Vol 12, No 4 (2024)
SOCIOLOGY OF MANAGEMENT
The genesis of regulatory acts for the development of regions. Part one
Abstract
This article presents an analysis of the development of legal regulation of socioeconomic development in the Russian Federation. The symptoms of the movement of management to the project and anthropocentric type were determined. The key legislative acts related to socio-economic development and regional development for the period from 1995 to 2020 were analyzed. The subject of the analysis was the target focuses of planning, the role of the state in planning, the nature of the relationship between federal, regional, municipal authorities and other development actors, the consistency and complexity of policy development, territorial unification or diversity in regional planning. The results showed the movement of administration from the functional to the system type, a change in the programmatic approach towards the project approach. Directionality is replaced by resultsbased management. However, such a consistent movement towards anthropocentricity is not observed. The management of territories is based on the principle of partnership, but these relations are still built on the principle of subordination, which greatly reduces the activity of subjects of territorial development and hinders the implementation of national projects.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):9-22
9-22
Types of organization of communicative management space in the context of the implementation of national projects: regional cross-section
Abstract
This article continues a series of studies on the organization of communicative space in the management of regions. The effectiveness of the implementation of certain management decisions may depend on many factors, including a qualitatively built dialogue between interested parties of social management representing the interests of various categories of citizens. The article presents the results of a search study on the identification of types of the communicative management space’ organization in the context of the implementation of national projects in regions with different levels of socio-cultural modernization. The main task was to determine the levels of constructive (balanced) and destructive (inconsistent) interaction between the subjects of three levels – managerial, resource and basic. With the help of secondary conceptualization of data from a mass survey of the population and mass expert surveys conducted in 12 regions of Russian Federation, it was possible to identify typical signs of organized communication between particular subjects in each of the studied areas by analyzing the opinion of experts. The validity of this group of respondents is confirmed by the presence of experience in management practice, education and professional competence. The authors studied the relations between the subjects of management (regional authorities, local self-government, business communities, public organizations, scientific organizations and the population) in each region. There were constructed the types of the communicative management space’ organization of the region by assessing the similarities and differences of communication connections: 1) balanced constructive, 2) with elements of mismatch, 3) inconsistent (unbalanced, destructive). During the analysis, it was revealed that assessment of the interaction of management subjects is related to the assessment of the management style in the region, the agreement with the managerial style of the regional authorities among representatives of the expert community is associated with an assessment of the nature of the constructiveness of relations between regional authorities and the population.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):23-45
23-45
Employment of persons with disabilities: opportunities, priorities and outcomes of active policies in welfare states. Part one
Abstract
This two-part article examines the active employment policies of welfare states and their impact on the situation of persons with disabilities of working age. On the basis of research materials and data from population surveys in the EU and OECD countries, the article analyzes the trends of active employment policies for persons with moderate and severe disabilities in welfare states of different models for the period from 2010 to 2020. The first part of the article reveals the approaches of active policy to retention on the labor market, to provision of employment assistance services, to reduction of unemployment risks, to employment of persons with disabilities. The principles of transformation of allowances for disability, temporary disability, unemployment, income maintenance and application of personal measures – incentives and sanctions, which are based on increasing the responsibility of citizens for their own well-being, are considered. The role of the factor of de-regulation of the employment sphere in the approaches of active policy to the expansion of labor supply and maintenance of demand on the part of employers is shown. The priorities of active measures to promote employment, based on cost reduction and increasing returns on investment, and their impact on the employment of citizens with different degrees of impairment are revealed. The results of active policies (employment gap and unemployment rate) and their sustainability in relation to persons with moderate and severe impairments are revealed.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):46-64
46-64
SOCIAL PROCESSES. SOCIAL DYNAMICS
Variability and dynamics of patriotic attitudes of Russians in the context of Special military operation
Abstract
