Том 4, № 3 (2022)

For the first time in historiography, the article assesses the reforms of Peter I from the standpoint of an idealistic approach to history. Peter's reforms in the assessments of historians are constantly changing depending on the theory they adhere to, which leads to the creation of new interpretations and images of the past. Evaluation of the Peter's reforms should be done from the standpoint of the criteria laid down in the Orthodox worldview that prevailed in the Petrine period. The vast majority of the reforms carried out from these worldview positions can be assessed, mostly positively. Unambiguously negatively evaluated: beard shaving, the introduction of foreign clothing and some forms of European life and customs. Synodal church administration and the monastic reforms are generally negatively assessed.

The article deals with the climate policy of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C). The place of the region in the global structure of greenhouse gas production, their dynamics in the period 1990 - 2018 is analyzed, the relationship between the economic development of the region and the volume of GHG emissions is demonstrated. The main directions of the climate policy of the LA&C countries, the influence of political, social, and economic factors on the climate policy of individual countries are studied. Alternative ways and strategies of climate policy are shown on the example of Bolivia and Ecuador. An analysis of climate measures and conflict potential on issues of environmental modernization is given. In conclusion, the author's scheme for assessing the level of climate policy of the major states of the region according to their goals set in the framework of the Paris Agreement (UN NDC).

Mozi1 can be described as broad and profound, which covers the natural sciences, philosophy and social sciences, Mozi has made great achievements in mathematics, mechanics, optics, engineering science, etc. In terms of natural science, philosophy and logic, thoughts including «whole world as one community», «homogeneity of benefit and morality», «respect the rules», «peaceful coexistence», «mutual aid» advocated by Mozi, are complementary and consistent with his scientific rationality and scientific spirit. On this basis, Mozi further demonstrated his labor-based and ability-based view, power contract view, view of rule of law, and social overall view, etc. With the serious incompleteness and loss of the documents of Mozi, and the practical rationality and empirical way of thinking of traditional Confucianism have become cultural factors restricting the further development of science, technology and spiritual civilization. So the numerous scientific and technological achievements created by Mozi, and the ideological system of Mohism have not been fully and completely inherited and developed. In a certain sense, the elements of science, democracy and other elements lacking in the feudal social ideology with Confucianism as the mainstream need to be supplemented by the clear scientific rationality and scientific spirit of Mohist. To revitalize traditional culture and promote economic and social development, it is still necessary to continue to excavate and carry forward the scientific rationality and ethical spirit of Mohism.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the propaganda coverage of the Korean War at the UN, as well as the representation of Soviet diplomats struggle at the central newspapers publications. Full-fledged coverage of the Soviet diplomats’ activities at the United Nations became one of the key elements in USSR foreign policy propaganda. The coverage of the activities of the Soviet Union at the UN had its own characteristics: the voluminous and detailed reports of diplomats’ actions, texts of their speeches. Materials were mostly cited on the pages of “Pravda” and “Izvestia” without any editorial commentary. Such a «documentary approach» was supposed to emphasize the importance of the struggle in the UN and create a sense of belonging to what is happening. One of the techniques in the propaganda struggle used was active criticism of the actions of opponents, building the image of instigators of the conflict and consistent opponents of peace. Thus, the actions of the South Korean government were presented as secondary to conflict, the head of the state was characterized as “a Washington’s puppet”. It was the United States that represented the main threat to the world peace. The coverage of the Korean War was accompanied by an unprecedented level of criticism of the Truman administration and the activities of the UN Secretary General. The bitterness of the Kremlin's position was largely due to the impossibility of outplaying the United States, effectively used the UN mechanisms for its own purposes during the Korean war.

