Том 6, № 2 (2024)
- Жылы: 2024
- Мақалалар: 18
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/2686-827X/issue/view/17286
Бүкіл шығарылым
Editor's notes
Necessity and Risks of Abandoning the Current Research Assessment System
Аннотация
Since 2012–13, Russia has been applying the research assessment system borrowed from Europe. This system uses bibliometric indicators of publication activity. Both European and Russian researchers have constantly objected to this system. They note that it is based on false assumptions approved by the authorities as fundamental principles. The European Union has realized the fallacy of such a research management system and its radical re-examination has begun since mid-2022.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):9-12
9-12
Discussion. Artificial intelligence: potentials and consequences of its application
Artificial Intelligence: Potentials and Consequences of Its Application
Аннотация
The academic debate about whether artificial intelligence is really an intelligence is far from over, but new technologies have already broken into the life of modern society. There are many fields of its common use and ways of its application are diverse. For instance, in medicine, it is used to preserve human health and save people’s lives, while it is applied to exactly the opposite purposes in the military sphere. All these generate hopes and fears, even euphoria and expectation of the end of human history at the same time. Neither the limits of artificial intelligence’s capabilities, nor the consequences of its use in the near future, and even more so in the long term, are yet clear. Will humankind be able to develop and use new technologies for good or will it let powerful destructive forces into life? What are new technologies really capable of and what will remain just fantasies? What directions will the development of new technologies take? All these issues remain a debatable area for now.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):13-14
13-14
Things to Keep in Mind When Thinking about Artificial Intelligence
Аннотация
The article discusses the reasons for the similarity of public opinion about artificial intelligence in different countries. At the same time, this opinion differs from the judgments expressed by experts on this topic. These similarities and differences are explained by the conformity between folk theories that stem from individuals due to their limited experience of interacting with artificial intelligence. Risk assessments given by experts do not fully take into account the results and findings of cognitive science that are directly related to artificial intelligence. A number of results obtained in the cognitive sciences are presented. The author highlights some of them that are useful to consider when assessing artificial intelligence.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):26-34
26-34
Cognitivism as the Basis of Artificial Intelligence
Аннотация
The article examines the main issues of cognitivism as the basis of artificial intelligence (AI) in a modern philosophical interpretation of these entities. A classification of AI is given according to the level of cognitivism of basic functions. We consider the issues of the evolution of the cognitive capabilities of artificial intelligence. The problems of predictability of the negative impact of AI on society are raised. The article highlights the main cognitive distortions that are possible when using artificial intelligence in research, namely, the illusion of research breadth. The authors provide recommendations for researchers and editors of academic journals regarding a competent use of AI in scientific experiments. This work also raises the issue of trust in the field of cybersecurity of AI systems. The authors consider the hypothesis about the presence of consciousness in chatbots and draw clear conclusions about its absence.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):35-45
35-45
Artificial Intelligence and Plato’s Cave
Аннотация
Artificial intelligence (AI) implemented on the basis of neural networks is compared to human intelligence because it is capable of replacing humans in performing a number of tasks. However, there are important differences that do not allow putting it on the same level as people. The dependence of the modern version of AI on humans lies not only in its origin, technology for its creation and its material embodiment, but also in the tasks it performs and data available to it for analysis. It operates with a system of concepts, abstractions and connections between them that is created by a human being. AI is in the same Plato’s cave as man himself and is limited by a person’s worldview. It does not realize the boundaries of the unknowable. The second important difference between AI and people is its memory effect which makes it similar to Laplace’s demon that is incapable of independent development. And the third difference is due to the technical design of modern AI employed on a computer device that does not have the flexibility of cognitive structures formed in the human brain.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):46-52
46-52
An Analysis of the System of Legal Regulation of the Existence of Artificial Intelligence Technologies
Аннотация
