Vol 8, No 6 (2025)

the relevance of the theoretical study of the problem of extremism is determined by several factors, first of all, extremism is a dangerous offense with a complex interdisciplinary nature, having social, political, cultural and religious prerequisites. In addition, it is a crime of a political and criminal nature. The concept of "extremism" has not been fully disclosed in the legal and scientific literature, which requires a special analysis of this phenomenon. All these factors necessitate a theoretical analysis of the category "extremism". The article analyzes the legal definitions of "extremism" contained in the main normative acts of the Russian Federation and reveals the legal nature of extremism in theoretical research. The paper analyzes legal approaches in the NPA, provides an analysis of theoretical approaches to determine the essence and signs of extremism. As a result, the author analyzes the categories of "extremism" and "crime of extremist orientation", identifies the main theoretical approaches in the works of scientists, and provides a criminal and legal description of extremism. Consequently, the issue of defining and classifying extremist crimes requires further study, since identifying the nature and signs of extremism will make it possible to more clearly classify this type of offense. The article provides an interpretation of the category "extremism".

the article examines the legal regulation of criminal asset recovery in five member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU): Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia. The aim of the study is to identify differences and common features in the application of asset confiscation mechanisms, as well as to assess the prospects for developing a unified legal approach within the EAEU. The research objectives include the systematization and comparison of national confiscation models, identification of institutional and legal barriers to harmonization, and the development of proposals for unifying procedures for asset seizure, confiscation, and the recognition of foreign court decisions. Special attention is given to issues of civil confiscation, provisional freezing of assets, and the role of digital tools in cross-border legal cooperation. The practical significance of the study lies in the potential application of its findings and recommendations for drafting model legislation, creating a digital platform for mutual legal assistance, and establishing a specialized coordination body for asset recovery within the EAEU. The results are of interest to legislators, law enforcement and judicial authorities, international organizations, and may also be used in legal and anti-corruption education programs.

the article deals with the problem of insufficient protection of workers' labor rights in the context of economic insolvency (bankruptcy) of enterprises. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the legal and practical aspects of trade unions and the labor protection system as key tools for protecting the interests of employees. The objectives of the study include an analysis of legislation and judicial practice to identify systemic risks for trade union organizations, such as subsidiary liability and legal uncertainty in the order of transfer of membership fees. The impact of these factors on the financial stability and human rights potential of trade unions is assessed. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the results to improve bankruptcy legislation. The formulated conclusions provide a scientific justification for strengthening the legal status of trade unions and creating a more balanced system for protecting workers' rights. The materials of the article will be useful for practicing lawyers, arbitration managers and trade union representatives to develop effective strategies for protecting the rights of employees in bankruptcy proceedings.

the article addresses the contemporary issue of legal regulation concerning contracts for the international sale of goods and material breaches of their terms within the legal frameworks of the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the PRC in relation to the burgeoning foreign trade exchange between Russia and China. The essay focusses on addressing the discrepancies in the methods of the three legal systems of the two states regarding a material breach of the contract, which entitles a party to refuse or terminate an international contract. Diverse legal frameworks infuse legal uncertainty into the relationships of the parties, posing an impediment to both the conclusion of foreign commerce transactions and the resolution of disputes in courts and arbitrations. The author employs comparative legal research to scrutinize the legal foundation for such regulation, encompassing the applicability of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention 1980, CISG) to international contracts, alongside national legal standards and interpretative guidance from higher courts in Russia and China, as well as precedent rulings from the common law of the Hong Kong SAR. This paper analyses the application of the legal systems of Russia, China, and the Hong Kong SAR in foreign trade transactions involving commercial enterprises situated within their jurisdictions, where the governing law is established by the private international law or by mutual agreement of the parties. The research undertaken enables the identification of similarities and disparities, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of legal regulation, to formulate recommendations for participants in foreign trade relations aimed at enhancing the resolution of current issues and the prevention of possible difficulties. The author asserts that the most effective solution for resolving legal ambiguity in international contract relations is the governance of international trade transactions by the Vienna Convention of 1980, allowing the parties to designate the applicable law for contract aspects not addressed by the CISG.

the article examines corruption as a complex and multifaceted socio-legal phenomenon that permeates all spheres of public life. The author analyzes current scholarly approaches to the understanding of corruption and attempts to substantiate the need for the development of a coherent theory of corruption supported by a unified conceptual framework. The work highlights the lack of clarity in the use of the term "corruption-related manifestations" in Russian legislation: although the term appears in subordinate legal acts, it is absent from the core Federal Law "On Combating Corruption." The article provides examples of legal sources that include this term and offers a legal analysis of their shortcomings. Methodological and legal-technical flaws in the regulation of anti-corruption mechanisms are identified through specific examples, such as orders issued by the Federal Tax Service and the Federal Antimonopoly Service. The author emphasizes that the absence of a clear and unified interpretation of the term "corruption-related manifestations" undermines the effectiveness of law enforcement in the anti-corruption field. Special attention is given to a strategic planning document in the area of anti-corruption policy, as well as the challenges related to the unification of legal terminology. The author proposes the development of a unified scientific and methodological approach to the drafting of anti-corruption legislation as a necessary condition for improving the efficiency of anti-corruption efforts in Russia.

