Vol 7, No 3 (2025)

Introduction. The current task of modern jurisprudence is the formation of legal thinking. This goal is largely achieved thanks to the theoretical and legal sciences, among which the philosophy of law occupies a special place. The ideological (personal) component of the philosophy of law gives it special significance as a science of fundamental jurisprudence.

Using the example of the ethical and legal views of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, a systematic and genetic approach to the study of the state and law is shown. In theoretical terms, the philosophy of law of Ancient Greece is of particular interest: Greek philosophers considered all the main concepts and problems in the field of law and state, showing their semantic characteristics. The principles they developed are largely important for the development of legal thinking in the 21st century.

Theoretical Basis. Methods. The purpose of this work is to study the political and legal doctrines in Ancient Greece as socio-cultural phenomena. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: analysis of the ethical and political views of Socrates; definition of the state as the idea of truth and goodness in Plato’s teaching; consideration of the main methodological foundations of Aristotle’s philosophy of law.

The following methods were used in the study: analysis and synthesis, hermeneutic, comparative approaches.

Results. The analysis of political and legal phenomena and their assessments by ancient authors allowed the author to formulate a number of conclusions.

1. According to Socrates, the state should be based on justice.
2. Plato sought to implement the idea of good in reality. Moral life, he believed, can only be realized in the state. Therefore, Plato’s moral teaching grows into a doctrine of the state, individual ethics becomes social.
3. Aristotle’s ethics is not aimed at understanding a single, eternal, unchanging ideal; the subject of his research is specific benefits achievable by man. His focus is on the issues of defining the state, analyzing its forms and the reasons for the change of state power in each of these forms.

Discussion and Conclusion. Using the example of the analysis of the philosophy of law in Ancient Greece (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), the author shows the value of the history and methodology of law, the history of political and legal doctrines, and the philosophy of law. It is argued that philosophy served as the logical and theoretical basis for the teachings of ancient thinkers. Ancient thinkers considered the state, law, and man in their unity and integral interrelation. An important theme of the philosophy of law of this time is the creation of a state and law based on justice. A characteristic feature of ancient philosophy of law is its dialogic nature, which allows one to see and evaluate the author’s approaches to revealing the essence of political and legal phenomena.

Introduction. The study is carried out at the intersection of philosophy, linguistic philosophy and legal psychology. The article is devoted to the study of phraseological units with the concept of “truth”. The purpose of this study is to consider how the psychology of law and legal psychology are expressed through stable expressions with the concept of “truth”, how, as a result of recognition, understanding, and acceptance of a concept through phraseological units, an internal understanding of law is formed.

Theoretical Basis. Methods. The basis of the study was the meanings of the word “truth”, given in linguistic, philosophical, legal sources, as well as phraseological units with the concept of “truth”. The author used theoretical methods characteristic of philosophy (hermeneutic, systemic, analytical methods); methods used in the study of phraseology (contextual and component analysis, comparison method); methods specific to legal psychology (observation, data interpretation), etc.

Results. The article examines the content of phraseological units with the concept of “truth”, reveals the internal relationship between law and stable expressions with this concept, establishes the significance of the identified groups of phraseological units for understanding the attitude of the Russian people to truth and lies, shows how the philosophy of law and legal psychology of the Russian people are manifested through linguistic constructs. Phraseologisms with the concept of “truth” help to better understand the moral and ethical side of justice.

Discussion and Conclusions. The author has proven that the concept of “truth” and phraseological units that include this concept are not terms in modern Russian and are weakly tied to law, although their analysis provides an understanding of the internal legal motivation for people’s actions, since the concept of truth is an important moral and ethical guideline for modern man.

Introduction. The article explores the prospects of implementing the “Judge Under Protection” hardware-digital platform to ensure the personal safety of judges. It describes the platform’s concept, which includes a mobile application with a panic button that performs route monitoring, integrates with law enforcement databases, warns of potential risks of encountering threatening individuals, and, if necessary, records evidence.

Results. Special attention is given to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) through “smart glasses”, “smart watches” and other gadgets for rapid response and evacuation, as well as the role of criminology and profiling in the preventive identification of threats.

Discussion and Conclusion. Based on advanced experience, measures are proposed to enhance the security functions of judicial enforcement officers (bailiffs), contributing to judicial independence and strengthening trust in the justice system.

Introduction. This scientific article presents a comprehensive analysis of justice importance in the system of local self-government legal protection at current stage of the Russian state development.

Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis of the study was the works of legal scholars on justice issues. The methodological basis of the study is a complex of philosophical, general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition.

Results. The diversity of the scientists’ views and judgements on the place of justice in the mechanism of local self-government legal protection has been revealed. It is stated that local self-government is a democratic institution and its basic idea is democracy and ensuring adequate influence of municipal communities on the system of public authorities. The judiciary and justice system are constitutionally obliged to support municipal democracy using available and reasonable legal means. Currently, local self-government is undergoing another organizational and territorial reform, the new Federal Law No. 33-FZ of 20 March 2025 comes into force, after the adoption of which, undoubtedly, a new period of its development will begin within the framework of a single system of public authority. However, as part of the amendments to the current legislation, the subject of consideration of disputes by the judicial branch in the field of local self-government continues to expand.

