No 1 (2024)

The article attempts to present in a holistic form the aesthetic views of one of the central figures of Russian culture and aesthetics of the mid and second half of the 19th century - Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov, whose views on the fundamentals of the development of art and artistic culture in general are relevant at the present time. In connection with the task, the concepts of nationality, historicism and nationality in art, which form the core and main line of development of Stasov’s aesthetic thought, come to the fore. At the same time, the unity of the theoretical attitudes of Stasov, who has enormous erudition in the field of both ancient and modern art, with his extensive practical activities as a music and art critic, responding to all significant events of cultural life, is emphasized. Based on the analysis of Stasov’s colossal critical and epistolary heritage, a general description of his aesthetic position is given, combining a democratic approach to understanding nationality, historicism as a support for the visual brightness of the national character, along with the elaboration of those shortcomings that are associated with the embodiment of these principles in art (“official” , “artificial” pseudo-nationality, stylizations - rough and refined, direct transfer of old outdated forms into modernity).

The comparative historical method used in the study is represented mainly by analogies, as well as a statement of the existing differences in the cultural and aesthetic concepts of Stasov and the writer and philosopher, author of the famous “Russian Nights” V.F. Odoevsky. In this vein, the problem of Stasov’s influence on the aesthetics of the Balakirev circle in the field of music and the principles of social service, realism and nationality in the art of the “Itinerants” in painting are touched upon. The peculiarity of the article is that it is based to a large extent on rare sources - lifetime journal publications and the publication of Stasov’s collected works of the late 19th century.

The article is devoted to the problem of determining the degree of resource endowment of the subjects of the Russian Federation as a factor of regional development. The state of the resource base affects the level and growth rates of the socio-economic system of the regions and the national economy. The subject of the study is the state of resource endowment of the development of the regions of the Siberian Federal District. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing the state of tangible and intangible resources of the regions that are part of the Siberian Federal District and its impact on the socio-economic development of territories. To achieve the goal of the study several tasks were solved, such as the classification of the region's resources, the development of a methodology for carrying out a comparative assessment of resource endowment of the subjects of the Siberian Federal District and conducting on its basis a comparative analysis of resource endowment of the selected group of regions. The research methodology includes general scientific (content analysis, empirical method, observation, systematic approach, comparative analysis) and special methods (analysis of regional statistics, index method, method of logical matrices, etc.). The information base of the study was formed by the data of the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), websites of territorial bodies of Rosstat, the Federal Service for Intellectual Property, reports of the Analytical Center under the Government of the Russian Federation.

The results of the study consist in the development of a methodology for assessing the state of resource endowment of the region and conducting on its basis a comparative analysis of the state of the resource base of the subjects of the Siberian macro-region, which allowed us to determine the differentiation of resource endowment of regions as factors of development asymmetry.

The paper examines the issues of using accounting tools necessary to systematize information on the performance of economic entities of various groups: commercial organizations of the real sector; non-profit organizations of the real and public sectors; organizations of the budgetary sphere; taking into account the possibility of its harmonization in order to bring together the methodology of national accounting for external and internal control of the reliability of information. The characteristics of the main accounting tools are given, taking into account the content of the requirements of modern legal regulation. The methodological basis of the work was general scientific principles and research methods: analysis and synthesis, logical linking, systematization. The author's position on the issue of harmonization of accounting tools for economic entities of various groups in relation to accounts and accounting registers is presented. The proposed structure of the accounting account is based on the structure of the budget accounting account, since its structure is more suitable for detailing information that can be used for management purposes, which is especially important in modern conditions. Accounting registers can be harmonized based on those used in the public sector. Transaction journals group information in a chronological and systematic manner based on the source document, indicating its number and date, which is preferable from the point of view of internal control. For commercial organizations, they can also be generated in an accounting program. The need to harmonize accounting tools is due to the fact that federal standards for the commercial sector and the public sector implement the same principles of accounting and reporting. Conceptual approaches to accounting are disclosed in the Law “On Accounting”, establishing the same accounting rules for the same objects of accounting supervision. The proposed author's approach to the harmonization of accounting tools for various groups of economic entities, and its use to reflect information about accounting objects, can be implemented in the process of improving legal regulation in order to control the activities of commercial organizations, especially those that receive funding from state budget. The main results obtained by the author make it possible to standardize information processing algorithms in the digital environment.

In modern philosophy, there is a synthesis of the main directions of classical philosophy of language of the early 20th century: analytical philosophy, hermeneutics and structuralism/poststructuralism. The article provides a brief overview of the idea of the disappearance of the subject in two of the three indicated natures - (post)structuralism, as well as in one of the school analytical philosophy - “critical rationalism”.

The author seeks to show the lack of meaningfulness of the thesis of the “death of the subject” in the context of the modern development of philosophy. The ideas of “death of the subject” and “death of the author” appear to the author as only slogans that contradict real history. As one example, the article notes the presence of authorship and the author in ancient literature, and the absence of this authorial individual in the scientific discourse of antiquity itself.

