Science. Society. State

Background. The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 became a serious test for the entire So viet people. The activities of the state were transferred to wartime conditions: to coordinate the work, government bodies were reorganized, as well as new ones were formed. One of these newly created bodies was the Extraordinary State Commission for the Identification and Investigation of the Atroci ties of the Nazi Invaders and Their Accomplices and the Damage they caused to Citizens, collective farms, public organizations, state enterprises and institutions of the USSR (ChGK). The experience of creating and operating such a commission is of great importance in modern conditions, when it be came necessary to record and investigate the atrocities of the Kiev regime. This makes this topic un doubtedly relevant. The purpose of this work is to identify the great practical importance of creating such units in emergency situations, as well as during a special military operation by the Russian Fed eration, based on the study and analysis of regulatory legal acts and the available scientific literature on the organization of ChGKs. Materials and methods. Using methods of scientific knowledge based on the analysis of normative legal acts and available scientific literature, the positive experience of the creation and operation of the ChGK during the Great Patriotic War and the impact of this experience on the creation of similar structures in modern conditions in order to record the atrocities of the Kiev regime were summarized. Results. The author has studied the normative legal acts and scientific litera ture on the organization and activities of the ChGK, which recorded and investigated crimes against humanity during the Great Patriotic War, and the use of the experience of these units in modern condi tions. Conclusions. The experience of organizing and operating the ChGK is of great practical im portance in the modern world for fixing violations of international law by the Kiev regime. 

Background. Official interpretation carried out by the highest judicial authorities is essential for improving the current legislation. Despite the fact that initially the decisions of the highest judicial authorities are aimed at improving the quality and uniformity of law enforcement practice, one cannot ignore their role and significance as a form of development of the current positive law. The purpose of the work is to establish the meaning and determine the characteristic features of a special form of de velopment of law in the form of interpretation by the highest judicial authorities of the Russian Fed eration. Materials and methods. The study used general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, analogy, system-structural, etc.) and specific scientific methods (comparative legal, formal legal, method of interpreting legal norms, etc.). Results. Based on the analysis of the features of official interpretation as a form of legal development, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federa tion and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation have made the following generalizations. It is concluded that the possibility and necessity of developing law in the process of interpretative activity of the highest judicial authorities are conditioned by uncertainty as one of the properties of law. Inter pretation of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is a form of development of law, since, firstly, it determines the strategy of development and improvement of legislation; secondly, it helps to eliminate legislative imbalance in a particular area of legal regulation. Official interpretation of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation can be considered as a form of development of law in three cases: when filling legal lacunae (gaps); absence of expressed will of the legislator on a specific issue; creation of a generalization and subsequent isolation of a general rule to clarify the current legal norm in the presence of a number of similar law enforcement acts. Conclusions. Interpretation carried out by the highest judicial authorities can be considered as a form of legal development, since the provisions contained in their interpretative acts change the current legal regulation and determine the guidelines for further lawmaking activities, linking the provisions of the law with reality. The results of official judicial interpretation are a necessary feedback channel for the legislator, since it is precisely with its help that newly emerging problems of public life are taken into account.

Background. The relevance of the topic is determined by its scientific, theoretical and prac tical significance. In scientific and theoretical terms, the relevance is determined by the relative novel ty of this institution of constitutional law, which requires scientific understanding and application in the practical activities of public authorities. In practical terms, the study of this problem will make it possible to more clearly determine the presence (absence) of a constitutional tort when bringing a legal entity to constitutional responsibility. The purpose of the article is to attempt to address controversial issues of constitutional and legal responsibility in the Russian Federation. Unlike other publications on this topic, the theoretical and legal issues of legal and constitutional responsibility are analyzed. Materials and methods. The article uses a wide range of modern scientific literature and developments in theoretical and legal science in the field of corpus delicti. The research methods used were logical, historical, comparative legal methods, the method of analysis and synthesis. Results. The article sub stantiates the author's position on controversial issues of constitutional and legal responsibility, identi fies its characteristic features and differences from other types of legal responsibility. Conclusions. It is concluded that the institution of constitutional and legal responsibility in the Russian Federation has passed the stage of its formation, is an independent type of legal responsibility, along with criminal, administrative, civil, disciplinary. It is proved that all these types of legal liability have a common the oretical and legal core. 

Background. Currently, in the current National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, issues of ensuring public safety are recognized as key in a number of strategic national tasks. The lack of a unified doctrinal approach to the main categories and concepts that form the terminological basis of the modern concept of public safety, including the central category of "public safety", actualizes re search in this area. The problem is complicated by the lack of specialized regulations in modern legis lation that establish and clarify basic notions and concepts, which stimulates discussions in scientific circles about which document should consolidate the categorical and terminological apparatus of pub lic safety – in a new concept or law. There are ongoing discussions in the scientific literature regarding which normative legal act should enshrine the conceptual and categorical apparatus of public safety (in a new concept or legislative act). The purpose of the work is to investigate the role of the unification of the terminological apparatus of national security in the formation of the category "public safety", including the choice of the form of legal consolidation. The author's definition of the concept of "pub lic safety" is proposed, taking into account the change in the paradigm of national security: "security is impossible without ensuring development, and achieving the proper level of development helps to minimize and eliminate threats." Materials and methods. To achieve the goal of the work, such meth ods as analysis, systematic, functional, axiological and formal legal methods were used, as a result of which the author's definition of public safety was formulated. Results. As a result of the conducted re search, the factors influencing the current state of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of public security are identified. Conclusions. The study leads to the understanding that when formalizing the concept of "public safety" at the legislative level, an axiological approach should be followed, accord ing to which public safety is presented as a stable state of government and social institutions that con tribute to the sustainable development of society in the face of threats to national interests. 

Background. The article examines the legal mechanisms and strategic consequences of the deprivatization of Russian defense enterprises in the context of increased sanctions pressure and the conflict in Ukraine. In the context of global military-technological competition and unprecedented sanctions pressure, the deprivation of Russian defense enterprises has become a strategic tool for en suring national security. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legal mechanisms and strategic consequences of deprivatization in the military-industrial complex (MIC) as an element of a long-term policy of technological sovereignty. Materials and methods. The study is based on an analysis of the practice of 2022–2024, including the cases of the Rostov Optical and Mechanical Plant and the Chel yabinsk Electrometallurgical Combine. The methodological base includes a comparative legal analysis of court decisions, the study of regulations (Federal Law No. 275 "On the State Defense Order", the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation) and expert assessments of law enforcement agencies (the Prosecutor General's Office, the FSB, the Ministry of Defense). Results. It is established that deprivatiza tion allowed not only to stop the leakage of critical technologies, but also to launch the processes of deep modernization of strategic industries. A differentiated approach to the management of defense industry enterprises is being formed, depending on their strategic importance. Judicial practice demon strates the priority of national security over the formal norms of civil law. Conclusions. Deprivatiza tion is a necessary element of economic transformation in the context of geopolitical challenges. For its further development, the following is required: Consolidation of special provisions in the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation-2025; Development of a regulatory act that systematizes criteria for the strategic importance of enterprises; Creating mechanisms for balancing government control and market efficiency; Taking into account international experience in cooperation with friendly countries.

Background. The question of the sociality of the state is becoming more and more relevant, since sociality is an essential aspect and characteristic of the orientation and results of the activities of the subjects of society. Welfare States have certain social obligations to the population. In Russia, the provision on the welfare state is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993. Civil society initially acts as a form of upholding the social rights and interests of citizens and their various organizations. The purpose of the article is to analyze the controversial aspects of interaction in Rus sian society between the state and civil society in solidarity and effective solution of objectively nec essary and perceived tasks of socio-economic development of society and ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of citizens. Materials and methods. General scientific methods of analysis and generalization of materials are used. The published materials, including sociological and statistical ones, are analyzed and summarized, which makes it possible to highlight some controversial issues about the problems of interaction between the modern Russian state and civil society in the aspect of sociality. Results. So far, Russia has a low potential for the development of civil society, which corre lates with the leading role of the state. This position explains the weakness of the Russian state as a social state. The possibilities of a kind of social partnership between the state and civil society have been determined, but not yet actively and extensively used. Conclusions. It is necessary to strengthen and institutionalize the diverse interactions between the State and civil society based on the fundamen tal social interests of citizens and society as a whole. The "filling" of sociality with concrete real con tent depends in particular on the improvement of the work of local governments. The strengthening of the trade union movement is important for the development of the sociality of the state. The political parties closest to the orbit of power, compared with other parts of civil society, have the greatest po tential to give the state sociality and prevent the alienation of power from the people. The current situ ation in Russian society indicates the need for both a strong welfare state and a higher level of devel opment of civil society, as well as the intensification of their interaction in the aspect of sociality. 

Background. In the current conditions of the information war unleashed against Russia, un precedented pressure in connection with the tough foreign policy pursued to defend its national inter ests, our country found itself in difficult conditions. The degree of information pressure is constantly growing. And ordinary citizens are faced with huge flows of information, which often contains false information that discredits our country, the army, and the government. In these circumstances, a situa tion may arise when our fellow citizens succumb to attempts of active informational influence, which negatively affects the general state of Russian society, and protest sentiments appear, which is unac ceptable today due to the extremely important need to unite Russians in the face of external challeng es. The purpose of the work is to study the information influence on the foreign policy orientations of modern youth. Materials and methods. The work is based on the results of surveys conducted by VTsIOM and FOM, as well as materials from author's research among young people, including stu dents, conducted in Penza, Saratov, and Tyumen (2023–2025). Results. The article provides a theoreti cal analysis of the main parameters of foreign policy, information warfare, the features of information influence on youth, presents a sociological perspective of information support for foreign policy, and a study of information influence in the foreign policy sphere on the orientation of modern youth. Con clusions. According to surveys, young people today show an active interest in political events, and for the most part it is noticeable among international students. Young people get information about inter national events from online sources, demonstrating a fairly high level of trust in them. Most of the young people support the ban by the authorities on the dissemination of false information about the ac tions of the Russian military in their own zone, and also note the increase in the dissemination of this kind of information. At the same time, according to the survey data, the information impact that un friendly actors are trying to implement has virtually no effect on the patriotic components of the for eign policy orientations of modern you. 

Background. The present study attempts to substantiate the philosophy of symbolism as a methodology of modern humanitarian cognition. One of the civilisational features of Russia and the domestic sphere of spiritual culture is such a historical and cultural phenomenon as the Silver Age. It was within its framework that the discussion and identification of the significance of the theory of the symbolic for the comprehension of the essence of being took place. The symbol as an instrument of synthesis of mythological and religious levels of spirituality became the bridge that united the outer world and the inner world of man as a person. Symbolic provides the unity of the sphere of culture and individual consciousness of a single person. Such an outstanding cultural figure of the Silver Age as A.F. Losevmade a great contribution to the Russian philosophy of symbolism, which became one of the research objectives of this paper. The relevance of the study is confirmed by the fact that today the need to consolidate traditional values of the spirit is on the agenda, and the symbol is historically such a value. Materials and methods. The source of the work was the classical philosophical works of do mestic thinkers (Berdyaev, Lossky, Losev, Florensky) and theorists of the philosophy of symbolism in its artistic and aesthetic form of the era of the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. Methodologically justi fied itself applied the main method of research as a method of cultural-comparative with reliance on the principle of historicism. It allowed substantiating the thesis that the symbolic as signification or commemoration became a factor in the formation of human thinking and language, and the connection between mythological and religious is the beginning of the spirituality of humanity. Results. The main results of this work should include the proof of A.F. Losev’s idea of the symbol as the integrity of objective reality, which encompasses the elements of abstract thinking: the opposition of elements of re ality, the fusion of these elements into a synthetic whole, the generalisation of empirical experience in the form of a theoretical doctrine. According to Losev, the symbol of a thing is in the identification of internal regularity. Conclusions. The general conclusion of the study is the thesis that the Russian philosophy of symbolism and symbolism as a methodology for analyzing the aesthetic in the culture of the Silver Age had the most noticeable impact on the domestic and European spiritual cultures by try ing to express the deep experiences of a person as a person. The existential orientation of Russian symbolism is still in demand today not only in historical and philosophical terms, but also in practical terms to preserve domestic traditional value guidelines. 

Background. In connection with the mass digitalization that has rapidly burst into everyday life, there is a need to comprehend the peculiarities of the formation of legal consciousness in the new digital environment, as well as the peculiarities of individuals' perception of virtual space as a specific environment of legal relations. On the one hand, the legal regulation of digital space is becoming more and more important, on the other hand, traditional branches of law are increasingly exposed to digital ization to a greater or lesser extent. In this regard, such a perennial problem as legal nihilism acquires specific features. The purpose of this article is to identify the peculiarities of the phenomenon of legal nihilism in the context of digitalization. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study is the philosophical concept of the historical process, based on the dialectics of the generic and indi vidual essence of man. Methods of comparative analysis, and critical thinking of the existing practice of legal regulation are used. Results. The features of the formation of legal consciousness and a nihilis tic attitude to law, due to the specifics of the digital space, are considered. It is concluded that legal nihilism in the digital space has significant features due to the fundamentally different nature of interactions between subjects due to machine logic. The features of the deformation of legal consciousness in the digital environment are noted, due to the peculiarity of human alienation in the virtual world, which is the basis for the formation of specific forms of legal nihilism. The danger of individuals los ing the ability to meaningfully set goals in the legal space of digitized legal systems is indicated. Conclusions. Conclusions are made that in the digital world all previous forms of alienation of the generic essence of a person may be included in its digital form. Attention is drawn to the need to develop new approaches to legal education and digital socialization, especially for children and young people. The danger of dehumanization of law in the digital environment, the need to develop more flexible and effective mechanisms of legal regulation that take into account the features of the modern digital environment are emphasized.