


Том 8, № 4 (2018)
- Жылы: 2018
- Мақалалар: 15
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/2079-0570/issue/view/12789
Article
Contribution of Senior Age Groups to Changes in Life Expectancy Indicators for Russia’s Megalopolises (Moscow and St. Petersburg)
Аннотация
This study analyzes the dynamics of life expectancy at birth (LE0) and at older ages and the contribution of older ages (60+) to changes in life expectancy in Russian megacities Moscow and St. Petersburg. We studied the contributions of aggregated age groups to differences between LE0 values for Moscow and St. Petersburg. Our study has shown that the increase in life expectancy at senior ages makes a significant contribution to the increase of the LE0 index.



Possible Approaches to Increase the Longevity of Experimental Animals
Аннотация
A statistically significant difference in the cumulative survival of Wistar rats born in different seasons has been shown: animals born in late November–early December had an average lifespan 24.8% longer, a minimum lifespan 14.3% longer, and a maximum lifespan 20.7% longer in comparison with animals born in April. Transplantation of thymus tissue into the immune privileged anterior chamber of the eye in animals born both in November and April has shown a geroprotective effect.



Regression of Survivability Variance on the Cohort Age in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Survivability: Reaction Norm and Its Inheritance
Аннотация
A standard analysis of survivability implies counting the share of living individuals in a cohort at a certain moment in time. We analyze in this work the regression of survivability variance on cohort age in several generations of Drosophila melanogaster Canton-S stock. This estimation reflects the reaction norm for survivability. The approach reveals at least three age phases. The first and second can be approximated by an exponential equation and the third by a logistic dose-response curve. Parameters of these equations remain stable for tens of generations and must therefore be highly heritable.



Young and Old Animals Use Different Strategies for Forming an Immune Response to Infectious Agents (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli)
Аннотация
This paper presents the results of a study of the features of the immune response to the injection of bacterial suspension (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) in young (3 months) and old (20 months) Wistar rats at 3, 5, and 7 days after infection. We assessed the contents of circulating immune complexes (CICs) and complement components C3 in dynamics and the activity of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent phagocytosis. Bacterial infection was accompanied by a multiple increase in the content of circulating immune complexes in young and, especially, in old animals. It remained at a high level from the third to the seventh day of the pathology development in young animals, while their content decreased to the seventh day in old animals. In the presence of infectious process, the content of complement components C3 decreased in young animals, and it increased in old animals, in the case of infection with P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The activity of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent phagocytosis decreased in different ways in young and old infected animals, i.e., the ratio of the forms of phagocytosis in old and young animals was different. Old animals were not inferior to the young ones in terms of the ability of the immune system to respond to the presence of an infectious agent. They used a different strategy for eliciting the immune response.



The Effect of Cryopreserved Cord Blood Nucleated Cells on Pathological Processes in the Progressive Aging of the Brain (Experimental Study)
Аннотация
This work presents data on morphometric indices of the vascular bed and brain substance of spontaneously hypertensive SHR rats, which may be considered evidence of the developing pathological brain aging processes in these animals. Chronic alcohol intoxication aggravates the neurodegeneration, significantly reducing the indices of the neuroglial index, the number of functioning vessels and activating the LPO processes. A single intraperitoneal administration of cryopreserved human cord blood nucleated cells in a dose of (1–5) × 107/kg promoted the regeneration of neurocells, the stimulation of angiogenesis and an increased level and quality of neurotissue metabolism, reducing the signs of dystrophic, destructive and pathologically altered compensatory adaptive processes in the rat’s brain as a result of the restoration of its microhemocirculation and cytoarchitecture.



Age-Related Structural Changes in Primary Visual Cortex Cells of Rats under High-Intensity Light Exposure
Аннотация
An experiment using 20 white male Wistar rats has shown that exposure to 3500 lux of light for 7 days causes morphological changes in the II, IV, and V layers of the primary visual cortex. This was seen in an increased percentage of reversibly and irreversibly altered neurons, mainly in the fourth layer of 18-month-old rats (p ≤ 0.05). In response to light exposure, the percentage of hyperchromic wrinkled neurons in 18‑month-old rats rises to 6% (5; 8.5), the percentage of neurons with total chromatolysis rises to 10% (8.5; 14) compared to a 1% (0.5; 14) and 6% (5; 8) rise in 3-month-old rats respectively (p ≤ 0.05). The neural damage leads to a glial reaction reflected in an increased percentage of glia with signs of edema and swelling, hyperchromia without the nucleus and cytoplasm shrinkage (p ≤ 0.05), neuronophagia, and also the intrusion of the glia cells into the neuron cytoplasm for the initiation of intracellular reparation. The destructive changes are characterized by the gliacyte hyperchromia with the shrinkage of the nucleus and cytoplasm. The percentage of these gliacytes increases significantly in 18-month-old rats under the light exposure compared to the indices in young animals (p ≤ 0.05).



