Volume 143, Nº 1 (2023)

Autoimmune diseases are associated with a severe course, early complications, disability and early mortality. Subpopulations of γδ T cells participate in the development of autoimmune diseases, including experimental ones, contributing to tissue damage. The inflammatory functions of γδ T cells are determined by their synthesis of cytokines, including IL-17, IFNγ and TNF-α, which are usually involved in autoimmunity. Different subpopulations of γδ T cells are associated with different autoimmune diseases depending on their tissue expression, and their function may contribute to pathogenesis. In this article we review studies on the role of γδ T cells in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma, as well as their animal models. Due to the unique properties of γδ T cells encompassing adaptive and innate immunity functions, a growing understanding of this unique T cell population sheds new light on the pathogenesis of these diseases and potentially allows new therapeutic approaches to their treatment.

It has long been recognized that parabiosis and paranecrosis are two close cytological theories that have demonstrated the intermediate state of the cell between life and death from various scientific positions. However, they have not previously been shown by anyone at the same time on the same object. This became the goal of our electron microscopic work. Active and non-excitable membranes of nerve and glial cells under pessimal inhibition have been studied. The main sign of paranecrosis was considered denaturation and aggregation of membrane protein, manifested in a decrease in its degree of dispersion and dehydration. Parabiosis was caused by the pessimal frequency of electroactivation of the sympathetic ganglion of white rats. As a result, the axolemma turned into a thick membrane, reinforced with fringe and the appearance of desmosomes. There were protein sticking from the inside of the neurolemma in the form of pyramids, which, by retracting, curved the membrane. In its bends, pyramid-like loose aggregates of intermembrane protein were formed from the outer sides of the glial and axolemm membranes, which, merging, turned into a kind of hourglass and septa. The septa were localized in the intercellular slits of axons and glia and often crossed both membranes. In chemical synapses, the shell of dendrites turned out to be denser than that of presynaptic axons. The process of protein aggregation and retraction locally narrows the intercellular axo-axonal and axo-glial cleft. Gap and tight junctions (GJ and TJ) are formed. So, for the first time we got a way of their experimental education. All reactive changes that occur de novo are considered as one reversible process of denaturation and aggregation of the mass of intrinsic and near-membrane proteins developed under the influence of frequency electrical stimulation. The pulse of the drug is restored within minutes. It is assumed that the revealed changes, paranecrosis, are a morphological manifestation of parabiosis.

A model of channelized evolution of the S. araneus L. karyotype in the processes of replacement of ten pairs of acrocentric chromosomes by five pairs of metacentric chromosomes has been proposed. The channelized evolution of the karyotype arises due to the inability of Rb fusions with incomplete (monobrachial) homology to spread in the same population. Therefore, an Rb fusion, due to some random event first appearing in a population, largely determines the further evolution of the karyotype of that population. After the third replacement of acrocentric chromosomes by metacentric ones, the replacement of the remaining 6 pairs of acrocentrics allows the formation of no more than three karyotypes with five diagnostic metacentrics, which can be predicted, regardless of which rearrangements result in metacentric chromosomes (Rb fusion or WART). The channelized karyotypic evolution greatly increases the likelihood of parallel karyotype formation, in cases where evolution begins with identical metacentrics in geographically distant populations. An example of parallel evolution that began with the gk metacentric is the identical karyotypes of the new Mogilev race from Belarus and the Tomsk race from Western Siberia. The evolution of Eastern European chromosomal races shows hybrid fusion processes between the karyotypes of the East European karyotypic group (EEKG) and the West European karyotypic group (WEKG).

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) belongs to the wheat tribe, which includes representatives of the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Hordeum, etc. The genera Aegilops and Triticum in the process of evolution have repeatedly hybridized with each other, including with the formation of polyploid forms that have the status of species and belong to the so-called Triticum–Aegilops alliance. As the methodological possibilities developed, various approaches were used to determine the ancestors of certain species of this alliance, ranging directly from interspecific crosses and cytogenetic methods to whole genome sequencing of non-nuclear and nuclear genomes. It has been established that the genome of bread wheat T. aestivum, one of the main food crops in the world, consists of three related subgenomes, which received the symbols A, B, D. At present, only the donor of the D subgenome, which is Aegilops tauschii Coss., is reliably known. The ancestor of subgenome A is presumably considered to be T. urartu Thum. ex Gandil. Information about the donor of the B subgenome is less clear, but most likely it is Ae. speltoides Tausch. or a species close to it. This review is devoted to the consideration of some old data on the putative donors of bread wheat, which, taking into account the maternal form, the BBAADD genome, and the refinement of some phylogenetic relationships in the Triticum–Aegilops alliance in the light of new information obtained as a result of whole genome sequencing of wheat.