Discussion and Conclusion. The conducted research draws conclusions that any judicial process involving public authorities (in particular local authority) should be considered not as a primary protection tool but as a legitimate mean to ensure the unity of public power system in cases where disputes between federal, regional and local authorities need an impartial resolution. It is noted that the appeal to the court is exactly the starting point of the movement of local self-government entities to legal protection of their rights.

Introduction. The article examines general scientific, theoretical, industry and practical arguments proving the need to differentiate legal and individual regulators of labor relations. The work analyzes controversial issues, including “measures for organizing” legal regulators; actual labor relations within the sphere of legal regulation; legal and individual regulators of labor relations; dialectical relationship between labor relations and individual labor relations.

Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis is formed by the works of K. Marx, F. Engels, works of scientists in the field of theory of state and law, labor law. General scientific methods are used: analysis, synthesis, systematization. In addition, the author based his judgments on comparative analysis, formal-legal and hermeneutic research methods.

Results. A comparative analysis of legal and individual regulation of labor relations was carried out. As a result of the study, a conclusion was drawn that it is generally scientifically and theoretically controversial, and practically not productive enough, to synthesize legal and individual regulators.

Introduction. The ideals of natural continuation of life, strong family, marriage and having many children can be brought to life through the content of specific legal norms and consistent law enforcement practice. The purpose of the work is to establish the provisions of the current legislation regulating property relations involving family members that stimulate behavior that diverges from the ideals of a strong family, marriage, having many children, and to suggest areas for improving positive law and law enforcement practice.

Theoretical Basis. Methods. The tasks of different social groups can differ significantly. Thus, the ideal of having many children is associated with solving the problems of Russian society. Attempts by older family members to comply with it can lead to a clash of property interests of children. Removal of acute contradictions between the tasks of social groups is possible by means of positive law. In the study, formal-dogmatic, historical-comparative, comparative-legal methods were used.

Results. The article analyzes the norms on the division of property of spouses acquired during marriage for compliance with the ideals of a strong family and having many children: the possibility of deviating from the principle of equal shares in the interests of children, the need to take into account the grounds and sources of funds for the acquisition of property. It describes a range of problems associated with the formation of shares in the right of ownership of children based on the norms of the legislation on family capital.

Discussion and Conclusion. The ideals of a strong family and having many children are consistent with the practice within the framework of which: 1) any deviations from the principle of equal shares in the division of jointly acquired property with reference to the interests of children are considered as exceptional cases; 2) when dividing joint property, the value of things alienated during the marriage that previously belonged to the spouse is taken into account. The obligation of parents to “register” a share in the right to property acquired at the expense of family capital for their children reduces incentives for independent and fruitful work, and contradicts a number of fundamental principles of Russian property and inheritance law.

Introduction. The article is devoted to a comparison of international and national legal mechanisms for the protection of people with disabilities. Certain trends in changes in the legal regulation of the status of disabled people are explored. A brief historical and legal overview of the formation of the institution for the protection of the rights of people with disabilities in Russia is provided. The main goal of the study is to highlight positive international and national experience in protecting vulnerable categories of the population for further improvement of domestic legislation.

Methods. The main methodological principle of the study was the principle of unity of theory and practice. When conducting the study, a systematic approach was used to compare international and national mechanisms for protecting the rights of people with disabilities. General scientific (historical, statistical, analysis) and special (formal legal, historical legal, comparative legal) methods of legal research were also used. When studying the issue of the possible use of positive legal experience in the modern mechanism of legal regulation, certain tools of the legal modeling method were also used.

Results. During the research process, an analysis of the legal protection of people with disabilities at the international and national levels was carried out, general trends in the development of the institute at the international and national level were identified, and a range of problems that needed further research was identified, recommendations are given for the possible use of positive experience in protecting the rights of people with disabilities in the modern legislative process.

Conclusion. Support for persons with disabilities is usually provided in the form of material benefits (social payments, housing) and non-material benefits (help with rehabilitation and socialization). These forms should be improved, legislation should follow the path of humanization, and society should receive legal education about the rights of persons with disabilities in order to promote their socialization.

Introduction. Modern criminal proceedings are undergoing changes under the influence of the global end towards digitalization of both institutions and the system of access to public services for citizens. Although the specifics of the criminal process naturally slow down the speed its informatization, ay the level of normative regulation and law enforcement practice, within the framework of the designated trend, solutions are increasingly being proposed that qualitatively transform the activities of preliminary investigation bodies and the court. Such changes affect the rights and legitimate interests of participants in criminal proceedings, but the system of their guarantees, while possessing a certain universality, is not sufficiently adapted to the more active use of information technology by law enforcement officers.

Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis of the study was made up of scientific works of Russian and foreign scientists devoted to various aspects of digitalization of judicial activity, use of electronic evidence, remote investigative actions, use of applied intelligent systems and effectiveness of the legal regulation system of the issues studied in the article were made using formal-legal, comparative-legal and general scientific research methods.

Results. The article proposes several approaches to the theoretical rethinking and normative transformation of the system of criminal procedural guarantees of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in the process in the context of more active use of digital technologies in investigative and judicial activities.

Discussion and Conclusion. The universalism of the present system of criminal procedural guarantees may become a disadvantage rather than an advantage in the context of consistent digitalization of legal proceedings, not meeting the needs to ensure the rights of individual participants in the process in the context of a variety of law enforcement situations combined with technical limitations. The author proposes a change in doctrinal and law enforcement approaches to guaranteeing the rights of individual subjects in the context of digitalization of criminal proceedings.