No 2 (2025)

Background. The study of the formation of a federal state in our Fatherland has always been and will remain relevant, which is associated not only with the patriotic focus of the problem, but also with its high academic value in the context of political science. The purpose of this publication is to show the complex ethnic composition of Transcaucasia, its socio-political characteristics, which predetermined the construction of the Transcaucasian Federation after the end of the Civil War. Materials and methods. The article uses historical and historical-political studies, as well as materials from the Twelfth Congress of the RCP(b) when considering acute domestic policy. The author resorts to diachronic and synchronous comparison, geopolitical analysis. Results. The article recalls that the Russian Empire tried to govern Transcaucasia as a single territory, and after the February and October revolutions of 1917, local leading ethnic groups were quite reluctant to separatize. Relations. The famous compromise between them was the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, which existed for just over a month. The Turkish aggression against Transcaucasia in the spring of 1918 provoked the creation of independent Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, whose bourgeois regimes fell in 1920-1921. Moreover, since the end of 1920, the Bolshevik leadership was thinking about uniting the three republics, which was implemented in March 1922. However, the unification that took place caused sharp rejection on the part of the Georgian national communists. I.V. Stalin in his report at the XII Congress of the RCP(b) formulated the main reasons for such national-separatist behavior, rooted in national chauvinism, geopolitical and economic egoism. Conclusions. The "Georgian affair" quite clearly characterizes the peculiarity of the Soviet federal project, which was formed from above, in a centralized manner. The construction of the Transcaucasian Federation, which the Bolshevik leadership insisted on, lasted until 1936 and turned out to be a temporary but necessary measure at that stage of federalization. It helped to a certain extent to smooth out territorial and other contradictions between the republics and reduce the intensity of nationalist ambitions.

Background. The presented article examines the legislative acts regulating the conduct of gross land surveying activities during the reign of Anna Ioanovna and Elizaveta Petrovna. The issues of legal regulation of gross land surveying in the context of land management relations of the specified period have not received special research attention in the scientific literature. The problem under consideration is represented by the works of boundary engineers of the imperial period of Russia, aimed at studying the process of surveying and the boundary part from the point of view of the organizational and technical components of this process. The relevance of this research lies in a comprehensive review and study of legislative acts in the field of legal regulation of gross land surveys in the second quarter of the first half of the 18th century – the beginning of the first quarter of the second half of the 18th century, taking into account socio-economic factors and in the context of historical facts and events of that time. The purpose of this study is to establish a range of basic legislative acts in the field of legal regulation of land management relations and land delimitation, as well as to identify on their basis the features of the development of land relations in the Russian Empire in the period from 1731 to 1754. Materials and methods. The implementation of the research objectives was achieved based on the analysis of legislative acts in the field of legal regulation of land and administrative relations. The research methodology is represented by general scientific methods of cognition, as well as methods of legal science – the historical-legal method, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. Results. The sources of legal regulation of land delimitation are investigated and analyzed; the features of the normative consolidation of boundary legalizations characteristic of the reign of Anna Ioanovna and Elizaveta Petrovna are revealed; the key principles laid down in the legal basis for carrying out gross land boundaries of Anna Ioanovna and Elizaveta Petrovna are established and formulated. Conclusions. It is concluded that the norms of legislative acts in the field of land use are archaic, based on the boundary laws of the second half of the 17th century. They do not take into account the new order of land ownership that developed in the Petrine era, which led to the "failure" of gross land surveys.

Background. The impact of presidential elections on the rest of the world is beyond doubt. At the same time, it is also an important domestic political event that affects public policy and the mechanism of the state. These elections, as experience shows, in a two-party system go from one party regrouping to the next, which confirms the relevance of the study. Materials and methods. The article uses electoral statistics, as well as the works of political scientists and political scientists. The author turns to the methods of diachronic and synchronous comparison, as well as analysis and synthesis. Results. The study significantly corrects the point of view of American experts on the past party regroupings. Party regrouping is a phenomenon inherent in the American two-party system for restoring an alternative to the proper degree and preventing the prevalence of consensus in the activities of both parties. Party regrouping is a concept that links critical elections and a change in party systems into a single whole. According to the author, the most recent realignment began with the 2008 presidential election, during which the African-American Barack Obama, a symbolic figure for black voters, was nominated, presenting a meaningful alternative in the form of an attempt to reform health insurance. However, the leadership of the Democratic Party also made strategic mistakes – stirring up the immigration issue and the LGBT agenda, which stimulated the continuation of the party realignment – now by the Republicans. Conclusions. The continuation of the party realignment found itself in the elections of 2016, 2020, and was completed during the 2024 elections. It all took place in the context of an unprecedented cultural and civilizational crisis and the COVID pandemic. The Democratic Party committed gross violations of inter-party ethics and legality, which did not help them retain power in 2024. Both the nominated candidate and the platform turned out to be unsuccessful for them. Compared to 2020, Republican D.Trump has expanded his social support. Most importantly, the Democrats did not dare to resort to election fraud due to fears of provoking a civil war.

