Psikhologicheskii zhurnal

Russian organizational psychology began to develop in the 20s of the twentieth century. The impetus for its appearance was the need for accelerated industrial development. In the early years of its inception, organizational psychology was based on ideas expressed in this field by foreign scientists and practitioners — organizers of production. Numerous conferences on the problems of scientific organization of labor were held, and their own scientific directions and theories were gradually formed. The main goals of organizational psychology are psychological support and the search for ways to improve the efficiency of work in various organizations. Pioneering work in this area was the research of scientists of the St. Petersburg (Leningrad) Psychological School. The article discusses the historical milestones of the creation and development of organizational social psychology at LSU/St. Petersburg State University. Special attention is paid to the analysis of scientific and historical prerequisites for the formation and current state of organizational social psychology at the Department of Social Psychology of St. Petersburg State University. The main directions of socio-psychological thought in the field of organizational psychology are: 1) scientific analysis and search for socio-psychological ways to improve the efficiency of personnel; 2) substantiation of approaches to the study of the socio-psychological climate and organizational culture; 3) research of socio-psychological processes occurring in labor collectives (job satisfaction, labor stimulation, collective forms of labor organization, adaptation of employees, increasing their loyalty and engagement); 4) development of socio-psychological methods of training employees of organizations (business games, socio-psychological training); 5) theoretical and methodological justification of the concept of consolidation of the social capital of organizations; 6) study of career problems and gender inequality of working women.

The research is devoted to the problem of studying mechanisms of influence of gender inequality on career success of working women. The aim of the study is to find the connection between manifestations of gender inequality and resources available for development in the workplace and the career success of a woman. A socio-psychological model of success factors for working women was developed, including both the organizational environment and career resources for predicting success. The study was conducted in two phases in 2020–2021 using an online survey on a sample of women working in organizations in different fields. In the first phase (206 women aged 19 to 62), the relationships of the individual constructs of the model were tested; in the second phase (781 women aged 18 to 82), the socio-psychological model was tested by structural modelling (SEM). The results of the study confirm a positive relationship of women's career success with the availability of organizational resources (R=0.56, p

The research is devoted to the study of temperament and character characteristics in families with mood disorders (recurrent depressive disorder (RВВ) and bipolar affective disorder (BD)). Many temperament and character traits tend to aggregate in families and influence the risk of RDD and BD. At the same time, no studies have been conducted in the Russian population with an assessment of temperament and character traits depending on the presence of mood disorders in families. The hypothesis of the study: patients with mood disorders and their relatives have specific features of temperament and character. 36 probands with RDD and BD and 68 of their relatives were examined, as well as 23 probands without mood disorders and 53 of their relatives. A Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125) was used to assess personality traits. The results of the study showed that probands with mood disorders, in comparison with their relatives, had significantly higher scores on such TCI-125 dimensions as novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence. However, the main contribution to the identified differences was made by relatives without mood disorders. Probands with mood disorders had a higher score on the dimension of harm avoidance compared to healthy probands. In addition, a higher score on the novelty seeking dimension was associated with the absence of relatives with mood disorders when comparing healthy relatives of probands with mood disorders and healthy relatives of probands without mood disorders. It is concluded that there are specific temperament traits in families with mood disorders that can be considered as candidates for the endophenotypes of RDD and BD.

One of the features of the work of the brain of people suffering from schizophrenia is changes in the activity of their brain during visual categorization of animate and inanimate objects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the brain activity of people with schizophrenia and their visual categorization of objects with different semantic and physical characteristics. It was assumed that the patterns of brain activity in individuals with schizophrenia would differ from the group of healthy individuals both in the early and late stages of visual processing. Using the method of visual evoked potentials, we studied the features of brain activity in 25 people suffering from schizophrenia from 1 to 7 years old, when they categorized images of animate and inanimate nature, low and high spatial frequency. It was found that the amplitudes of P170 (N170) in the left and right posterior and central leads, as well as the amplitudes of P300 in the central lead in people with schizophrenia do not differ during categorization of animate and inanimate objects, which does not correspond to the data obtained earlier from the people without mental health abnormalities. The revealed result is important for a better understanding of the restructuring of the brain during visual perception of objects of different categories, which occurs during the development of schizophrenia.

