Vol 8, No 8 (2025)

relevance: diabetes mellitus (DM) remains one of the most significant medical and social problems of our time, causing a deterioration in the quality of life and early disability of patients. Among the numerous complications that occur against the background of the disease, a special place is occupied by lesions of the central nervous system, manifested by cognitive and emotional-volitional disorders. The purpose of the study. To evaluate the diagnostic value of neurospecific proteins S–100 and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in children and adolescents with anxiety in type 1 diabetes mellitus, taking into account the duration of the disease. Materials and methods. The study included 205 children aged 7 to 18 years suffering from type 1 diabetes and 35 healthy peers who made up the control group. The level of situational and personal anxiety was assessed according to the method of C.D. Spielberger – Yu L. Khanin, adapted for childhood. The concentrations of S-100 and NSE in blood serum were determined by enzyme immunoassay (CanAg EIA kits, Sweden). Results. In patients with type 1 diabetes, anxiety levels were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.001). The concentrations of the neurospecific proteins S-100 and NSE exceeded the reference values and increased as the length of the disease lengthened. Conclusion. Increased levels of S-100 and NSE in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus reflect the development of neuronal and glial changes in the brain, which worsen with the course of the disease. The determination of these proteins is advisable to use as additional laboratory markers for the early diagnosis of cerebral and emotional disorders in DM.

the pathophysiology of a bone fracture is a sequence of interrelated events in which the immune response, vascular response, osteogenic cell activity, and mechanical environment form a single regenerative system. The article proposes a holistic healing model that combines the inflammatory phase, the formation of soft and hard callus and later remodeling, as well as their molecular determinants. Based on literature synthesis and conceptual modeling, the temporal profiles of key processes and mediators are visualized, the mechanisms of "coupling" of immunity and osteogenesis, the role of hypoxia, angiogenesis and mechanotransduction are analyzed. The risk factors for impaired consolidation, including aging, diabetes mellitus, nicotine intoxication and pharmacological intervention, as well as the fundamental consequences for the choice of tactics of fixation and dosing of the load, are discussed. It has been shown that the optimal outcome is determined by an early self-limiting inflammatory reaction, a timely transition to chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, and subsequent prolonged remodeling under the influence of functional loads.

this review article analyzes the etiopathogenetic role of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and the dysfunction of endotoxin-binding systems in the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this work is to systematize data on the key sources of systemic endotoxin and to characterize the changes in the concentration and functional activity of LPS-binding proteins (LBP, sCD14, BPI) in the systemic circulation and synovial fluid of RA patients. Intestinal dysbiosis, specifically the increased prevalence of Prevotella species, and the impaired integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier are considered the dominant sources of endotoxemia, forming a pathogenic "gut-joint" axis. Special attention is also given to non-microbial factors, such as smoking, as an additional source of LPS. The analysis reveals specific alterations in endotoxin-binding proteins in RA. LBP is shown to actively amplify local inflammation in the joint, while sCD14 serves not only as a marker but also as a direct pro-inflammatory mediator, which is supported by its correlation with disease activity scores. The increase in BPI levels in synovial fluid is considered a compensatory, yet insufficient, response to the local endotoxin burden. The findings underscore the central role of endotoxemia in maintaining systemic and local inflammation in RA, highlighting the potential for developing therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating endotoxin-dependent pathways.

the article is devoted to a comprehensive assessment of the epidemiological situation of HIV infection in the Ryazan region in 2020-2024, with an emphasis on analyzing the dynamics of incidence, the structure of transmission routes, and baseline laboratory parameters in newly diagnosed patients. The aim of the study was to identify key trends of the regional epidemic and factors associated with late diagnosis of HIV infection, in order to substantiate priority areas for prevention and to improve clinical and laboratory diagnostics. It was found that, despite some decrease in incidence and the absence of a pronounced linear trend, there is a steady increase in HIV prevalence in the population due to the accumulation of patients on the background of effective antiretroviral therapy. A shift of the dominant transmission route from parenteral to heterosexual was identified, accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of injection-related transmission and a slight increase in homosexual transmission, with persistence of a minimal proportion of vertical transmission and a low proportion of cases with an undetermined route of infection. The “ageing” and feminization of the epidemic were demonstrated: the main burden falls on the 30-49-year age groups, with a substantial proportion of patients over 50 years of age and a male-to-female ratio of 1.21:1. The most unfavorable finding is a statistically significant decrease in the mean CD4+ level and an increase in the proportion of patients with immunodeficiency at the time of diagnosis to more than half of all new cases, as well as a trend toward higher viral load.