Background. The relevance of the research topic is determined by its scientific, theoretical and practical significance. From a scientific and theoretical point of view, studying this problem allows us to deepen our understanding of Russia's national security as a systemic problem involving internal and external threats. In practical terms, the topic is significant from the point of view of developing practical recommendations for improving Russian legislation, taking into account the introduction of the institute of cultural and moral security. Materials and methods. The article uses a wide range of legal sources relevant to the research topic. The research methods used were logical, historical, method of analysis and synthesis, dialectical method, civilizational approach. Results. The article substantiates the idea of distinguishing cultural and moral security as an independent type of national security of the Russian Federation and including it as an independent legal institution in certain branches of public law. Conclusions. Traditional values are based on the cultural and moral values of our people, formed from religious beliefs, folk traditions and customs, expressing the national and cultural identity of representatives of the Russian civilization. Traditional values are cultural and moral guidelines passed down from generation to generation, forming the national identity of the multinational people of the Russian Federation. The consolidation of spiritual and moral values in the Constitution of the Russian Federation means that our state considers them to be the most important and most significant for civil society and takes them under its legal.

Background. Patriotism as a social phenomenon is undergoing a complex evolution under the influence of historical transformations, globalization and modern communications. Of particular importance is the study of the mechanisms of formation of patriotic values among Russian youth in the context of external and internal challenges. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to strengthen national identity and develop effective strategies for patriotic education in modern society. The purpose of the study is to identify the key factors of the transformation of the patriotic sentiments of the younger generation and to assess their impact on national identity. Materials and methods. The study of patriotic values among young people and the determination of the reasons for their change is based on data from nationwide surveys conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation (POM) and the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), as well as on research materials among students at Penza State University. Results. The processes of formation of patriotic values of Russian youth are considered taking into account the ongoing changes in the country and the world, the study of which makes it possible to identify key factors of transformation in the minds of the younger generation. Youth mobility, migration processes, the influence of international organizations and the media have a dual impact on the patriotic values of youth. Conclusions. The transformation of patriotic values of youth is determined by the complex interaction of historical experience, educational policy and the media space. To strengthen national identity, an integrated strategy is needed: the development of patriotic educational programs, responsible media content, and socio-cultural initiatives aimed at forming an informed civic position.

Background. The relevance of this study is due to the role of Aristotle in the issue of systematization of science. It was Aristotle who laid the foundations of the modern classification of objects of study. He used "ΕΙΔΟΣ" as a classification unit. The article clarifies Aristotle's teaching on categories and provides an opportunity to consider its influence on the evolution of the scientific apparatus. The purpose of the work is to comprehensively consider the idea of categories, deducing the tradition to the Pythagoreans and Plato. Materials and methods. Based on the texts of the works "Topics", "Metaphysics", "Physics" it was established that Aristotle, following Plato, believed the method of division as a way to find the substance (essence) of a thing, which is possible if you start with the most general generic categories that certify the existence of any subject. To obtain this conclusion, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction were used. Results. Based on the analysis of sources, it was established that the mental act is carried out in close connection with things that are subject to further division. According to Aristotle, "man" is something that cannot be further divided, the Philosopher calls man a species and can only be called an attribute. Conclusions. The authors come to the conclusion that the category type is based on the relationship between questions and answers, and the mental act is carried out in close connection with things. Classical Aristotelian mental study of objects begins with the verification of their existence. Aristotle's ideas influenced the development of logic and the theory of knowledge during the Middle Ages and are not possible outside of objects of real existing thingness. In modern logic, attribution and predication are used synonymously. 

Background. The appeal to religion and moral constants in the management of public education is one of the characteristic trends in the development of modern Russia and has deep roots in Russian philosophical thought. One of the branches that established and implemented religious and moral principles in their philosophy is classical Eurasianism, which took shape in Russian philosophy abroad in the 1920s. Representatives of this philosophical branch held the idea that religion and morality should invariably permeate all spheres of human society, acting as the basis for the behaviour of each personality. The purpose of this article is to analyze the religious and moral foundations of Eurasian philosophy and their specific manifestations in various spheres of social reality. Materials and methods. Achieving the purpose of this study involves studying the works of participants in classical Eurasianism, as well as articles by modern authors who have turned to the analysis of the philosophical teachings of classical Eurasians. In the course of the work, the author used the principles of integrity, consistency and structure. The methodology of this research includes the method of historical reconstruction, the concrete historical method. Results. The article analyzes the metaphysical doctrine of L.P. Karsavin symphonic personality from the perspective of substantiating in it the religious and moral foundations of human behavior in the philosophy of Eurasians. From the position of carrying out the principle of conciliarity embedded in L.P. Karsavin's concept, N.N. Alekseev's doctrine of a guaranteed ideocratic state, N.S. Trubetskoy's views on the content of the idea of a ruler, and P.N. Savitsky's economic doctrine are considered. Conclusions. The author came to the conclusion that the religious and moral principles pursued by classical Eurasians in public and state life are the basis of the unity of Russia-Eurasia in their teaching. In the modern world, they can serve as guidelines for stabilizing the value system in Russia and ensuring the spiritual unity of citizens.

Background. The dialogue of cultures, which has become a consequence of the growing globalization processes of recent decades, has now led to the opposite effect. As a result, nation-states faced an urgent need to protect their mental space from outside interference. The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between the activities of foreign intelligence agencies and the negative impact on the national mentality and to reveal ways to counter this phenomenon. Materials and methods. The present study was based on a mental approach. Its application made it possible to study the state and the people not only as an object of political, sociological or legal research, but also philosophical. The descriptive method and the method of historical analysis were also used. Results. The interrelation of such phenomena as the negative impact on the national mentality and the activities of foreign intelligence services is revealed. Different directions of combating the identified threat are considered: legal, informational, psychological, educational, etc. The potential of man and the state as subjects of the struggle for mental space is studied. Conclusions. