Vol 45, No 4 (2024)

The authors’ main attention is focused on current problems of studying continuity and scientific traditions in psychology. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of promising directions for studying the traditions of domestic psychological science: taking into account when studying the traditions of scientific developments on the generation of knowledge, primarily tacit; analysis of the role of individual personal variables, including ideological guidelines, cognitive attitudes, life values, features of the professional development of the researcher himself in the process of selection of knowledge acquiring the status of tradition; study of traditions as the foundations and distinctive features of scientific schools in psychology. A model for studying scientific traditions in psychology is proposed, based on ideas about three aspects of the existence of science (knowledge, social institution, cognitive activity) and different views on the understanding of the term “tradition” (according to E. Shatsky) — functional, objective and subjective. It is concluded that the preservation and development of scientific traditions is the responsibility of not only the scientific community as a whole, but also personally of each researcher involved in scientific creativity in the field of psychology.

The article is devoted to the problems of the state of abilities in modern foreign psychology. At the basis of American psychology, the historical dynamics of a significant increase in the interest of foreign psychologists in the development of problems of abilities in the 20th-21st centuries are stated. The analysis is carried out on the basis of research in leading scientific publications published in 1991–2024. Their multidimensional and qualitative characteristics are based on a methodological and functional method of analysis, which makes it possible to distinguish types of research, their subject, method, empirical object, as well as relation to abilities such as object formation or measurement. A comparative description of the abilities of American and Russian psychology allows us to establish their thematic unity at the level of research (dominance of empirical potential), their subject (predominance of interest in general abilities), method (predominance of quantitative potential), as well as the predominance of functional measurement potential for determining problems of abilities. The distinctive features of the capabilities of American psychology are the Western volume of meta-analytic theoretical research, as well as the predominance of groups of subjects as the object of empirical research. In conclusion, it is argued that the experience of American psychology can be used in international studies of problems of abilities, in organizing discussions of some classification bases of types of abilities, in work on the number of specialized scientific publications.

The population of the Chinese nation makes up a quarter of the total population of the globe. If studies of the self-consciousness of the Chinese nation are not conducted in world psychology, then a significant gap will appear in this field of knowledge. It is no exaggeration to say that the study of Chinese national identity plays an important role in the field of world psychology. The self-awareness of the Chinese nation at the cognitive level is manifested in a full understanding of the traditional cultures of various Chinese ethnic groups, a rational attitude to ethnic cultural differences and the constant improvement of cultural adaptability. The self-awareness of the Chinese nation on an emotional level manifests itself in the form of close exchanges and contacts between various ethnic groups, constantly reducing the psychological distance between these groups, forming complex and harmonious ethnic relations; The will and beliefs are manifested as the will and determination of all ethnic groups in the process of realizing the great renaissance of the Chinese nation. A complete understanding of the conceptual system of self-awareness of the Chinese nation from the point of view of ethnic psychology is of great importance for building a Chinese national community.

The paper is devoted to the study of learning in solving arithmetic problems in the conditions of digital learning. Learning is considered as a functional system, the level of differentiation of which can be related to the number of steps in problem solving. The goal of the paper is to find out the model that could more accurately describe the relationships between the number of steps and task types on Addition data and predict the number of steps on Multiplication data. The hypothesis is that with a given similarity, there is a correlation between the number of steps in solution of addition and multiplication tasks. We have created two experimental courses, “Addition” and “Multiplication” to make participants learn optimal methods of calculation of arithmetic tasks. The courses have the same structure and belong to a common domain (arithmetic tasks). It is a condition for similarity of learning. We have found out significant positive correlation between the number of steps in solution of addition and multiplication tasks on average for the sample. We have used a regression-based classification. Few models have been built for each individual personally and trained on the Addition data, then applied on the Multiplication data. The best of these models correctly predict the number of steps in 33–40% of tasks (SD = 17–22%, max = 88%), in other tasks they give a prediction with a small error of 1–2 units, which indicates its medium predictive ability.

The analysis of empirical studies and reviews was conducted to highlight the influence of four family factors: socio-economic status, family structure, parental stress (symptoms of anxiety and depression in mothers), and inconsistent discipline on children’s behavioral problems. Studies that assess heredity’s contribution to each factor were also examined. Known and hypothesized mechanisms that negatively affect child behavior are described. The importance of changing the proximal environment for correcting behavior problems, particularly inconsistent discipline, is emphasized.