The article presents the results of a study of the features of socio-political dispositions characteristic of moderate and convinced types of patriotic attitudes. Additionally, an analysis of the dynamics of changes in the ratio of the shares of both types of patriotism in 2024 in the context of SMO in comparison with the situation in 2020 was carried out. The empirical basis of the study was data from a mass survey of the population of the Russian Federation conducted by the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS in February-March 2024 on a representative all-Russian sample. The sample size is 2000 respondents. For comparison, data from a similar survey in 2020 were used. The criterion for typologizing different variants of patriotism is the quantitative difference in the degree of support for judgments of a civil and protective nature, forming a space of patriotic meanings of emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of attitude towards Russia. Based on the results of the analysis of data on the assessment of the degree of agreement with judgments of civil and protective meaning, moderate and convinced types of patriotism were identified, which together make up the system of patriotic attitudes of Russians. An analysis of the interrelationships of each type of patriotism with a wide range of socio-political dispositions has shown that the selected types represent integral symptom complexes of views on the country, its current state and development prospects, significantly differing in their stable trends over time. Such a trend for convinced patriots is a focus on traditionalism, and for moderate patriots – on modernism. A comparison of data on the prevalence of a particular type of patriotism in 2020 with similar data in 2024 allowed us to conclude that if in 2020 the system of patriotic attitudes of Russians was in a stable state with the dominance of modernist trends, then in 2024 there was a “shift” of the entire system of patriotic beliefs to a different quality, but equally stable a state, but already dominated by traditionalist tendencies. In general, it is concluded that the system of patriotic attitudes of Russians is very mobile in terms of activating both civil and protective meanings, which in different socio-political contexts leads either to an increase or decrease in the proportion of supporters of one or another of the studied types in the system as a whole.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):65-81
65-81
Dynamics of Russians’ perception of the situation in various spheres of life: from assessments to requests for social policy
Abstract
The article analyzes the dynamics and specifics of Russians’ assessments of the ongoing changes in various spheres of life. Based on the data of studies conducted by the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS in different years, it is shown that the most significant improvements have occurred over the past almost two decades in terms of the level and quality of life of the population, as well as education and health care. In particular, the share of positive perception of the situation with unemployment and expansion of opportunities for earning, with the availability of housing and pre-school institutions is growing. “Cautious” positivity is noted with regard to the situation with social justice, living standards, as well as secondary and higher education. However, the dominance of positive assessments is not recorded in any of the spheres. This signals the persistence of separate problems in them, relevant for different groups of the population. Assessments of the situation in the spheres related to collective security deserve special attention, in respect of which a sharp increase in negative assessments is recorded. The groups with relatively homogeneous views on the dynamics of the situation in different spheres of life in society were considered. Among them, Russians with pessimistic and moderately optimistic views of the ongoing changes are approximately equal in number. It has been noted that the key differences between these groups, and, accordingly, their requests for changes in certain spheres, are formed under the influence of factors mainly of a subjective nature. They are related to the perception of their own well-being, the number and nature of problems experienced in the last year, as well as some “we-identities”. In particular, it is shown that the request for qualitative changes for pessimists is formed largely spontaneously and under the effect of the cumulative negative impact of many factors on their lives. Requests for further improvements in key areas of life are more differentiated among moderate optimists and “stability-oriented” part of society.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):82-105
82-105
Plans and reality in the horizon of the future: towards the issue of conceptualization in the analysis of social behavior
Abstract
In the practice of sociological research, the growth of interest in various aspects of social behavior is the higher the more acute the crisis period and uncertainty of reality. Today, adherence to life guidelines, resistance to various challenges, flexibility in the strategies of social behavior acquire the status of a key competitive advantage in ensuring stability, security and development of Russian society. The relevance of the topic is due to the demand for the development of new approaches to the analysis of social behavior, which will allow to take into account not only the objective conditions of people’s lives, but also their subjective ideas about the desired future. The article substantiates the conceptualization of the concepts of plans and reality in the horizon of near and far planning of life goals within the boundaries of the methodology of studying social behavior. The author’s model of analysis of social behavior strategy choice allows taking into