The evolution of the category of subject in the Middle Ages is briefly examined. It is argued that both in antiquity and in the Middle Ages, the categories of subject and object are not yet connected in any way with the human individual, but retain a pure logical-grammatical interpretation: the subject is just the subject, the object of thought, and the object is just the predicate, predicate. The significance of medieval nominalism is also noted, which influenced the subsequent inversion of these categories: the subjective existence of the scholastics is transformed into an object, which leads to the category of objective reality, and objective existence turns into a subject (the Cartesian subject as an individual cognitive mind).

Finally, the article examines some interpretations of the category of subject in 20th-century philosophy. Controversial aspects of these interpretations are criticized. The tendency towards a synthesis of various philosophical trends of the 20th century in the field of philosophy of language is also considered. As an additional classification, the author uses and analyzes the already traditional (after the works of R. Rorty) division of philosophy into “philosophy as a science” and “philosophy as literature.” Philosophy as a science is seen by the author as the mainstream, and philosophy as literature as marginalia of the European tradition.

The subject of the article is distance, and applications of its analysis, namely: distancial and proximal phenomena and research. The research method is exemplification, explanation of phenomena through characteristic examples, here – distances. Distance has different meanings: distance, detachment, distinction, retreat, distance, alienation, etc., having different natures: physical, figurative, religious, logical, etc. However, if understanding comes late, through distance, then what is the use of it? Depending on the understanding of the infinite, there are two types of distance: 1) a distance leading to an unattainable perfection, an ideal, here infinity turns into emptiness; 2) a distance that includes the finite and emptiness as ideal moments of movement. The distance is determined through a series of successive approximations, or "near" and "far". In other words, the definition of distance coincides with the definition of truth. For example, K. Levi-Strauss showed that the savage thought as well as modern man, progress occurred not in thinking, but in living conditions. Here people of distant epochs come closer together, through finding a distance between them – this is indicated by the principle of the constancy of distance. An example of a distal study is the definition of the "power distance index", the proximity or remoteness of power from the people. The distances between the past, present and future have ideological significance. Research on this issue notes the reduction of the present time through growth, pressure and acceleration of innovation, alienation from the past and present. A. Einstein, denied the phenomenon of irreversibility, and believed that the division of time into the past, present and future is an illusion. The greatest distance between near and far is created by religion. The article proposes a new trichotomy of truth./false/faith, where faith is the sphere of meaning. Faith forms a distance that transcends human experience – transcendence. Distance and understanding should have a measure – the distance should not be too close or too far, and also go (slip away) into the empty otherworldliness of infinity. Distance correlates with the path, if the path is a necessary condition for existence and understanding, then distance should be a sufficient reason for the path (both understanding and existence).. The concept of distance can be attributed to the "dimensional categories" of the synthetic paradigm (the expression of D.V. Pivovarov).

The average speed and density of road transport are used as indicators of the congestion situation, but do not allow tracking the evolution (stages of formatting, progressing, and vanishing) of traffic congestion. The authors proposed and justified a quantitative indicator of traffic congestion, which allows in an automated mode to identify the congestion situation on the urban road network using hardware and software video recording systems. The purpose of this study is due to the need to study the quantitative characteristics of the proposed indicator at characteristic intersections of urban roads, which will allow us to develop scientifically based recommendations for predicting congestion situations, substantiating, and making optimal decisions on measures to promptly eliminate traffic congestion. The object of study is the traffic flow at three types of intersections of the Perm city road network, equipped with a photo and video recording software and hardware complex. The subject of the study is the regularities of the evolution of the listed deterministic indicators of traffic flows, which can be used for operational forecasting of the formation, development, and elimination of traffic congestion. The theoretical and methodological approach is based on the methods of mathematical statistics used to process the results of observations of traffic flows at different types of intersections using a «sliding window», calculating the average daily value and standard deviation. The initial data were obtained with the help of hardware and software complexes for fixing violations of traffic rules installed on the street and road network of the Perm city. As a result of the study, the rational parameters of the "sliding window" were determined, ensuring the structuring of the traffic congestion indicator; the facts of the congestion situations formation were revealed; the features of the congestion evolution and the presence of problematic traffic directions for which it is advisable to change the traffic light regulation mode were determined. The theoretical and practical significance of the work consists in checking the operability of the proposed indicator and criterion of traffic congestion, which is of practical interest from the point of view of predicting anomalies in the movement of vehicles on the road network, adjusting the operating modes of traffic lights, etc. It is also possible to use the proposed traffic congestion indicator to assess the effectiveness of traffic light regulation on the Perm city road network. The direction of further research is to study the patterns of traffic congestion at intersections of the urban road network, of various types that are not included in this study.