricted, all the country's resources are mobilized, and the economy and social sphere are restructured to achieve victory. During war, all forms of combat are employed – informational, legal, diplomatic, economic, military, and others-while armed conflicts are generally limited to clashes involving conventional weapons.