The political crisis in Russia in the early 1990s led to the formation of quasi-state formations in many regions of the country, the purpose of which was to equalize the rights of regions and territories to the level of autonomous republics. The most famous of them was the Ural Republic, established in 1993 on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region. Interest in the circumstances of the creation of this phenomenon has not subsided until now. The Ural Republic differs from this kind of quasi-state entities in that it actually existed for 132 days. Over the three decades that have passed since the formation of the Ural Republic, a large amount of journalistic and scientific literature has appeared devoted to understanding the reasons that led to the creation of the Ural Republic, its place in the political landscape of the Russian Federation in the early 1990s. Interest in the circumstances of the creation of the Ural Republic is shown not only by Russian, but also by foreign scientists. In this literature, a wide variety of opinions are expressed on this issue. The discourse of modern historiography is conducted primarily in the political plane. Scientists argue about whether in the history of the creation of the Ural Republic there was only the desire of the leadership of the Sverdlovsk region to equalize the rights of regions and territories to the level of autonomous republics, or it was a manifestation of separatist tendencies. As a result of the activities of the Ural Republic, a complex of various types of documents was postponed. The most important among them are documents of personal origin, the analysis of which is devoted to this article.

Attempts to connect the Volga and Don rivers (variant: Oka and Don) were made for several centuries until the launch of the Volga-Don Shipping Channel in 1952. The stages of design and construction reflected the historiography created during the XVIII-XXI centuries. It considered the works carried out in the area of convergence of the Volga and Don riverbeds and near the source of the Don at Ivan Lake. The route along which the water transport route was laid was reported, the organization of construction was described, hydraulic structures were listed, their size and operational characteristics were given. The article examines the mutual influence of historical works, as well as their relevance, which has changed taking into account changes in social and scientific and technical requests. The aim of the study was to find out how this historiography was related to the needs of the target groups of its creators and readers-historians and hydraulic engineers who designed the connection. It was found that hydraulic engineers often passed by the research of historians, if such, having novelty, did not contain historical and technical material. It is noted that after the connection of the Volga and the Don was carried out, the literature on its history merged again into a single stream.

The article is of a publication nature and aims to introduce into scientific circulation the collection of the period of the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. from the excavations of the «old» Chelyabinsk. As a result of research with a continuous area of more than 2 thousand m2, an extensive material complex was obtained, reflecting the petty-bourgeois life of the city of Chelyabinsk in a narrow period of time, recorded not only from archival sources, but also directly dating objects in the complex. The timely publication of the primary source will allow not only to solve particular issues of the history of the city of Chelyabinsk, but also to correlate the data obtained during urban excavations in the adjacent territories, especially the Ural-West Siberian region.

In the middle of the 20th century, television technologies found their application in various fields of medical science and practice, in particular in instrumental diagnostics and radiology. Interactive teleconferences have become the technical basis for distant consultations (medical videoconferencing). The emergence of two-way exchange of video and audio information in real time preceded by the period of one-way television communication (so-called «medical television»). Objective: to identify, systematize and comparatively study the patterns of development of scientific and practical knowledge related to the use of one-way television technologies in medicine. The «medical television» used in medicine in the period of 1930-1960s to organize closed (non-public) broadcasts for educational purposes. The use of «medical television» in European countries was discrete. In the United States, the use of «medical television» was purely applied, but it was very large-scale. Television broadcasts have become an indispensable component of professional conferences and congresses. In the USSR, the scientific and technical development of «medical television» followed the path of intrahospital broadcasts only. A distinctive feature was a number of development and research works in the 1950s-1960s for creation of specialized television equipment and the scientific substantiation of the requirements for the parameters of the broadcast image. Developed equipment was mass-produced. The technologies of «medical television» were introduce into the activities of medical educational institutions for the routine teaching of surgical disciplines in the USSR, USA, Great Britain, France, etc.

The review of a book about the famous physicist Lev Feoktistov contains a description of a new book from the series about famous Ural scientists «Outstanding Scientists of the Urals», published in recent years under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It gives not only a description of the structure of the publication, but also its most interesting sections.

The publication is based on an interview with Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov, the most outstanding living graduate of our university (UPI-UII-USTU-UrFU). it is preceded by a short introduction by Professor V.V. Zapariya about the background of this meeting. And a description of the previous meeting with Ryzhkov at the official celebration in honor of his 90th birthday two years ago. The text is given without changes, in some cases explanations are given.