early hearing loss in children during the first three years of life remains a significant medical and social problem; it affects the development of speech and cognitive functions and increases the risk of social isolation, which requires systematic screening and timely rehabilitation. The aim of the study was an audiological assessment of the auditory analyzer in children aged one to three years in a preschool institution in Tyumen to identify risk groups and clarify the profile of disorders. The study included 113 children – seventy three girls and forty boys; age subgroups of one–two and two–three years were formed; otoscopy, tympanometry with interpretation according to Jerger’s classification, and registration of transient evoked otoacoustic emission using a broadband click were applied. Examinations were conducted under standardized conditions with the completion of individual protocols. Children with significant obstructions of the external auditory canal were excluded from further procedures to prevent result distortion. According to otoscopy data, cerumen masses that hindered visualization of the tympanic membrane were most commonly detected; this finding was somewhat more frequent among boys, including in the left ear – six percent compared to four percent among girls – and a similar ratio was observed for the right ear, which required targeted hygiene recommendations and repeat follow up. Tympanometric screening showed the predominance of type A in both sexes, approximately seventy eight to eighty eight percent depending on the ear, reflecting preserved tympanic membrane mobility, whereas type B was recorded in some children and indicated a possible exudative process in the middle ear, and type C testified to Eustachian tube dysfunction. Such results occurred within a range of three to nineteen percent and made it possible to identify a contingent for more in depth monitoring. The use of otoacoustic emission registration confirmed the feasibility of objective assessment of cochlear function in young children; interpretation was carried out considering the condition of the middle ear, which helped avoid false negative conclusions and organize referrals to an otorhinolaryngologist and audiologist. The data obtained justify regular audiological screening in preschool institutions in Tyumen, expansion of parental education, and the creation of programs for pre-nosological diagnostics and monitoring, which increases the likelihood of early detection and allows timely initiation of correction and rehabilitation.

the results of sports teams depend on several factors, including the level of psychological involvement of athletes in team activities. In this research, the author substantiates the dependence of the results of team sports on the level of psychological involvement of athletes in team activities. Most coaches underestimate the role of the factor "level of psychological involvement of athletes in team activities." The purpose of this research is to develop a methodology for diagnosing the level of psychological involvement of football players in team activities. The methods used were the solution of the set tasks using a systematic approach, methods and instrumental technologies of scientific research, analysis of scientific research by scientists, tabular methods of data presentation and processing. The article proposes an author's method for assessing the level of psychological inclusion of athletes in team activities. The method is based on the study of three components of psychological inclusion of athletes: socio-psychological, psychophysiological, and physiological. The methodology for evaluating each of the three components is described in detail. The results of the author's methodology's testing on the example of the football team of the Nizhny Novgorod region are presented. The author points out the dependence of the results obtained using the proposed methodology and the team's sports results. The research findings have important practical significance in the development of measures to improve the performance and efficiency of sports teams in team sports.

the article is devoted to the urgent problem of strengthening the human resources of organizations in conditions of high competition in the labor market and the growing importance of human capital. The role of internal PR as a strategic management tool aimed at building and maintaining staff loyalty is being investigated. Employee loyalty is measured and evaluated using the Employee Net Loyalty Measurement Index (eNPS) and the Organizational Loyalty Scale by J. Meyer and N. Allen. The weaknesses and strengths of the working conditions in the company are determined using the methodology for assessing staff satisfaction (loyalty) developed by A. Zenirova. Based on the results of the study, appropriate corrective measures were proposed.

there are few recent studies on the psychological impact of armed conflicts on civilians, as well as strategies for coping with their traumatic experiences. The gender and age aspects of the problem are poorly studied. In recent years (2021-2024), attempts have been made to study the peculiarities of psychological consequences of armed conflicts, manifested in women and men of different ages, as well as vulnerable categories of the population – children, young and elderly people. Objective: to analyze current psychological research on the effects of armed conflicts on civilians, as well as strategies for coping with their traumatic experiences. For a person living in an armed conflict zone, vital values (physiological needs, life, health, safety, personal inviolability, etc.) and civil rights (freedom of speech, thought, conscience, inviolability of the home, etc.) become the main values. Armed conflict is an extremely strong psychotraumatic event for a person's personality, characterized by a wide variety of stressors and possibly leading to the transformation of his entire personality. Under the influence of stressors of the military conflict a person experiences certain physiological reactions, which can seriously and inevitably transform his or her value and meaning sphere, disrupt the usual perception of reality, thus destroying faith in the future and depriving him or her of the desire to build life prospects. Strong traumatic events entail the breakdown or transformation of the system of values, beliefs, perceptions of the world and of oneself, which in the absence of a replacement can lead to destructive manifestations. The desire to compensate for this catastrophe can be realized in several ways: in the form of an attempt to preserve the former system of beliefs and values or in the form of revision and creation of a new, more flexible and viable system. The meaningful experience acquired by a person in a traumatic situation becomes a burden for him in a more favorable situation, a heavy life load, which is rejected by him as something alien and foreign. Therefore, the study of changes in the functioning of personality in the conditions of psychotraumatic experience of the internal armed conflict is mandatory in the study of the transformation of meanings in the conditions of the armed conflict and in the post-conflict period.

the article is devoted to the study of the problem of the formation of professional values of future teachers in the context of dynamic socio-cultural and technological transformations. The relevance of studying the dynamics of teachers' professional values is due to global changes in the educational environment caused by the introduction of innovative technologies and the humanization of the pedagogical process. This study is devoted to identifying the peculiarities of changing the professional values of students of pedagogical universities during participation in the program "Positive teaching", designed to form the professional values of a future teacher. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the dynamics of professional values among future teachers in the process of implementing the Positive Teaching development program. The research objectives are as follows: to conduct a theoretical analysis of modern approaches to understanding the structure and content of professional values of a teacher, to develop and implement the Positive Teaching program aimed at developing professional pedagogical values of future teachers, to experimentally study the initial level of professional values formation among students of a pedagogical college (the ascertaining stage), to evaluate the effectiveness of the program by comparative analysis of the dynamics of value orientations at the control and experimental stages of the study. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time it presents the results of testing and analyzing the effectiveness of the author's program "Positive Teaching", aimed at the purposeful formation and correction of professional values of students of pedagogical fields. The study reveals not only the static state of value orientations, but also their dynamics in the process of purposeful psychological and pedagogical support. In the course of an empirical study, the hypothesis about the positive impact of the Positive Teaching program on the structural and meaningful transformation of professional values of future teachers was confirmed. It was found that the participants of the experimental group had a significant increase in the importance of such values as "student development and self-realization", "psychological comfort of participants in the educational process", "cooperation and dialogue", "professional growth and creativity of the teacher". The results obtained indicate the high effectiveness of the program and the possibility of its use in the higher pedagogical education system to train competitive and psychologically competent specialists who meet the challenges of our time. The results of the study confirm the need for further implementation of elements of positive upbringing and active learning in the system of teacher training, emphasizing the importance of emotional well-being and inner satisfaction with the profession as the basis of an effective educational process. The authors substantiate the need to move from fragmented impacts to a holistic systemic management of this process in college. The concept of a professional values development program is presented, which has shown positive dynamics as a result of testing on the basis of a college implementing a training program for pedagogical specialties.

the study of the psychological characteristics of serial offenders is an integral part of the identification and investigation of crimes of this category. During the initial stages, serial characteristics are differentiated, their presence or absence in a series of similar crimes is substantiated, and a "criminal signature" is identified as a reflection of the offender's actions. This article analyzes the causes and factors that hampered the search and apprehension of Soviet serial killer A. Chikatilo and attempts to examine his individual psychological characteristics based on his written speech (using Chikatilo's letters to Argumenty i Fakty and B.N. Yeltsin).

