Том 89, № 4 (2025)

Работа является развитием работ [1], [2] о существовании периодических и ограниченных решений для функционально-дифференциальных уравнений точечного типа, в которых отклонения аргумента задаются элементами циклической группы сдвигов на прямой. Установлена теорема существования ограниченного решения для уравнений, в которых отклонения аргумента задаются элементами произвольной конечно порожденной группы диффеоморфизмов прямой, сохраняющих ориентацию.Библиография: 32 наименования.

The non-linear steepest descent method is employed to study the long-time asymptotics of solution to the non-local Lakshmanan–Porsezian–Daniel equation with step-like initial data$$q(x,0)=q_0(x)\to\begin{cases}0, &x\to-\infty,A, &x\to+\infty,\end{cases}$$where $A$ is an arbitrary positive constant. We first construct the basic Riemann–Hilbert (RH) problem. After that, to eliminate the influence of singularities, we use the Blaschke–Potapov factor to deform the original RH problem into a regular RH problem which can be clearly solved. Then different asymptotic behaviors on the whole $(x,t)$-plane are analyzed in detail. In the region $(x/t)^2<1/(27\gamma)$ with $\gamma>0$, there are three real saddle points due to which the asymptotic behaviors have a more complicated error term. We prove that the asymptotic solution constructed by the leading and error terms depends on the values of $\operatorname{Im}v(-\lambda_j)$, $j=1,2,3$, where $v(\lambda_j) =-(1/(2\pi))\ln|1+r_1(\lambda_j)r_2(\lambda_j)|-(i/(2\pi))\Delta(\lambda_j)$, $\Delta(\lambda_j)=\int_{-\infty}^{\lambda_j}d \arg(1+r_1(\zeta)r_2(\zeta))$, $r_i(\xi)$, $i=1,2$, are the reflection coefficients and $\lambda_j$ are the saddle points of thephase function $\theta(\xi,\mu)$. Besides, the leading term is characterized by parabolic cylinder functions and satisfies boundary conditions. In the region $(x/t)^2>1/(27\gamma)$ with $\gamma>0$, there are one real and two conjugate complex saddle points. Based on the positions of these points, we improve the extension forms of the jump contours and successfully obtain the large-time asymptotic results of the solution in this case.

Let $A$, $B$ be $n\times n$ normal matrices with eigenvalues $(a_1,…,a_n)$, $(b_1,…,b_n)$, respectively. We show that $\det(A+B)$ lies in the convex hull of$\bigcup_{\psi\in\mathcal{S}_n}\{\prod_{i=1}^n(a_i+b_{\psi_i})\}$if all eigenvalues of $A$, $B$ are real, except for three eigenvalues of $B$.