Study of Age-Related Changes in Compensatory Processes in the Model of Neurodegeneration of the Nigrostriatal System in Rats
Аннотация
It is generally accepted that old age is the main risk factor for the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, there is currently no data available that experimentally confirm the age dependence of the neurodegeneration progression rate and the activity of compensatory processes in the nigrostriatal system in the development of PD. The present study applies a model of nigrostriatal system neurodegeneration in rats of different ages, which was developed using the microinjections with proteasome inhibitor lactacystin (LC) into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The model reproduces the main pathomorphological signs of PD with great reliability. It has been demonstrated that the administration of LC to old rats, compared to young and middle-aged ones, causes more pronounced neurodegenerative changes in the nigrostriatal system which are associated with impairments in fine motor function, a decrease in the growth of the stress-inducible heat shock protein Hsp70 in surviving neurons of SNpc, and a decrease in contents of tyrosine hydroxylase and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2. The data obtained suggest that the aging-related decrease in Hsp70 expression together with a decrease in the efficiency of compensatory processes is a significant factor which determines the progression of pathology in the nigrostriatal system in PD model in old rats. The age-related loss of compensatory mechanisms observed may be one of the causes of the rapid PD progression in the elderly.



The Elemental Status of Senior Residents in Petrozavodsk
Аннотация
The goal of our study was to investigate the elemental status in Petrozavodsk residents from senior age groups compared to analogous values recorded in the residents of Russia’s central regions. We based our investigations on hair analysis, using the techniques of atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry. Our investigations have shown no deviations in the Al, As, Be, and Ni contents in hair. We found insignificant deviations in the Cd, Li, Sn, and V contents. We recorded deviations towards higher values in the hair concentrations of toxic Hg and Pb and in the conditionally essential microelement B. We found deviations towards lower values in the hair concentrations of Co, Ca, Zn, Mg, I, Fe, P, Cu, Mn, Cr, Se, and Si. The indicated deviations in the elemental contents could be caused by both the age-specific factors and the natural, ecological, and social living conditions of the population of Russia’s European North. The established elemental imbalance creates risks for developing endemic microelementoses and worsens long-term health prospects for Petrozavodsk’s senior population.



Lipofuscin and Mitolipofuscin in the Organs of Young and Adult Rats
Аннотация
The levels of lipofuscin (aging pigment) were compared in four organs (liver, kidney, heart, brain) of young and adult rats, as well as in the suspension of hepatic mitochondria. Mitochondrial lipofuscin—mitolipofuscin fluorescing in the blue region—was seen to make the major contribution to hepatic lipofuscin. It is clear that mitolipofuscin also makes a significant contribution in other organs. The age-related accumulation of lipofuscin was shown to occur in all rat organs, but in the brain least of all. In addition to fluorescent lipofuscin, non-fluorescent protein aggregates were found in all organs, mostly in the heart. A considerable portion is covalently cross-linked aggregates not destroyed by detergents. Their number also increases with age.



Histometric Symptoms of Age-Sensitive Changes of Bone Tissue
Аннотация
This study presents the results of complex histomorphometric research of the features of age-related dynamics of bone tissue. We used as study material samples of the distal epiphysis and diaphysis of the left tibia from 348 male corpses aging from 0 to 90 years. The group of microosteometric features that have the strongest correlation with age is established in different age groups; their quantitative characteristics are given here. It has been clarified that the trends of age-related changes in the structural components of bone tissue correspond to the basic patterns of growth, remodeling, and depend on the species and their localization. Conceptual positions of age involution of bone tissue are proposed in this study.



Circadian Rhythms of Antioxidant Enzyme’s Activity in Young and Adult Rats under Light Deprivation Conditions
Аннотация
We have studied the age-related features of circadian rhythms of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in the liver of rats under conditions of light deprivation. In standard light conditions (LD), significant daily fluctuations in SOD activity with a maximum at 7:00 a.m. were detected only in young animals (1.5 months) while catalase activity was observed in both young animals (1.5 months) and adults (7.5 months) with peak at 4:00 a.m. The daily dynamics of total and specific activity of SOD and catalase in the liver of young and adult rats differed, depending on the period of ontogeny in which the impact of light deprivation had begun. When females after giving birth and their offspring were moved to darkness (group LD/DD), the circadian rhythms of SOD and catalase activities were found in the young rats and were absent in adult rats. However, circadian rhythms of the antioxidant enzymes (AOE) activities were inherent only in adult rats when light deprivation impacted on pregnant females (group DD/DD). Changes in circadian rhythms under light deprivation were characterized either by a phase shift of the enzymes activity (in LD/DD group) or by a violation of their development in ontogeny (in DD/DD group). With aging a significant decrease of catalase activity was compensated by an increase in the amplitude of circadian rhythms of this enzyme activity in animals of all groups. The presence of an ultradian rhythm in the general circadian cycle characterized by a second peak with a smaller amplitude and shorter period can be considered a distinctive feature of daily fluctuations in AOЕ activity in young rats in LD and LD/DD groups.