in the context of modern society, patriotism is traditionally regarded as one of the fundamental moral values that contribute to strengthening social unity and national identity. However, the deeper aspects of patriotism often remain underestimated, which makes it difficult to understand it holistically. The present study is aimed at an in-depth analysis of the structure of patriotism, taking into account the development of spiritual and moral qualities of a person. The paper presents the author's vision of the key elements underlying the patriotic feeling, as well as substantiates the importance of the harmonious formation of internal motivation and a system of moral guidelines. The novelty of the research lies in an attempt to comprehensively consider the spiritual and moral prerequisites that determine and transform patriotic manifestations, starting from the individual level of perception and ending with collective forms of expression of love for the Motherland.

the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has a significant impact on modern medicine, opening new opportunities in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and the selection of optimal therapeutic strategies. However, the use of AI in healthcare is accompanied by a number of bioethical challenges related to the distribution of responsibility between physician and algorithm, patient autonomy in decision-making, as well as ensuring confidentiality and protection of personal medical data. This article examines the key aspects of these issues, analyzes their interconnections, and suggests possible approaches to shaping ethical and legal frameworks for the application of AI in medical practice.

the author has carried out a comparative analysis of various points of view on the psychological mechanisms of the formation of destructive attitudes of a person when involved in terrorist organizations. Various methods of recruitment for involvement in terrorist organizations are described. – recruitment carried out through the face-to-face participation of a representative of a sect or terrorist organization in public places, in transport, on the territory of universities, at exhibitions, and recruitment carried out by a representative of a terrorist organization remotely through the use of the Internet telecommunications network using methods of information influence (using the example of the extremist terrorist organization ISIS), including through the creation of a media space, broadcasting inculcated ideas, attitudes and values, organizing personal communication through the use of social networks. Regardless of the form of exposure – in the form of personal communication or the organization of exposure through means and methods of informational influence, the starting point of recruitment is to attract the attention of a potential victim of exposure. Attracting the attention of the recruiter is carried out using conversation methods with the personal participation of the recruiter or through the use of information channels using the Internet communication network. Information that can be obtained through the Internet communication network can inspire confidence in a potential victim of exposure due to the fact that the Internet has become a substitute for classical information acquisition tools. Potential victims of exposure from the ISIS terrorist organization are young people who spend 8 hours or more a day in the media space, which increases the likelihood of information exposure.

modern conditions, characterized by high dynamics of changes, require individuals to quickly master new types of activity. In this regard, education today places a special emphasis on the development of personal qualities, value orientations, and meanings. For adolescents, project activities become an effective tool for transforming their value-based sphere, as they allow them to acquire unique experiences and build individual growth trajectories based on them. This sphere is a complex entity that determines the choice of activities and professional preferences. Research shows that adolescents' values are fluid and influenced by external factors, and their formation is a complex process that involves emotional, intellectual, and behavioral aspects of the individual. Therefore, the development of new values is impossible without transforming personal experiences. Participation in a project that involves identifying a problem and independently.

generalized contemporary theoretical frameworks and the empirical base of psycho-oncology are presented as an integration of the biopsychosocial model with cognitive-behavioral, social-cognitive, and existential–meaning-oriented approaches. A narrative review of peer-reviewed sources (2015–2025; Russian- and English-language) prioritized clinical guidelines (ASCO, NCCN, ESMO), systematic reviews/meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and conceptual work on stress appraisal–coping, self-efficacy, meaning making, and post-traumatic growth. Synthesis indicates: depression, anxiety, clinically significant distress, and fear of cancer recurrence are highly prevalent and negatively associated with treatment adherence and quality of life; existential–meaning resources (sense of meaning, spirituality, value reappraisal) and social support act as buffers of psychological morbidity; validated psychosocial interventions—cognitive-behavioral programs, stress-management and mindfulness modules, as well as existentially oriented protocols (CALM, meaning-centered psychotherapy)—consistently reduce distress and improve quality-of-life outcomes across clinical contexts. Identified gaps include underdiagnosis and limited access to care, sample and cultural heterogeneity, constrained long-term durability of effects, the need for personalization and measure adaptation, and non-linear trajectories of post-traumatic growth. Practical implications: system-wide integration of mandatory distress screening at all treatment stages, targeted protocols for fear of recurrence, and hybrid (in-person/online) long-term support models; research priorities: mediators/moderators of effectiveness and psychobiological mechanisms of stress in oncology.