account not only rational but also axiological aspects of social behavior, as well as its relationship with life strategies, motivation, and beliefs. The empirical base is the data obtained in the course of nationwide studies conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the period 2015–2024. The conceptual model is tested through the comparison of perceptions of the spheres of desired and actually achieved success in the realization of life goals through the characteristics of the length of the planning horizon and the perception of their future. The analysis of dynamics showed that family, work, personal well-being constitute the core of perceptions of success and, as a consequence, the motivation of achievement and the formation of the image of the future. Negative trends were revealed: a structural shift in the assessment of the importance of education, a high gap between plans and real prospects for professional realization. The height of social barriers in the spheres of labor market and material well-being remains significant for a significant part of respondents. In terms of personal future planning horizon, stable trends were found: in assessing their current situation among those who have plans for the future there are twice as many who assess it as good; the share of those who have achieved or achieved a lot is also higher among those who have plans than among those who do not make plans at all. An additional angle of analysis through the criterion of planning horizon length serves as a meaningful measure of proactivity of social behavior, manifestation of values and perceptions in specific actions. The results of the study can be useful for sociologists studying social behavior, as well as for specialists working in the field of social psychology, social management and forecasting; they can contribute to the development of new methods for analyzing social behavior, taking into account its subjective component.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):106-123
106-123
ADAPTATION PROCESSES IN MODERN RUSSIA
Urban family with minor children: resources, moral guidelines and social adaptation of working parents. Part two
Abstract
The article presents the results of studying the daily activities of working parents in the field of caring for minor children and their upbringing. Data from monitoring studies of the daily activities and time budget of urban residents carried out during 1986–2020 were used. The composition of families with children is considered and the resource characteristics of parents are analyzed, which turned out to be very similar for fathers and mothers. The relationship of parents’ time spent on caring for children and their upbringing with parents’ belonging to fathers and mothers, with their age, level of education, religious identity and income level in parents’ families, as well as with some value orientations of fathers and mothers, is investigated. The analysis showed that the objective picture of working parents using time resources for activities with children does not agree with their subjective opinion that “activities with their children, their upbringing is the most important thing in the life of both spouses”. At the same time, most working fathers and mothers are satisfied with the time spent both on caring for children and on their upbringing as time resources. The characteristics of the provision of fathers and mothers with other resources do not affect their satisfaction with time spent. There is a direct relationship between satisfaction with the time spent on raising children and parents’ satisfaction with life in general. An analysis of the moral guidelines of parents, which are the moral basis for the process of socialization of minor children in the family, has shown that more than half of the moral qualities related to virtues are the norm for the vast majority of fathers and to a somewhat lesser extent for mothers. At the same time, there is a tendency to blur parents’ ideas about qualities-virtues andanti- virtues as a norm and deviation from it. In addition, a trend is emerging in which, judging by estimates, a considerable part of parents do not see a positive life prospect for their children, in terms of their social adaptation, if children in life are guided by the same virtues as the parents themselves. The first part in the article analyzed the composition and resource potential and the use of time resources of parents for child care and upbringing. The second part is about the moral guidelines and the results of social adaptation of working parents. The numbering of tables and figures is continuous in both parts.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):124-140
124-140
Mentoring as resource for the formation of social adaptation practices (using the example of nature-saving behavior)
Abstract
The author of the article believes that the mentoring is one of the ways of transferring social experience within the boundaries of the adaptation concept. Also the mentoring acts as a resource for the process of entering the space of social and professional relations. The problem for scientific sociological analysis is the identification of the presence and characteristics of environmental practices of mentor subjects (parents and teachers) and those to whom the mentoring process should be oriented. The empirical basis for the analysis is the data of a representative sociological survey of the population of Russia from a long-term monitoring research project. The data show that teenagers use environmental practices in their everyday life, focusing on family experience to a greater extent than on the mentors- teachers experience. The reason for the low effectiveness of mentoring in the direction of developing practices of conscious environmental behavior is the fact that these practicesare not implemented by the mentor teachers themselves. The situation with environmental practices reflects the general situation with the mentoring influence on the formation of adaptation practices to the social environment. And this is due to the specificity of the social empathy of the mentors themselves.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):141-155
141-155
SOCIOLOGY OF MIGRATION
Prospects for the development of the potential of the Russian Arctic: motivational drivers of labor migrants (based on the example of shift employment)
Abstract
The article updates the topic of developing the labor potential of the Russian Arctic. The ideas and motives of shift workers about this type of work in labor-scarce regions and its inconsistency from the point of view of advantages and negative consequences for both the individual and the region are analyzed. The purpose of the article is to identify a number of attitudes and ideas of shift workers as temporary labor migrants about their employment and work activities in order to determine the drivers for the development of the labor potential of the Russian Arctic. The following intangible determinants of the choice of employment on a rotational basis in a harsh climatic region were analyzed: motivation, satisfaction with the characteristics of the labor market, reflection of personal qualities and values, underlying the decision on regular temporary migration. The study was conducted among employed people coming to work in the Arctic zone of Russia from non-Arctic regions of the Russian Federation. The empirical basis of the study is based on a survey of 850 shift workers and interviews with 13 informants. When processing quantitative data, simple distributions, contingency tables and statistical methods were used. Qualitative data processing methods: content analysis and thematic analysis. The results of the study showed that rotational workers are motivated by the relationship between the level of wages and the cost of living in the region of permanent residence. Informants note an alignment with salaries “on the mainland” but the commitment to shift work remains due to its lack of alternative in terms of the ratio of advantages and limitations. For shift workers, the value of wages, professional development and the reliability of the employing company is significant. Self-assessment of personal qualities that determine the choice of work in hard-to-reach places is associated by shift workers with openness to new experience, stress resistance and communication skills. A direct correlation was revealed between the experience of rotational employment and the unwillingness to move to the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation for permanent residence. The results justify the need to take into account the volume of shift employment when preparing a personnel forecast for labor-scarce regions, and will also be useful for the recruiting activities of personnel services of companies operating in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and using the rotational method of labor organization.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):156-178
156-178
Trends in the modification of family forms under the influence of migration: data from a survey of experts
Abstract
This article presents the first results of conceptualizing of the “migrant families”, investigations of family forms and models of relations, as well as the relationship between migration and the transformation of the institution of family and marriage using the example of migrant families from Central Asia in Russia. The empirical basis is in-depth interviews with 24 researchers representing various social disciplines and specializing in the study of international migration and family issues, both in Russia and in the Central Asian countries. The concept of “migrant families” refers to umbrella ones, since it covers different forms of families and models of family relations (marital, parent- child, kinship) at different stages of the family migration trajectory. Some forms of migrant families are following: transnational, including distant families; second or parallel families; mixed families; fictitious marriages/families; reunited families; families created during migration in Russia. The impact of migration on migrants’ families from Central Asia in Russia cannot be viewed as linear and unidirectional. Rather, such families find themselves in a continuum of many options, including norms of behavior and social practices in family relations accepted both in sending communities and in Russia. The choice of specific models of family relations, as well as the influence level of migration on an individual family, is to a certain extent determined by the family form, as well as the duration of the migration experience.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):179-189
179-189
CONFLICTOLOGY
Conflictology: a scientific portrait of a researcher. To the 90th anniversary birth of A. V. Dmitriev
Abstract
The article is devoted to the Russian social scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor Anatoly Vasilyevich Dmitriev. The main milestones of his creative path and his scientific interests are analyzed. Some subject areas that have become central in A. V. Dmitriev’s research activities are shown: sociology of politics; migration problems in the context of conflictology; regional conflictology and communicative forms of interaction – scandal and provocation. His key works are presented, which make it possible to draw up a scientific portrait of the scientist, the problems of which are becoming particularly relevant today and for the future of our country.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(4):190-200
190-200