编号 10 (2023)

In a long-term stationary experiment on the basis of a 4-pole fruit-bearing crop rotation, the influence of processing methods with different levels of mechanical impact on the soil was studied: dump (plowing to a depth of 20–22 cm), combined (alternating plowing, plane-cutting processing (to a depth of 10–12 cm), without processing) and plane-cutting processing on the content of organic matter and the structural and aggregate composition of meadow-chernozem soil. It was found that a decrease in the intensity and depth of tillage with a combined and flat-cut system increased the humus content by 0.30 and 0.48% in a layer of 0–20 cm in comparison with dump treatment. The tillage system had a significant impact on the layer-by-layer distribution of labile organic matter in the form of mortmass. The largest stocks of mortmass in the arable layer were noted in the variant of the dump tillage system – 8.69 t/ha. On resource-saving backgrounds, a tendency to decrease the stocks of mortmass in the soil by 0.08–0.69 t/ha was revealed. The contribution of agronomically valuable structural units of 0.25–10 mm in size was 43.1–65.4 in layers, and the yield of large lumps and dust was 34.6–56.9% of the soil mass. The best structural condition of the soil is marked when using a dump treatment system. The presence of a close correlation between the stocks of mortmass in the soil layer of 0–20 cm and the content of structural-aggregate fractions with a size of 10–5 mm (r = 0.72 ± 0.11) and 5–3 mm (r = 0.68 ± 0.10) was established.

In the field experiment, the food regime of agrochernozem was studied during the cultivation of the seed ginger (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) in the conditions of the Kansk forest-steppe of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The predominant absorption and removal of nitrate nitrogen and exchangeable potassium by the culture determined the low availability of  0–40 cm of mineral nitrogen in the soil layer (5–6 mg/kg) while maintaining an average and very high availability of exchangeable potassium (87–158 mg/kg). It is shown that the largest share of the return to the soil after harvesting the ginger was accounted for by N and P (50–37%). With root and crop residues, nitrogen – 70, phosphorus – 19 and potassium – 51 kg/ha were returned to the soil. Agrochernozems of the Kansk forest-steppe, without additional fertilization, are able to provide a sufficient level of phosphorus and potassium nutrition in ginger crops.

In a long-term stationary experiment, the effect of fertilizers on the yield of annual grasses (vetch and pea mixtures) and the nitrifying activity of gray forest soils were studied. For 8 years, both without the use of fertilizers and with them, the yield of herbs changed by 1.72–1.88 times. It was found that the use of nitrogen of mineral fertilizers provided 88.3% of the total variation in their yield, the aftereffect of manure – 8.1, the aftereffect of РК fertilizers – 1.8%. For 7 out of 8 years, a high degree of correlation between the yield of grasses and the reserves of N-NO₃ in the 0–40 cm layer of soil in the phase of grass germination was revealed. At the same time, the minimum reserves of N-NO₃ were formed at a hydrothermal coefficient for the growing season equal to 1.21. The use of fertilizers, increased moisture content and temperatures during the growing season of grasses led to an increase in the nitrification activity of gray forest soil. It is proposed to evaluate the participation of mobile forms of nitrogen in plant nutrition in relation to the content of N-NO₃ in the soil to the content of N-NH₄ in the water extract (1 : 1). The values of this parameter in the phases of germination and harvesting of grasses confirmed the determining role of N-NO₃ reserves in the nutrition of annual grasses. The difference coefficients of the use of nitrogen Naa in doses N60 and N75, which ranged from 40 to 49%, were calculated. An algorithm for calculating the size of the accumulation of N-NO₃ during the growing season of grasses is proposed. In nitrogen-fertilized variants, a good coincidence of the utilization coefficients of accumulating N-NO₃ reserves with the difference ones has been established.

Seed treatment with fungicides is a crucial link in the plant protection system, and systemic drugs give the best effect. Therefore, it is very important to develop scientific foundations for the preparation of complex preparations with a low rate of consumption of the active substance and the inclusion of plant growth regulators that enhance growth processes and the yield of the main crop. In recent years, the directions of modification of known and practiced fungicides by various methods, including methods of mechanochemistry, have been promising. The problem of creating both new substances and their effective formulations remains urgent. Taking into account the prospects and high efficiency of triazole fungicides in the system of complex plant protection, the creation of multicomponent seed protectants of grain crops is proposed. The purpose of this study was to develop preparations based on tebuconazole (TBC) and propiconazole (PPC) in the form of solid dispersions (SD) and to study their biological activity on spring wheat plants in the conditions of the Trans-Urals. At the same time, the retardant effect of these triazoles was also studied with the help of the domestic growth regulator Floroxan. The use of new preparations on spring wheat made it possible to reduce the damage to the culture by root rot by 85–87%, productive bushiness increased by 6–11% compared to the control without treatment. A reliable increase in crop yield of 2.2 c/ha or 14% was obtained using preparation 2 (TD of the composition TBC : PPC : AG : silica = 1 : 1 : 7 : 1 + Phloroxane when the polysaccharide (AG) and the auxiliary substance of silica are included in the composition). The inclusion of the growth regulator Floroxan in the composition of the mordant mixture reduced the antioxidant effect of tebuconazole and stimulated the growth and development of wheat seedlings. It was proved that such a biological effect was achieved in conditions of drought of varying intensity during the growing season of 2021–2022.

The most promising and popular insect in the field of organic waste processing is the black lion fly (Hermetia illucens), whose larvae are unpretentious in food and growing conditions. As a feed, most types of organic waste are suitable for them, which, after being digested by the larva, are enriched with various nutrients and microorganisms useful for the growth and development of plants. Larval excrement is a valuable and environmentally friendly organic fertilizer (biohumus) for growing plants. In order to test the effectiveness of the effect of biohumus of black lion larvae on the process of seed germination in laboratory conditions, liquid extracts of biohumus were obtained by extraction with distilled water and compounds of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium pyrophosphate (Na₄P₂O₇). The most effective extraction method turned out to be the method of treatment with alkali and sodium pyrophosphate, in which the most concentrated extract with a concentration of 2.44% was obtained. All types of extracts of vermicompost have been biotested for germination of seeds of seed peas (Pisum sativum L.) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). Compared with the indicators of the control variants with distilled water, all extracts of vermicompost had a stimulating effect on seed germination, accelerating their growth and development. The highest rates were observed in solutions of alkaline pyrophosphate extract with a pH value of 6.7–6.8 at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05%.

An aqueous colloidal suspension of porous silicon dioxide nanoparticles containing an organic phosphor 9,10-diphenylanthracene was obtained by ultrasonic dispersion. The average size of suspension nanoparticles is 15–25 nm. This suspension has a characteristic absorption spectrum for diphenylanthracene in the region from 345 to 420 nm and a photoluminescence spectrum in the region from 400 to 550 nm. The resulting suspension was used for irrigation when growing bulbous plants (lilies and gladiolus) under conditions of a short light period with additional lighting with LEDs-based phytolamps with red and blue spectra. It has been established that the use of this suspension with nanoparticles that enter plants as an artificial photosynthetic pigment accelerates the growth of bulbous plants by an average of 15–20% compared to control samples under the same lighting conditions.

Soil fungi play an important role in microbial-plant interactions, being producers of various biologically active compounds, including mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are found in soil, agricultural raw materials, feed and food products. Toxin-producing fungi affect many agricultural crops, and the content of mycotoxins in raw plant materials can be quite high. This review presents the main aspects related to properties of mycotoxins, their producers, their ecological role, contribution to microbial-plant interactions, interactions with other microorganisms, their biotransformation in the soil.