in the context of increasing globalization and international business integration, effective personnel motivation management as a key competitive advantage is becoming increasingly important for Russian and Chinese companies. This article examines the impact of the intensity of human resource management practices on employee motivation through the lens of perceived organizational support. The study aimed to test the mediating role of organizational support in the mechanism by which HRM practices influence employee work motivation. An additional objective is to expand our understanding of the psychological mechanisms through which HR practices translate into specific work behavior outcomes in a cross-cultural context. The results confirmed that high intensity of human resource management practices has a positive impact on employee motivation, with this relationship mediated by the perception of affective and instrumental organizational support.

this article examines the psychological analysis of the relationship between value, life-purpose, and motivational characteristics of students majoring in the humanities and engineering. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between value orientations, life meanings, and the characteristics of academic motivation in students majoring in different fields of study. The following psychodiagnostic methods were used: "Value Orientations" by M. Rokich, "Life-Purpose Orientations" (LPO) test by D.A. Leontiev, and "Motivation for Academic Activity" test by A.A. Rean and V.A. Yakunin (modified by N. Ts. Badmaeva). The obtained results allowed us to identify differences in dominant values, levels of life meaning, and types of academic motivation among students majoring in various fields, as well as to establish the relationship between the components of the value-semantic and motivational spheres of the individual.

in a rapidly changing world, conscious design and construction of a person's life perspective is a necessary condition for achieving well-being, self-realization, and successful adaptation to the challenges of the time. This article analyzes the problem of designing and constructing a person's life perspective as a complex, dynamic process of semantic and temporal self-organization. It examines key theoretical approaches to studying the phenomenon of life perspective, identifies its structural components, and explores the psychological mechanisms of its formation. The article demonstrates that life perspective is not only a cognitive construct that reflects subjective perception of time, but also a mechanism for regulating the meaning of life. It is substantiated that in the process of designing the future, an individual acts as an active subject of their own life path, carrying out meaningful self-determination, choice, and construction of an individual development trajectory. The role of reflection and temporal integration in the process of designing a life path is emphasized.

the article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the personal competencies of young professionals: empathy, organizational and communicative abilities, strategies of behavior in conflict and sociability. Empirical research has revealed the predominance of an underestimated level of empathy and trends in the use of a rational channel, the manifestation of a penetrating ability in empathy and identification. Most of the participants have a low level of communication, organizational inclinations and an average level of sociability. The group is dominated by young professionals who tend to choose a «compromise» behavior model in conflict. Correlation analysis has shown that there are negative relationships between the conflict strategy of «avoidance» and attitudes that promote empathy; the penetrating ability of empathy; the general level of empathy, as well as positive relationships between confrontation and attitudes that promote empathy; the penetrating ability of empathy.

the article examines the psychological mechanisms that ensure the preservation of the working capacity of staff of the field psychological and pedagogical service in conditions of increased workload and instability of professional activity. The purpose of the study is to identify key internal and external factors contributing to the maintenance of professional performance, and to identify practical areas of psychological support. The methodological base includes a review of domestic and foreign research, surveys, and in-depth interviews with field team specialists. The main mechanisms identified are emotional regulation (stress and burnout control), cognitive strategies (rethinking difficulties, positive reframing), professional reflection and competence enhancement, development of team support and interdepartmental interaction, skills in planning and managing work/leisure boundaries, as well as systemic organizational support (supervision, access to resources, adequate allocation tasks). Based on the results, recommendations are proposed for psychological support, resilience enhancement programs, and organizational measures aimed at preventing professional burnout and improving the effectiveness of field services. The practical significance of the work lies in the development of an integrated approach to support the working capacity of mobile specialists, adapted to field conditions.

the article presents the results of a psychodiagnostic study devoted to the study of the locus of control in first-year students of Tver State Medical University. As the main diagnostic tool, the method of assessing the subjective localization of control over significant life events was used, which was adapted by E.G. Ksenofontova. This method allows to determine the degree of a person's inclination towards internal (internal) or external (external) perception of the source of control over what is happening. The study involved 100 first-year students studying in various fields of higher medical education. Data collection was carried out in the form of anonymous questionnaires, which contributed to obtaining more reliable and objective results by minimizing social desirability. The analysis of the obtained data showed that the prevailing trend among the sample participants is the external type of locus of control. This means that most of the participants have an external locus of control.