The article is a detailed summary of the main ideas and conclusions formulated by the authors in the report presented at the 6th International science-to-practice conference “Greater Eurasia: National and Civilizational Aspects of Development and Cooperation”. The proposed theses seem to be relevant in the context of the problems of the development of the system of legal regulation of the existence of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in Russia and at the international level.It is found out that an integral system of legal regulation of the existence of AI technologies in Russia and in the world is just being formed. The current set of regulatory legal acts related to the existence of AI technologies is not emergent, but so far only summative. There are currently no international acts restricting the development of AI technologies in Russia. At the level of federal legislation, the legal regulation of AI technologies is carried out in an experimental mode – on a limited territory and in a limited time frame. The conclusion is made about the high proportion of strategic planning documents in the bulk of legal acts. It is noted that the state policy in the field of AI has been developed. It objectively exists and is systematically implemented on a long-term basis. A proposal has been formulated to develop a draft federal law “On the Fundamentals of Legal Regulation of the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Federation”.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):53-61
53-61
Artificial Intelligence – Illusions and Reality
Аннотация
Some aspects of the “artificial intelligence” phenomenon are considered, including possible political and economic reasons for its appearance. The directions for the development of artificial intelligence are outlined, which can bring real benefits to the state and society at the moment, first of all, the further development of digitalization of public administration and the improvement of devices to increase labor productivity. Signs are given that, according to the author, indicate the participation of a chatbot in preparing the text. To inform readers about the use of the chatbot, it is proposed to place special labels next to such texts. It has been suggested that the use of a chatbot in the preparation of scientific articles is an illusion that the lack of abilities, experience and professionalism can be replaced by technical competence and material resources, which in the future, with large-scale use, can lead to a distortion of the meaning of not only educational activities, but also to the changes in the researcher's activities.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):62-68
62-68
Artificial Intelligence: Expected or Inevitable?
Аннотация
The article discusses the problem of regulating the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The genesis of AI technology is considered. It is shown that the initially accepted definition of AI as a set of methods for modeling human mental functions using computer programs does not correspond to the real focus of research studies due to insufficient knowledge and incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of higher nervous activity. In reality, we should be talking about creating a cognitive technological device. Its methods are capable of realizing all types of human creative activity without repeating or reproducing the functioning mechanisms of the human brain. If a solution to such a problem turns out to be successful, then this will entail the need for a complete revision of the existential positions of man and humanity in all spheres of life, including the value basis of modern civilization.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):15-25
15-25
Scientific policy
On the Separation of Scientific Activity and the State-owned Corporate Form of Science Management in Contemporary Russia. Part 2
Аннотация
The article presents the details of ideas and proposals announced by the author in 2021 within the framework of the round table of the “Science Management: Theory and Practice” journal (on the topic “Science in an Innovative Economy”). The proposed measures are considered as increasingly relevant in the face of the long-term confrontation with the ‘collective West’, which is striving for scientific and economic isolation of contemporary Russia, as well as in relation to the national goals and objectives set by the country’s leadership for the period up to 2036.The second part of the article deals with the structural as well as administrative and legal features of the Russian science and technology complex. It numbers over four thousand organizations that carry out research and development activities in substantially separate sectors of “civil” and “defense” science.As a result, a proposal is submitted to the readers to integrate research and development that produce new fundamental scientific knowledge, end-to-end high-tech technologies and relevant intellectual activity results in the interests of socio-economic development, the national defense and security of the state in a specialized state corporation by giving it the authority to regulate scientific research and technological activities, including those in relation to the rest of the bulk of Russian research organizations of different branches.It is proposed to implement a thoroughgoing reform in the field of Russian science by adoption of appropriate new federal laws.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):69-96
69-96
Outlines of the Science and Technology System: A Look into the Past for Forming Policy for the Development of the Next Generation Ecosystem. Part 3
Аннотация