The article examines the theoretical and methodological problems of historical psychology. The problem of forming one’s own conceptual and categorical apparatus of historical psychology is substantiated, and a scheme for highlighting the essential characteristics of the concept of “historical time” is proposed on the basis of V.I. Razumov’s categorical-system methodology and theory of dynamic information systems. The primary categorical triad allowed us to identify three main characteristics that are essential, necessary and sufficient to describe the content of a particular historical time. It is shown that “historical time” in psychological research can be considered taking into account the entire time context: historical events, historical personalities, worldview, lifestyle. The article identifies another significant aspect of the manifestation and reflection of “historical time” — material material history. The task of considering material history in a specific historical time is set.

The article is devoted to the author’s reflection and analysis of a number of episodes of the scientific biography of the famous Soviet scientist, a prominent representative of the Leningrad/St. Petersburg Psychological School, Gennady Vladimirovich Sukhodolsky. His struggle for the ethical component of scientific activity, for historical continuity in Russian psychological science at all stages of its development is shown. His work on the return of the honest name of N.Ya. Growth is being considered. The rehabilitation of pre-revolutionary Russian psychology, which was ideologically influence in Soviet times, has been carried out. The role of scientific schools and their leaders in ensuring historical continuity and scientific ethics in Russian psychology is discussed.

J. Modern research has proven that an adult possesses a flexible, complex system of attachments. To explore the role of an individual’s attachment to different figures in diverse contexts of his/her life, researchers need reliable and valid instruments designed for this purpose. One of such measures is a questionnaire developed by R. Fraley and colleagues for English-speaking population — “Experience of close relationships — Relationship structures” (ECR-RS). The article presents the results of ECR-RS validation for Russian respondents. The sample comprised 668 students of Moscow, Barnaul and Vladimir universities, aged from 17 to 39 (M = 19.54; SD = 2.33; Md = 19.00), female — 84.7%. The results show that the construct and discriminant validity, and reliability of the Russian-language version of ECR-RS have been proven. Descriptive statistics for the measure are presented. The results of the study suggest that ECR-RS-Rus is an appropriate measure of the quality of attachment to different close people.

A brief result of the analysis of modern approaches undertaken within the framework of the collective monograph “Scientific approaches in modern domestic psychology” (M., 2023) is presented. 27 chapters (of different approaches) were divided into general psychological (developing within psychological science), general scientific approaches in psychology (interdisciplinary, resource, environmental, network, etc.), specific psychological in the field of psychology (personality psychology, social psychology, speech psychology, professional activities, etc.) and scientific approaches in applied psychology. Four options for comparisons are considered: the possibility of integration (V.A. Mazilov, V.A. Yanchuk) or comparison of scientific approaches (E.A. Sergienko, A.V. Yurevich). Based on the analysis, guidelines were proposed in an attempt to present the space of psychological science as differentiated by different approaches, and interconnected through the openness of borders and the flexibility of conceptual structures. The leading concepts, specifying concepts, methodological principles and leading methods of approaches are identified. all four groups demonstrate interconnections and complementarities in the understanding of nature, multidetermination of the psyche, and the ability to solve new and complex problems on their basis. Many approaches incorporate concepts and principles of other approaches in psychology. General scientific approaches have generated not only new concepts in psychology (interdisciplinarity, psychological resources), but also new methodological principles. I would like to emphasize that the analysis demonstrated a significant expansion of the methodological principles of psychological sciences, which are explicit not only in general psychological and general scientific, but also specific scientific approaches. The principles of interdisciplinarity, uncertainty, anticipation, subjectivity, evolution, multi-determination and self-development were justified, along with confirmation of the principles of systematicity, the unity of consciousness and activity, the unity of being and consciousness. But even the principles traditional for psychology are filled with new content, excluding determinism, which fetters a person by universal laws, and indeterminism, where a person is lost in infinite degrees of freedom. The author’s approach to the analysis of scientific approaches in psychology is an attempt to compare them and highlight trends in the development of methodology, which involves discussions and discussions, new solutions, new analysis possibilities, which is necessary for the development of our science and the implementation of the idea of the opponent circle.