the aim of this study was to investigate the functional stress characteristics of international medical students studying in a secondary language (English). Sixty second-year international students of both sexes at Omsk Medical University participated in the study. We assessed the time (in astronomical hours) spent preparing for classes, the need for visual textual and illustrative support during classes (on a ten-point scale), and personal and state anxiety (using the C.D. Spielberger method; the control group consisted of Russian-speaking students). It was found that most females and males spend approximately three astronomical hours on independent preparation and require constant textual and illustrative visual support during classes. They also exhibited elevated levels of both personal and state anxiety, which can be interpreted as a physiological characteristic of higher nervous activity when mastering subjects in a secondary language.

this article examines the relationship between self-esteem and competitive mindset with mental health indicators in university students. The aim is to clarify the direct and indirect effects of self-esteem and competitive orientations on anxiety, depression, and stress, and to identify the role of academic pressure and social support. The empirical base is an anonymous online survey of undergraduate and graduate students (18–25 years old) from several faculties; validated scales of self-esteem, competitive attitudes, and symptomatology were used. Data were analyzed using multiple regression and mediation/moderation modeling. The results show that higher global self-esteem is associated with lower symptom severity, while hypercompetitive attitudes are associated with increased stress and anxiety; constructive competition mitigates these effects in the presence of strong social support. Academic pressure enhances the negative impact of hypercompetitiveness. The practical significance lies in the development of targeted prevention programs that combine training to develop resilient self-esteem, foster healthy competitive practices, and strengthen supportive educational environments. The limitations of the study are also discussed.

this article reports a study designed to identify the most effective method for enhancing adolescents’ self-organization within the regional educational project “Star of the Future”?. The study was conducted in 2021 at the Center for the Development of Modern Competencies for Children, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. A total of 58 participants aged 14-16 were recruited and randomly assigned to five groups (four experimental, one control). Baseline assessment included expert evaluation of attitudes toward self-organization, Questionnaire to determine the level of knowledge about self-organization and its components, and the Questionnaire for Diagnosing Features of Self-Organization (A.D. Ishkov and N.G. Miloradova, 2003). Four pedagogical conditions (program modules) were implemented across the experimental groups: classical instruction, team-based group project work, individual research, and an integrated module combining all approaches in abbreviated form. The control group received classes without additional modifications. Posttest results indicated gains in self-organization across all experimental groups but not in the control group. Notably, the composite self-organization index – comprising emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components – was significantly higher in the group taught via team-based group projects than in the other groups.

the article examines factors affecting the emotional burnout of teachers in supplementary education, secondary schools, and higher education. It presents an analysis of existing approaches of burnout identification and its prevention from a historical perspective. The development of modern technologies, most of which are designed to facilitate the work of teachers, does not solve the main problem faced by teachers – emotional burnout. Teachers are exposed to various stressors: in addition to vulnerability in interpersonal relationships, they face information overload, the need to master new technologies during COVID-19 and in post-pandemic period, respond to numerous 21st century challenges. The article also analyses the causes of emotional burnout syndrome, the phases of development of its development, and methods of its potential prevention. The purpose of the article is to stimulate discussion among all parties interested in promoting burnout educational and preventive programs at all levels of the Russian education system.

the article is devoted to the topic of studying the listening skills of students of pedagogical training areas and specialties. This indicator is an important communicative characteristic of a person, necessary both in personal interaction and professional activity. Special importance is attached to listening by the requirements of pedagogical activity, therefore, already at the stage of preparing a future teacher, it is necessary to pay attention to this skill. A special feature of this study is an attempt to compare the listening skills of students of secondary and higher education. Such data may indicate the need for additional influences during the educational process aimed at developing students' listening skills. In addition, the results obtained can characterize the dynamics of the development of the studied indicator at different levels of education. The results of the work reflected the similarity in listening skills among future teachers enrolled in secondary and higher education programs. The high values obtained using the Pearson correlation coefficient for the group results of students (r=0.9816) and for the student responses to questions (r=0.8138) were revealed. Minor differences are associated with an increase in students with very high and high levels in the higher education group, and a certain percentage of students with low levels (10%) in the secondary vocational education group.

