№ 11 (2024)

The use of prolonged nitrogen fertilizers makes it possible to reduce doses by 20–30% and the cost of their use. The use of prolonged forms of nitrogen fertilizers improves the quality of plant products by reducing their nitrate content. Various modifications of urea are used: fertilizers of prolonged action due to the weak solubility of granules, encapsulated fertilizers, fertilizers modified with urease and nitrification inhibitors, fertilizers with controlled release of nutrients, biomodified fertilizers, matrix fertilizers. The use of such fertilizers provides an increase in the nitrogen utilization rate of fertilizer by plants, reduces its gaseous losses, and increases crop yields. In addition, the use of modified forms of urea reduces the negative impact on the environment. The release of gaseous forms of nitrogen when using encapsulated urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors is 2 times slower. The efficiency of using carbamide modified with inhibitors, according to vegetation and field experiments on spring wheat, expressed in an increase in grain yield by 9–12%; the nitrogen utilization rate of fertilizers (UF) was 16–27% higher. The increase in winter wheat grain yield can be 5–21%, the nitrogen utilization factor (UF) can be 5–18% higher. The yield of corn may increase by 6–17%, and the nitrogen content of the plant may increase by 17–20%. The increase in rice yield when using carbamide with nitrification or urease inhibitors varies from 3 to 23, lettuce – 11, potatoes – 10–11%.

The problem of copper in the soils of vineyards and other types of plantation and garden agroecosystems is not new, however, having loudly declared itself in scientific research in the second half of the 20th century, it has remained unresolved. In recent decades, the severity of this problem has not only not disappeared, but also acquired some new features. On the one hand, significant changes have taken place in Russia and the world in the socio-economic sphere, modern scientific and technological approaches have appeared that have changed the structure of the wine industry, formed new trends in supply and demand, contributed to the introduction of alternative types of land use, modernized agrotechnologies for growing grapes and processing. On the other hand, old environmental challenges have worsened and new ones have appeared, such as global climate change, which has a significant impact on the sustainability of the production of high-quality viticulture and winemaking products, to mitigate the consequences of which comprehensive adaptation approaches and innovative agrotechnological solutions are required. In this review, we discussed the results of research over the past 25 years, mainly by foreign authors, which allow us to look at the problem of copper in the soil of vineyards, based on modern ideas about the ways and scales of its accumulation, physico-chemical transformations and migration in the soil of ampelocenoses. The most relevant and discussed issues in the scientific literature regarding the influence of certain natural and agrogenic factors on the amount of copper accumulation in ampelocenosis soils are presented. The article considers already implemented and potential ways to mitigate the negative effects of soil pollution with copper, aimed at limiting and optimizing the use of copper-containing drugs, the introduction of soil-saving agrotechnologies in viticulture, the reclamation of copper-contaminated soils, as well as the replacement of copper-based fungicides with alternative drugs to implement sustainable plant protection strategies that are safe for the environment.

In a long-term experiment launched in 1972 on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil, the effect of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the productivity of field crops and the potash regime of the soil was studied. The scheme of the experiment included the following options: without fertilizers, P60K60 (background), background + N30, background + N60, background + N90, background + N120. The analysis of crop yields in the 6th rotation of the crop rotation (2013–2019) showed that the most effective application for spring crops (wheat, barley, oats) was N30P60K60, for potatoes – N60P60K60. The highest yield of clover hay was noted in the P60K60 and N30P60K60 variants. The maximum productivity of an 8-field crop rotation (4.19 tons of grain/ha/year) and a payback of 1 kg of mineral fertilizers (8.7 kg of grain) was obtained by applying N30P60K60. Studies of the total potassium content, its easily exchangeable, mobile and non-exchangeable compounds in the soil were carried out at the end of the 6th rotation of the crop rotation in a layer of 0–60 cm. It was revealed that the long-term use of nitrogen fertilizers led to an increase in the mobility of potassium compounds in the soil. A significant increase in the content of easily exchangeable and mobile potassium compounds was found by 1.2–1.9 times relative to the background in layers 0–20 and 40–60 cm of soil when N60–120 was applied. With prolonged use of the N30 dose, only trends towards an increase in the content of these forms of potassium were noted, which could be the result of using a low dose or due to the maximum potassium removal by plants per rotation in this variant. The application of the maximum dose of fertilizers (N120P60K60) led to an increase in non-exchangeable potassium compounds (by 1.1 times), which may have been due to the destruction of the mineral part of the soil. A comparison of the P60K60 and N60P60K60 variants showed that the maintenance of the content of mobile potassium compounds at the initial level (1972) with the use of a complete mineral fertilizer was largely due to the influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the solubility and availability of potassium compounds. The effect of prolonged use of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers P60K60 and increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the total content of potassium in sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil has not been revealed.

