Vol 15, No 1 (2025)

The article describes possibility of using the method of unit expense rates to calculate the urban transit self-cost and evaluating the quality of economic operations at urban transit operators.

Purpose. The article examines optimization possibilities of the amount of operating costs determining procedure and the self-cost of transportation at urban ground transit operators. Article proposes a methodology that allows increasing the veracity of calculations, while simplifying them. Also, the methodology allows quality evaluation of operation activities at urban transit operators.

The proposed categories of unit expense rates are used to determine the self-cost of transport work for trolleybuses, trams, and buses in Minsk, Kazan, Samara, and St. Petersburg, as well as electric battery buses in Minsk.

Methodology. The article uses a combination of methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction, as well as the method of unit expense rates, which has become widespread in matters of analyzing economic activity in railway transport.

Results. A comparison of information on the self-cost of transit activities obtained from reports of analyzed cities’ transit operators, as well as calculations by proposed methods for determining operating costs, made it possible to identify a number of indicators for which it is recommended to revise approaches to their determination.

Practical implications. This article may be of practical interest to urban transit operators, as well as regional (local) executive and legislative authorities exercising powers to budget and organize urban and suburban transit by bus and urban electric transport.

Background. One of the important components of the assessment of the public urban passenger transport system is the formation of an initial set of indicators (criteria). To date there is no single set of indicators for the functioning of urban passenger transportation.

The author of each study chooses the composition of indicators (often also a single indicator) that he considers the most significant and sufficient in order to quantify the system. As a result, only a part of the transport process is evaluated, while many indicators that could fully reflect the state of the system are neglected.

This is due, in particular, to the fact that the formation of a large set of initial data greatly complicates the evaluation procedure. Most often, the indicators that the passenger is interested in improving are selected for evaluation. However, in the system of urban land passenger transport for general use, there are also other participants such as the customer of transport services and the carrier, whose interests should also be taken into account in order to form adequate estimates and develop rational corrective solutions.

The goal is to form and substantiate a set of indicators (criteria) for evaluating the public urban land passenger transport system that would reflect the interests of each of the participants in the transport process.

Methodology. The method of analysis and the method of data systematization are used.

Results. The evaluation indicators of the urban land passenger transport system for general use, proposed by scientists, as well as regulated by normative documents, are investigated. Based on the results of the study, a fairly complete set of indicators was formed and grouped into enlarged blocks for each of the system participants: for the passenger, for the carrier, for the customer of transport services. The requirements for the initial set of indicators for evaluating the urban land passenger transport system are formulated.

The scope of the results. The results obtained can be used by scientists, as well as experts in the field of transport, to assess the functioning of urban passenger transportation.

Conclusions. The selected indicators take into account all aspects of the qualitative component of the transport process: comfort, safety, contact, reliability, accessibility, information service and efficiency. The generated list can be supplemented or adjusted depending on the objectives of the assessment subjects or the opinion of experts.

Background. Integrated development environments, have limited ability to automate repetitive tasks, which leads to increased development time. Creating a software templating tool solves this problem by automating routine processes and reducing errors.

Purpose. Development of a program providing automation of creation and editing of template files, their integration with the database, as well as support for viewing the content of the files.

Method and methodology. Using Java programming language for program implementation and PostgreSQL for data storage. The approach was based on the use of universal tools to ensure compatibility and scalability.

Results. This paper details the development of a templateizer program that supports creating, editing, viewing, and updating template files. Templates are stored in PostgreSQL, which provides centralized data management. The program supports the principle of modularity, which ensures the expansion of the program functionality by adding the necessary flags. In this case, the program code will require minimal intervention due to the changes made.  

Scope of the results. The solution can be used in industrial automation, educational testbeds and in the development of projects that require standardization of processes.

Conclusions. The developed program significantly reduces the development time and increases the accuracy of repetitive operations when creating programs in the integrated development environment for programmable logic controllers.

Background. The organization of public transport routes based on individual passenger requests (on-demand routes) using small-class buses in areas with low population density has become a pressing issue due to the necessity of improving the efficiency of transport systems under limited financial and material resources. Traditional regular route schemes often prove unprofitable and insufficiently convenient for residents of such territories, leading to decreased transport accessibility and deterioration of population living standards. Modern technologies and mathematical modeling enable the development of flexible and cost-effective solutions capable of adapting to the characteristics of low-density regions and minimizing costs associated with organizing transport services.

The need for optimizing transport flows acquires particular significance in light of global sustainable development and environmental trends. Developing models that reduce operational expenses and decrease the carbon footprint of transport operations corresponds to modern requirements for rational natural resource utilization and energy efficiency.