the article considers an axiological approach to understanding the self-organization of educational activities in relation to students of the primary school group. The role of students' values in the process of regulating behavior, planning, and monitoring the implementation of educational activities is analyzed. The article reveals the thesis that the value-semantic sphere acts as a significant psychological mechanism, and the values of cognition, cooperation, responsibility, and achievement have a significant impact on the nature of a primary school student's involvement in the educational process, determining the depth of data processing, the quality of regulation, and the sustainability of learning activities. The author pays special attention to the relationship of value orientations with the mechanisms of regulation and self-control, as well as their connection with the features of goal setting and planning typical of primary school age; the article emphasizes that value inclusion acts not only as a motivating factor, but also as a fundamental condition for the formation of educational independence and arbitrariness. The article substantiates the need for systematic pedagogical support aimed at forming a value-semantic base of educational activities, and suggests the possibility of considering self-organization as an integrative result of the interaction of values, regulatory processes and individual characteristics of students, which makes the axiological approach a promising direction for the development of modern educational practice.

the article examines the psychological and cognitive-behavioral mechanisms of vasovagal (blood-injection-injury, BII) phobia. It discusses key theoretical positions on the understanding of fear of blood and injections – from behavioral models to contemporary process-based models of cognitive-behavioral therapy. The review summarizes relevant studies addressing the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of fear through the lenses of interoceptive anxiety, catastrophizing, and maladaptive self-regulation. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of cognitive and bodily factors that contributes to a stable phobic pattern. Current treatment methods are considered – applied tension, exposure, inhibitory learning, mindfulness techniques, and process-based CBT. The paper concludes with the need for further integration of cognitive and psychophysiological approaches in the study of fear and the regulation of bodily states.

the article examines the process of gender socialization within family traditions and the intergenerational transmission of gender stereotypes, using the Republic of Crimea as a case study. The relevance of the research is substantiated: despite socio-cultural changes, many families retain traditional gender attitudes. A review of recent literature highlights the family’s role in shaping gender roles and the contradictions between declared equality and the actual division of family roles. The aim of the study is to identify features of gender stereotype transmission between generations (grandchildren aged 18-25, parents 35-50, grandparents 60+) in Crimean families. The sample (N=216) included representatives of three generations with equal numbers of men and women. The methods used are described: an authorial questionnaire on family traditions, gender role stereotyping scales, and a socialization agents survey. Simulated quantitative results are presented: the oldest generation exhibits more pronounced traditional attitudes, whereas the youngest is more egalitarian (differences statistically significant, p < 0.01). A gender effect is also noted: women of all generations are somewhat less inclined to support stereotypes than men. Analysis with ?? and ANOVA confirms the intergenerational dynamics. In the discussion, the results are compared with current studies: family traditions remain a key socialization agent, but their influence is transformed under the impact of education, media, and changing values. Conclusions emphasize the need for gender-awareness work with families. Practical recommendations are provided for the education system and family psychology specialists to mitigate the negative impact of stereotypes.

the article presents the results of a study conducted on a sample of students – future lawyers, as a result of which the level of their moral and ethical level of development and the tendency to deviant behavior were determined. The authors hypothesize that the high and middle level of moral development of the personality of students will be associated with the absence (or low level) of their tendency to deviant behavior. The results of an empirical study were analyzed and described (sample n = 60). The diagnosis of students of the law faculty of BrSU was carried out using the special tasks of L. Kolberg to determine their moral and moral development and the test for the test "Method for assessing the moral development of a person" (I. V. Mashchenko, N. N. Protko, V. N. Rostovtsev). The parameters of the moral development of the respondents were identified and the degree of respondents' tendency to deviant behavior was determined. Based on the results obtained, it can be argued that there is a direct positive correlation between the level of moral development of students and their tendency to deviant behavior. The results indicate that the higher the morality of the respondents, the lower the tendency to the appearance of deviant behavior. The practical applicability of the results in the implementation of educational work with students, the creation of training programs for the development of moral and moral qualities of the person, in the process of implementing counseling for young people and preventive and correctional work to prevent deviations of behavior among students.