the article explores key trends and prospects for the development of economic legislation in the context of digitalization and the transition to sustainable development. It examines the challenges associated with the introduction of digital technologies (blockchain, AI, and big data) and the need for legal regulation of new economic relations. Special attention is given to the environmentalization of law, the implementation of ESG principles, and the promotion of a green economy. The article analyzes possible areas for improving legislation, including the harmonization of the regulatory framework, support for responsible business, and international cooperation. The article offers recommendations on adapting legal mechanisms to ensure sustainable economic growth in the context of technological and environmental transformations.

the article examines the current state of legal framework for environmental security in the Republic of Dagestan. Federal and regional regulatory legal acts governing environmental protection activities are analyzed, and their implementation practice for the period 2019-2024 is studied. The main problems in the field of environmental law in the region are identified: insufficient effectiveness of control and supervisory activities, weak inter-agency coordination, limited financial resources. Special attention is paid to the legal regulation of the use of water resources of the Caspian Sea, conservation of biodiversity in mountainous areas and prevention of degradation of pasture lands. Based on the research results, directions for improving the legal mechanism for ensuring environmental security are proposed: strengthening inter-agency coordination, developing public environmental control, improving economic mechanisms of nature management, creating a regional system of environmental monitoring.

this article analyzes the principle of permanent sovereignty of states over natural resources in the context of international environmental law and sustainable development. It is emphasized that a safe environment is a necessary condition for the implementation of fundamental human rights and the achievement of sustainable development goals. The principle of sovereignty is considered not as an absolute right, but as a right associated with specific obligations: compliance with human rights, international cooperation and respect for international law. Particular attention is paid to the relationship of this principle with the problem of climate change. It is proved that international legal environmental mechanisms do not limit permanent sovereignty, but offer tools to prevent the irrational exploitation of natural resources. The thesis of the UN General Assembly that the implementation of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources is critically important for strengthening the economic independence of states is confirmed. Modern challenges associated with the need to harmonize international and national standards in the field of environmental protection are also analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the role of the UN and the codes of the East African Community countries in the formation of effective mechanisms of cooperation to prevent environmental conflicts and achieve a balance between sovereignty and global interests. In conclusion, it is substantiated that the principle in question is a key element in maintaining global stability and international peace.

the article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the grounds for initiating criminal cases related to medical errors. Their legal nature, the main reasons and factors leading to the violation of medical standards, methods for identifying medical errors, their legal assessment, qualification and features of proof in this category of cases are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to criminal-legal and criminal-procedural aspects in the proceedings on cases related to medical errors. The work is based on the analysis of Russian and foreign legislation, judicial practice and modern scientific research.

this article examines student scientific research in jurisprudence as a type of project activity within the framework of implementing a competency-based approach to education in higher education institutions. The regulatory basis for integrating project-based learning in accordance with the requirements of the third-generation Federal State Educational Standards (FSES) is analyzed. To form an evidential foundation, the article characterizes the theory and stages of project activity, and draws parallels between the structure and stages of scientific research and the algorithm for performing student research coursework projects. Based on practical experience in training legal professionals at K.E. Tsiolkovsky Kaluga State University, elements of successful implementation of a methodology for developing research and project skills among students while mastering the course "Designing in Professional Activity" are demonstrated. In this regard, the article describes the methodological experience of applying a project-based approach when completing coursework in the form of scientific articles by students majoring in legal disciplines and specialties. The authors emphasize that using this teaching methodology develops students’ experience in conducting scientific research, which is subsequently successfully applied in writing graduation qualification works. It is argued that the project-based approach in education promotes the development of independence, analytical thinking, and professional competence of future lawyers, as well as prepares them to perform high-quality legal activities.