The study of the effectiveness of the use of mineral fertilizers (N60P75K75) against the background of the effects of 2 doses of lime (1.0 and 2.0 h.a.) was carried out in a field stationary experiment, established in 1983, on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil. The effect of 2 doses of lime on a background without fertilizers, as well as with the annual application of mineral fertilizers, was studied. It was found that the highest yield of dry matter (d.m.) of legume-cereal grass mixtures with high quality was obtained in the lime 2.0 h.a. + NPK variant and amounted to 5.3 in 2015, in 2023 – 4.6 t of d.m./ha with yields in the control of 3.3 and 3.2 t/ha, respectively. The dry matter content with such application of agrochemicals was 21.5%, crude protein – 13.5%, the nitrate content did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). Lime and NPK were found to have a beneficial effect on the agrochemical properties of the soil. In 2023, the humus content was 4.6%, pH_KCl 4.0 pH units, the content of P₂O₅ – 159 and K₂O – 124 mg/kg of soil.

The sensitivity of the North Caucasian population of the pathogen of barley brown rust (Puccinia hordei G.H. Otth.) to fungicides derived from triazoles and strobilurines (preparations Amistar Gold, SK; Amistar Extra, SK; Baliy, KME; Delaro, KS) was determined. The work was carried out under controlled conditions of the greenhouse complex of the Federal National Research and Development Fund on winter barley of the susceptible Vivat variety of the Agricultural Scientific Center “Donskoy”. Winter barley plants in the germination phase were infected with the North Caucasian population of the barley brown rust pathogen. Fungicide treatment was carried out at the first signs of the disease with application rates of 0 (control, without treatment), 50, 100, 150 and 200% (the recommended application rate is assumed to be 100%). It was found that when treating infected barley plants with the fungicide Baliy, KME with different application standards, the biological effectiveness varied from 87.3 to 100%, Delaro, KS – from 78.1 to 100%, Amistar Extra, SK – from 79.2 to 100%, Amistar Gold, SK – from 85.3 to 100%. The use of the recommended dose of treatment(100%) contributed to a decrease in the development of brown rust in all variants by more than 96.9%. When using increased rates of fungicides (150, 200%), the biological efficiency was 100%. The high sensitivity of the North Caucasian population of the pathogen P. hordei to the active substances of the studied fungicides has been proven. For all the studied drugs, the values of LC₅₀ and LC₉₅ were significantly lower in comparison with the recommended concentration in the working solution. The result obtained was due to the content of active substances in fungicides from different chemical classes with different mechanisms of action, which provided high efficiency in suppressing the development of barley brown rust and reduced the risk of resistance.

In a controlled environment, the effect of moderate (100 mM) and strong (200 mM) sodium chloride salinity on seed germination, seedling growth and the state of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSA) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties Nur and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties Zlata was studied. It was found that with moderate salinization, the seeds of both species successfully germinated, but the growth of shoots and the accumulation of aboveground biomass were inhibited, which was partly due to a slowdown in the rate of photosynthesis. With strong salinity, distinct interspecific differences were observed in the response of plants. In particular, the number of germinated seeds decreased in barley, while in wheat it remained at the control level. In barley, shoot growth was inhibited to a greater extent, whereas in wheat, the accumulation of aboveground biomass was. The content of pigments in barley plants decreased, and the content of wheat increased. At the same time, stomatal conductivity decreased in both species and the rate of photosynthesis slowed down. It is concluded that based on the energy of germination and germination of seeds, it is possible to determine the salt resistance of species only to a high level of salinity (200 mM NaCl). Morphometric indicators of shoot growth make it possible to assess the resistance of plants to salinity already at lower salt concentrations (100 mM NaCl). For a more accurate comparative assessment of the salt resistance of species (varieties, varietals, genotypes) of cereals, not one, but several indicators should be used, reflecting not only the growth potential of plants, but also photosynthetic activity.