The article is devoted to the psychological aspects of online dating services usage and tools to study the motives of such services users. A theoretical analysis of Russian and foreign studies of online dating services users was carried out. The analysis showed that the general research interest is related to the personal characteristics of users and their self-presentation strategies in such services. Among foreign researchers, it is common to study the characteristics of sexual behavior and motivation of users as well as their perception of the confidentiality of data provided to such services. There were no Russian-language works on the problem of motives for online dating services using. Due to the lack of Russian-language tools the Tinder Motives Scale methodology developed by E. Timmermans, E. de Kaluwe was selected for adaptation. A Russian-language adaptation and verification of the psychometric properties of the technique was made on a sample of 3540 (2255 male, aged 18 to 60+). This allowed us to offer a valid and reliable, shortened (from 58 to 22 points) and modified Russian-language version of the methodology for diagnosing the motives for online dating services using. The scale “Material motivation” was added. Scales “Flirting / communication skills development”, “Travel” “Belonging to a group”, “Pressure of friends”, “Search for people with the same sexual orientation”, “Distraction from business” and “Curiosity” were not confirmed. 

The article shows that the personality of Peter I occupies an important place in the structure of public thought, but often receives conflicting assessments. The task of the study was to study the image of the emperor in the minds of our contemporaries. The search was implemented by referring to the texts of messages about Peter I in social networks. In the course of the study, frequency, morphological and emotional analysis of texts was carried out. Along with the evaluation of the emotional, psychological and personal characteristics of the emperor, the authors carried out a meaningful analysis of the psychological characteristics of the attitude of users to the historical situation as a whole, which allows not only to describe the personal characteristics of the emperor, but also to demonstrate their place in the overall structure of assessments of his activities. The obtained results showed a respectful attitude of users to the achievements of the emperor with a pronounced emotional disagreement with the palette of some of his worldview beliefs. As private conclusions, it is shown that the interest of contemporaries (users of social networks) in the image of Peter I is more concentrated on progressive changes at the state level. The psychological image of Peter I is represented by detailed assessments. The main psychological features of the emperor are summarized in the minds of users into two enlarged subgroups — individual psychological and organizational and managerial. An analysis of the emotional background of the messages showed that when assessing the life of the emperor, a neutral background prevails, which may be due to the historical distance between eras. As prospects, the authors indicate methodological and applied areas of research that require additional research attention.

The article is dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the Great Russian teacher and psychologist K.D. Ushinsky, whose contribution to the development of pedagogy and psychology is undeniable. However, the psychological component of the creativity and legacy of the great scientist and innovator remains largely underestimated: in modern Russian textbooks on the history of psychology, K.D. Ushinsky's psychological research is not given any significant attention, also in foreign ones Ushinsky's psychological works are not mentioned at all. The article states that one of the main achievements of the scientist is the methodology of substantiation of scientific psychology. Even though Ushinsky was not a psychologist, did not position himself as a psychologist, he developed the scientific foundations of psychology to build scientific pedagogy. Psychology as a science simply did not exist at that time, so the development of a system of psychology was a means of solving its main task. Russian pedagogue's solution to Ushinsky's problem, however, represented a unique achievement of world psychological science, and the solution of the Russian pedagogue was original, since the project was focused on the development of practical psychology for teachers. The article provides an analysis of reasons for such underestimation of Ushinsky’s project by scientific community — objective (traditions of considering psychology and public expectations) and subjective (Ushinsky positioning himself exclusively as a teacher and belittling his contribution to psychology). It is mentioned that B.G. Ananyev (1945), who called the Russian scientist a “great psychologist, but the assessment of the classic of Soviet psychology has not become generally accepted, noticed Ushinsky’s contribution to the creation of the original system of psychology. The article analyzes the reasons for the lack of resonance of the publication, among which the main ones are ideological and socio-cultural, related to the uncertain status of psychology itself in the early 1950s, after the session of the two academies, when the proximity to the physiological teaching of I.P. Pavlov and the materialism of the concept became the determining factor. The article gives an outline of K.D. Ushinsky's methodological concept, which allows asserting that Ushinsky proposed a project of scientific psychology, the first practice-oriented project of psychological science in the history of world psychology.

A cycle of their three articles is summarized, summarizing the development of the conceptual field of psychology by the staff of the Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the last five years. The agreement with the authors on the need to revise the classification approach to concepts is emphasized due to the development of psychological knowledge and the active formation of a network approach that does not contradict the system approach and reflects the multiparadigm of psychological science.