the content of constitutional right to higher education in the Russian Federation: historical and legal aspect. The subject of this article is the content of the constitutional right to higher education in the sense attributed to this right in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, legislation, and law enforcement practice. The main regulatory acts, formulations, and principles that define the guarantees and obligations of the state and citizens in the field of higher education are examined. Special attention is given to the legal mechanisms and issues in the realization of this right, its place among other rights and freedoms of individuals, and its history of development. The article explores the content of the constitutional right to higher education in the Russian Federation, analyzes its semantic filling in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, legislation, and law enforcement practice, as well as the main regulatory acts, principles, and guarantees that define the obligations of the state and the rights of citizens in the sphere of higher education. The work applies general, scientific, specific scientific, and specialized research methods, utilizing an interdisciplinary and systemic approach to studying the legal regulation of higher education. The article reveals the evolution of the right to higher education from pre-Petrine Russia to the present day, emphasizing its transformation into a crucial social right that ensures the realization of other constitutional freedoms and rights. The normative content of the right to higher education constitutes a set of guarantees for all citizens’ access to quality and free education on equal terms, taking into account the challenges of the time. The development of this right is seen as a key factor in the formation of a democratic civil society and a socially oriented state, as well as promoting the value of scientific knowledge and intellectual activity in a post-industrial society. The right to higher education is an important condition for the realization of other fundamental rights and constitutional freedoms. The normative content of the right to higher education is enshrined in legislative acts, and in practice, it is expressed in practical mechanisms for the realization of the right. When legislating in the area of addressing existing problems within the education system and improving the right to higher education, it is essential to consider the needs and priorities of the state regarding specialists and scientific personnel, as well as global trends in higher education and the increasingly intensive academic mobility.

the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the specifics of criminal procedural proving of improper provision of medical care. It examines the challenges in establishing the subject of proof, methods of determining causal relationships between the actions of medical professionals and resulting consequences, and issues of guilt qualification. Special attention is given to the role of forensic medical examination, medical records, and digital technologies in the evidentiary process. Based on the analysis of judicial practice, typical investigative and judicial errors are identified. The article proposes measures for improving procedural mechanisms and legal reforms to balance the interests of patients and healthcare professionals.

modern international law attaches special importance to the institution of citizenship, considering it not only as a legal link between a person and the State, but also as a legal category with cross-border significance. Citizenship is becoming a factor determining the legal status of an individual in international relations, including the exercise of rights, protection, responsibility, and migration issues. In the context of globalization, increased international migration, transnational legal interaction and the development of supranational entities, the institution of citizenship is acquiring new features, reflecting both the sovereignty of States and the growing role of international human rights standards. The article is aimed at identifying the features of the legal regulation of citizenship in modern international law, analyzing trends in the field of multiple citizenship, stateless persons, naturalization and deprivation of citizenship procedures, as well as substantiating the need to harmonize international and national approaches to this category. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the interpretation of citizenship as a dynamic legal structure influenced by both the domestic and international legal order.

this article is devoted to the analysis of one of the most acute and controversial problems of Russian civil law – the conflict of heirs' rights to residential premises and the interests of bona fide purchasers of such real estate. The fundamental contradiction between the principle of protection of property rights, which presupposes the possibility of vindication of property from any illegal owner, and the principle of stability of civil turnover, which requires the protection of the acquirer relying on the data of the public registry, is investigated. The paper analyzes the content of the legal positions of the heir and the bona fide acquirer, identifies the shortcomings of the existing legal regulation, in particular, the criterion of "disposal of property against the will of the owner" (art. 302 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) in the context of hereditary legal relations. The purpose of the article is to pose the problem and formulate a conceptual approach aimed at achieving a fair balance of interests of the parties, based not on the formal application of the norm, but on a comprehensive assessment of the factual circumstances of the case, including the behavior and prudence of each of the participants in the legal relationship.

this study aims to identify the historical and legal stages of the formation of digital financial assets (DFA) as objects of civil rights in Russia, and to reveal the continuity of theoretical concepts and legislative approaches. Purpose of this work is to analyze the historical and legal evolution of digital financial assets (DFAs) in Russia to identify key patterns and transformations in their legal status—from a complete lack of regulation to recognition as full-fledged objects of civil rights. The identification of methods and techniques of analysis is applied to the legal aspects of DFAs' functioning, which is particularly relevant for analyzing export operations involving digital assets. Methodology of the work is based on historical-legal and comparative-legal analysis, as well as the formal-legal method. As part of the study, economic-mathematical methods were used to assess the impact of legal changes on DFA turnover, and statistical analysis methods were applied to regulatory acts and judicial practice to identify main regulatory trends. The study identified three distinct stages in the evolution of DFA legal regulation: pre-revolutionary (lack of legal recognition), Soviet (administrative-command approach to electronic data), and modern (formation of a comprehensive legal framework). It was established that modern DFA regulation, introduced by Federal Law No. 259-FZ, overcame the key limitations of previous stages but retained problems of legal dualism and underdeveloped mechanisms for inheritance and protection of digital assets. Conclusions were drawn on the need for further harmonization of civil law constructs with information security standards. The conclusions and materials of the study can be used by legislative bodies to improve the regulatory framework governing DFA turnover.