Creating effective mechanisms for managing on-demand routes holds high social significance, contributing to ensuring equal opportunities for all segments of the population regardless of their geographical location and financial status.

Purpose. To develop a mathematical model for organizing on-demand routes for passenger transportation using small-class buses in populated areas with low population density, ensuring maximum efficiency and economic viability of transport services.

Materials and methods. This study employed a comprehensive approach to developing a mathematical model for organizing on-demand routes. The research was based on analyzing real conditions of bus service operation in regions with low population density. The model considered the following parameters: number of populated areas and their geographic location, passenger flow volume, technical specifications of small-class buses, time constraints, and financial performance indicators of transport enterprises. Route optimization was performed using dynamic programming algorithms that accounted for variable demand structure and resource limitations. Practical testing of the model was conducted using data from a specific region with low population density, enabling the collection of reliable results and drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of the proposed approach to organizing transport services.

Results. A comprehensive analysis of existing approaches to organizing on-demand routes was conducted, and key factors determining their effectiveness were identified. A mathematical model was developed that accounts for the specifics of populated areas with low population density, including uneven distribution of demand, large distances between populated areas, and limited financial resources. Various route optimization algorithms were investigated, and the most suitable method was selected for solving the stated problem. Numerical simulation of the proposed model was performed using a specific regional example, and its effectiveness was evaluated compared to existing transportation schemes. Recommendations were developed for implementing the proposed model in the practical activities of transport organizations operating in conditions of low population density.

In this article, the authors describe the development of a web service to optimize the work of the operator of the Traffic Management Center (using the example of Krasnodar), which automatically detects traffic situations that reduce intensity and promptly transmits a signal to the operator, offering options for actions in a specific situation, predicting congestion situations before they occur, depending on the time of day.

The authors have developed a web service that automates the work of a data center operator, allowing, with the help of an intelligent assistant, to make recommendations to the operator on preventing congestion on public roads.

The goal is to optimize the work of the data center operator to improve the quality of public road use.

Purpose. Optimizing the work of the traffic management center operator to improve the quality of use of public roads.

Method and methodology. The article used the methods of field research, modeling of traffic flows.

Results. Accounting and analysis of the current work of the data center operator was carried out, methods of automating the operator's work, calculation of the optimal traffic light cycle and consequences of redirection of traffic flows were studied.

Scope of application of the results: research activities to improve the capacity of public roads when automating the work of the traffic control center operator and digitalizing document flow processes.

Background. The relevance of the article is determined by the complexity and dynamism of resource allocation systems (RR systems), which include numerous time-varying elements, both within the system and in the external environment, and require organization into hierarchical subsystems. The uncertainty of the informational component and influencing factors necessitates the use of effective analytical tools based on decision theory under uncertainty for the objective assessment and management of such systems.

Purpose.  To develop a set of mathematical models for finding optimal solutions in complex resource management systems under uncertainty, required for designing resource allocation structures.

Materials and methods. The study employs a combination of mathematical modeling, decision theory, and optimization techniques to address multicriteria problems in complex systems, particularly in resource allocation systems (RR systems) within transport complexes. The classical decision-making approach involves selecting the optimal solution from a set of alternatives formalized through mathematical models representing the problem situation. For deterministic optimization tasks, the model includes a set of feasible solutions XX and a vector criterion f(x)f(x) to evaluate alternatives. In multicriteria optimization under uncertainty, the lack of a unified mathematical framework requires the use of diverse methods such as combinatorics, graph theory, heuristics, linear and dynamic programming, and search algorithms. The research highlights the challenges of applying these methods in complex systems, where external and internal uncertainties complicate the formulation of constraints and the integration of qualitative and quantitative criteria. The transformation of multicriteria problems into single-criterion formulations with constraints is also explored, emphasizing limitations imposed by unpredictable external factors and the need for experimental validation in complex transport systems.

Results. The main challenge in building effective resource allocation systems (RR systems) lies in the large number of qualitative criteria, which are difficult to formalize and integrate into mathematical models. Qualitative criteria, such as scoring or expert judgments, require the use of ordinal scales, where only monotonic transformations are permissible, limiting quantitative comparison. To address multicriteria problems, methods based on binary relations and value functions are proposed, enabling the formalization of preferences and ranking of alternatives. These approaches, including linear aggregations and utility functions, enhance the objectivity of decisions in complex systems, such as transport complexes, where both quantitative and qualitative criteria are present. However, their application requires careful analysis and adaptation to the specifics of the tasks.