Age-Related Dynamics of the Content of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -2, -3, and -9) and Tissue Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases (TIMP-1, -2, and -4) in Blood Plasma of Residents of the European Part of Russia’s Arctic Zone
Аннотация
This work presents the results of the first ever study of the enzymes involved in the regulation of extracellular matrix metabolism in the European part of Russia’s Arctic zone. The content of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -2, -3, and -9) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP-1, -2, and -4) in blood plasma was evaluated in 91 men, residents of the European part of the Russian Arctic (67° N) and 14 men, residents of Western Siberia (55° N). The content of MMP-1 and MMP-9, as well as TIMP-1 and TIMP-4 in the blood plasma was higher in northerners relative to the Western Siberia residents. The age-related dynamics of MMPs and TIMPs in northerners had a multidirectional trend. We observed the maximum content of MMP-1 and MMP-9 in the group of 30–39 year olds; MMP-3, in the group of 40–49 year olds. The content of these enzymes tended to decrease with age. We found the maximum content of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in the group of 50–59 year olds; TIMP-4, in the group of 60–69 year olds; whereas we observed the minimum content of these enzymes in the group of young men under 29 years old. The hyaluronidase activity in plasma was minimal in the group of 30–39 year olds; it increased with age, reaching a maximum value in the group of 50–59 year olds. We can assume that the age-related imbalance in the MMP/TIMP system (a decrease in MMP content with age and vice versa, an increase in TIMP content in older age groups) is one of the reasons for the age-related increase in interstitial fibrosis and premature aging of northerners.



Correlations of the Parameters of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Saturated Fatty Acids in the Blood Serum of Elderly People
Аннотация
The study involves 106 elderly subjects (61–74 years old) living in the Arctic; 42 of them are residents of the Subarctic region (SR) and 64, of the Arctic region (AR). The contents of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) comprising short chain (SCFA), medium chain (MCFA), and long chain (LCFA) fatty acids, are determined by gas liquid chromatography of the blood serum. The parameters of the carbohydrate metabolism are assessed by spectrophotometry. Correlation analysis demonstrates the absence of statistically significant correlations of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate levels with the contents of SCFAs, MCFAs, and LCFAs (r = 0.2–0.29, p = 0.08–0.786) among the examined elderly SR residents compared with the AR residents, who show lower rates of excess glucose and lactate and lower rates of deficient pyruvate. On the background of higher excess glucose and deficiency rates, the examined AR cohort shows the strongest correlations with LCFAs (hexadecanoic, heptadecanoic, octadecanoic, behenic, and tricosanoic acids), somewhat more moderate correlations with MCFAs (tetradecanoic and pentadecanoic acids) and SCFAs (pelargonic acid), correlations of pyruvate deficiency with MCFAs (dodecanoic and tetradecanoic acids and total MCFA content) and SCFAs (decanoic acid), and correlations of an insignificant decrease in the rate of excess lactate and lactate/pyruvate with LCFAs (hexadecanoic, heptadecanoic, octadecanoic, and tricosanoic acids), MCFAs (dodecanoic and tridecanoic acids), and SCFAs (hexanoic and caprylic acids).



Predictors of One-Year Outcomes after Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Octogenarian Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Аннотация
This work investigates the long-term outcomes of coronary stenting and predictors of two-year outcomes in octogenarian patients with acute coronary syndrome. A total of 406 patients with STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included in the study. We assessed the results at a median follow up of 20 months, from 1 year to 3 years. In-hospital mortality in the group of patients older than 80 was 8% and the long-term mortality was 21%. Cardiogenic shock, multi-vessel coronary disease, ejection fraction less than 35, and left main coronary artery lesion were independent predictors of long-term mortality. The best prognosis corresponded to those of drug eluting stents use, radial approach and GP IIb/IIIa use in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The progression of cardiac and renal failure was the main cause of death during this period. Our results suggested that percutaneous coronary interventions in octogenarian patients with acute coronary syndrome were associated with good clinical and long-term outcomes. DES use, radial approach and GP IIb/IIIa use in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were associated with improved all-cause mortality in our population.



The Use of Natural Platelet Autoplasma and Its Thermally Processed Modifications for Correction of Age-Related Changes of Skin
Аннотация
This paper presents the results of a comparative prospective study of correcting age-related changes in facial and neck skin of 72 patients using native platelet auto plasma, as well as a new method for obtaining thermally processed modifications of it via denaturation of protein plasma fractions when heated in a thermostat to different temperatures (Patent No. 2629527/August 29, 2017). The results obtained suggest that the use of a combination of native platelet auto plasma (PAP) with its thermally processed modifications to correct age-related changes in the skin of the face and neck is more effective than monotherapy of native PAP. The absence of complications during the observation period and the autologous nature of the material means that this treatment method has a high level of safety.