Temporary distraction from the existing paradigm of the science and technology system in society and formation of new outlines as deployment of a design of the future in the form of determining the state and of managing a broader complex – an innovation ecosystem – are complemented by an understanding of its advancement as transitions to the next generations through the development of several qualitatively different target scenario models. We have discussed the Startup Genome method in the second part of the work. This method is used for ranking and analyzing life cycle phases of startup ecosystems. It has a reduced scope with the tasks we have added within its framework for communication with science and technology organizations. In order to empirically discover or build a suitable for selected stakeholders in the science and technology sector, or even for the entire ecosystem, and a distant framework configuration “according to principles”, “according to forecasts”, “according to Western experience”, “by order”, “according to national goals” and/or “according to a successful historical legacy” one has to show an extreme flexibility in choosing between conservative and radical approaches. However, such an ideal frame as an outline of the future ecosystem is vanishing. In this article, we study the issues of transforming an innovation ecosystem from generation to generation as a series of close framework configurations to the condition of its sustainable self-development as the ultimate goal. We use the comprehensive approach proposed by Martti Launonen and Jukka Viitanen to characterize ecosystems in a specific cross-section and conduct its comparative analysis using the Startup Genome method. We justify the introduction of an additional layer of funding in their scheme and emphasize the special significance and role of central regional organizations, i.e. innovation hubs. Despite the distinct differences between countries, we believe that there is a universal comprehensive framework. This means that by strengthening the current structures and policies in a transformational manner, one can move up the levels of completeness and maturity of the innovation ecosystem.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):97-113
97-113
Mechanisms of a state regulation of a scientific activity
Promotion of Intellectual Activity Results of Scientific Organizations. An Assessment of Potential Demand
Аннотация
The article examines the markets of intellectual activity results (IAR) in Russia. We have conducted an analysis of the costs of innovation activities in terms of the purchase of IAR and R&D in the economy as a whole and in the industrial production sector as the largest one in the context of acquiring IAR. It is shown that the scale of costs for IAR is about 1% of the total expenditures on innovation and has tended to increase in recent years. The costs of purchasing IAR by industry are analyzed; it is shown that the largest amount of expenditures falls on the sphere of industrial production. In this area, the share of IAR acquisition costs is higher than in the economy as a whole and averages 1.5%. We consider the share of IAR purchases from external suppliers. In general, 54.6% of IAR are purchased from third-party organizations, and 59.3% are acquired in industrial production. The costs of purchasing IAR at the expense of own and external sources of financing are analyzed; it is noted that the largest amount of own funds (64.0% against 55.1% in the economy as a whole) is spent in the field of industrial production.Having regard to the scale of the markets, we analyze the best options for IAR protection in cases of various types of organizations. Examples of IAR protection options for large organizations with a substantial volume of output and for small innovative enterprises with a relatively low output rate are considered. The conclusion is made about the expediency of using protection for small companies through the introduction of a trade secret regime. We also carry out an analysis of the costs of research and development purchased from third-party organizations by industry. It is shown that the R&D markets significantly exceed the IAR markets. This also makes the sale of IAR through R&D more attractive than through the sale of licenses. In general, the thesis put forward in the previous article is confirmed. It says that a low activity of working with IAR is determined by economic factors.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):114-126
114-126
Problems of an innovational development
R&D Cooperation and Absorptive Capacity of Russian Organizations
Аннотация
R&D cooperation is one of the main channels for new knowledge diffusion to create innovation. Therefore, it is important to understand exactly how enterprises use this channel. The purpose of this article is to identify the structure of R&D cooperation determined by both the heterogeneity of partners and the size of organizations. This structure is considered in dynamics. The analysis is based on Rosstat data characterizing the participation in joint R&D projects of innovation-active firms from 2019 to 2022. This approach allows us to find out how the structure of cooperation changes under the influence of crisis. However, unlike most Russian studies, this work also defines the relationship between the choice of R&D partners and the absorptive capacity of organizations in Russia. Differences in absorptive capacities (i.e. abilities of organizations to find, assimilate and apply new knowledge from external sources) largely determine the choice of partners in innovation activities and the results of cooperation. The article finds that despite government efforts the links between science and business are weakening in Russia, as not only small entities but even large companies have largely shifted their preferences to less risky projects. The persistence of such cooperation patterns leads to a decrease or even loss of Russian firms’ capacity to assimilate and use new knowledge to create radical innovations. Consequently, measures are needed not only to maintain the scale of R&D collaboration, but also to avoid negative changes in their structure. Such measures should also include incentives for enterprises to increase absorptive capacities. Unfortunately, these incentives have received little attention both in the practice of innovation management and in Russian economic literature.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):127-146
127-146
Digital Environment and Problems Of Digitalization
Lists of Journals and Ratings of Russian Publications: Inconsistencies and Possible Ways to Eliminate Them
Аннотация
When Web of Science and Scopus ceased all commercial activity in Russia, the issue of maximum separation from global scientometric systems became acute and appeared on the agenda. Under the present-day conditions of sanctions, the role of Russian academic journals in information support of science has increased significantly. The purpose of this study was to compare the contents of various lists of journals used to evaluate research activity in Russia and to develop a most balanced approach to ranking scholarly publications. The object of the study was Russian periodicals indexed in information systems, including the White List, as well as the main and additional Lists of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC). A collection of Russian periodicals was compiled using databases such as the Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus and the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI). Using the overlay method, we compared information on publications from these databases with details taken from the White List and the Lists of the HAC (the main and additional ones). Information on the overlapping of Russian journals in these lists was collected. This made it possible to compare the positions of the same journals in the rankings in accordance with their levels in the White List and categories of the HAC. The levels and categories of journals were supplemented with information about the percentiles of the Science Index rating (RSCI). The lists of journals were analyzed from the informative and qualitative points of view. As a result of this study, it has been found that none of the lists meets the following basic requirements: 1) the completeness of coverage of the most significant journals in a wide range of academic fields without prejudice to any of them; 2) a careful examination of the methodology of ranking by categories or levels. A pretty accurate understanding of quality levels of academic journals can be achieved by using a new indicator of scholarly periodicals – percentiles of journals in the Science Index rating (RSCI).
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):147-167
147-167
Platforms for Integration of Open Access Resources of Research and Educational Institutions
Аннотация
In order to study the involvement of Russian academic and educational institutions in joint projects to create open access (OA) archives, we have researched the websites of 106 Russian HEIs participating in the program “Priority 2030” and 453 research institutes (RIs) of the first three categories. As a result of the work carried out, it has been found out that 38% of educational institutions’ websites contain institutional repositories (IRs), but half of them are remotely inaccessible. 20% of repositories of educational organizations participate in joint projects to ensure OA.Only 6% of the research organizations’ websites contain IRs that are presented mainly as part of an electronic library (EL), but not as independent repositories. In addition, 10.5% of the total number of RIs do not maintain their own repositories or ELs, but provide information about research results of their employees, the most important academic achievements of researchers as well as give access to digitized texts of the most significant works published within the framework of joint projects. At the same time, information about participation in these projects is missing on the websites of academic institutions.The examination of the websites of Russian educational and research institutions has shown that their participation in projects to develop cooperative OA archives is not uniform: while some institutions are indifferent, others take an active part in several projects at once and provide information about themselves in foreign aggregators.As a result of the research, we have found 7 projects aimed at integrating OA information resources on a single platform. These resources are implemented mainly in ELs. They are different in number of participants, quantity and chronological depth of the content offered.The identified projects can be conditionally divided into multidisciplinary and thematic, national and regional.It has been found out that some ELs provide open access to all content only for project participants, i.e. remote users have the opportunity to familiarize themselves only with public pages or only a small part of the content is available to them.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):168-187
168-187
Open Access Models of Russian Academic Journals
Аннотация
Open access (OA) to publications has been a global trend in publishing academic journals for a long time. The number of OA journals, including Russian ones, is growing steadily. The purpose of this study was to determine the main trends in the implementation of open access publishing models in Russian research journals. The article presents the results of a study of 396 journals included in the Russian Science Citation Index database: title of a journal; website address; international classification code (OECD group); quartile; Science Index indicator; open access model; license type; section of a journal’s website that contains information about the absence or presence and amount of an article processing charge (APC). It is concluded that the majority of journals implement Bronze OA which, firstly, does not comply with the key principles of open access, because it does not use open licenses, and, secondly, does not provide any guarantees that open access will continue to be open. The lack of accessible and transparent information about the conditions for further use of publications can create serious legal issues for the licensee. In turn, it will most likely be a problem for authors to calculate the amount of publication fee.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):188-202
188-202
Scientific community
Research and Academic Personnel: Reproduction in Crisis Conditions
Аннотация
The article examines the issues of research and academic personnel reproduction in Russia. The main relevant statistical indicators are given in dynamics. The author considers various factors affecting the reproduction of researchers and reasons for their outflow from sciences. Among them there are: financial security for scientific research and remuneration of labor; motivation to engage in research activities; career aspirations; precarization of scientific activity; the presence of schools of thought and leaders; bureaucratization of activities and excessive control; technocratic approach in science management, etc. The issues related to the preservation of intellectual potential and the formation of the prestige of research activities are updated. The main problem is the growing contradiction between the reduction in the number of researchers and academic staff and the emerging need to strengthen the scholarly potential of the country in modern conditions.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):203-217
203-217
Mobilization of Russian Science under Increasing International Pressure: History and Modernity
Аннотация
The article discusses the imperative for a shift towards a mobilization mode of scientific and technological development amidst growing international tensions and sanctions against Russia. Drawing upon a literature analysis, it examines historical precedents from the 20th century, particularly in the USSR and other countries, to elucidate strategies for mobilizing science. Contemporary debates on the subject are reviewed. It has found out that there is a lack of consensus among experts regarding the requisite mobilization measures and their efficacy. The analysis incorporates findings from a sociological survey of Russian scientists. It is suggested that the academic community’s hesitancy towards research mobilization may stem from ambiguity surrounding the term and negative historical associations. Proposals are advanced for a successful mobilization of Russia’s scientific and technological potential under modern conditions. It is concluded that the mobilization of science in Russia should include measures to centralize its management and to shift towards applied research. At the same time Russian researchers should have a significant creative freedom, representatives of the academic community should be actively involved in the development of scientific policy, discussion and coordination of research topics and work plans. The article emphasizes the importance of increased funding and expansion of staff for an effective scientific mobilization, cautioning against undue political and ideological interferences in academic affairs.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):218-234
218-234
Historical expreience
Moscow Belt of Soviet Science Cities: Design and Organization of the Area
Аннотация
The article deals with the history of the design and construction of academic cities of science in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s. Their intensive construction took place during a chronologically short historical period – the years of the sixth five-year plan that became the only seven-year plan in the Soviet history. During this time, the task was set to move large-scale research and design organizations from the metropolitan centers to the periphery. A special case of the transfer of research institutions outside the capital was the Moscow belt of scientific centers. Their construction was initiated by the need to intensify fundamental research in strategically important fields of science, building restrictions in Moscow, the confidential and experimental character of the research carried out in them. They differed from the Siberian centers (Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk) that were being built at the same time by their specialization, the semisecret nature of their research, closer ties with the USSR Academy of Sciences, and finally they were less prioritized in terms of construction according to the political leaders’ opinions. Nevertheless, the speed of the construction of research institutes and the opening of research centers there in the shortest possible time gave the desired “achievement effect”. The research is based on materials from the collections of the Russian State Archives of Modern History and the State Archives of the Russian Federation. They are introduced into the scholarly discourse for the first time.
Management of Science: Theory and Practice. 2024;6(2):235-251
235-251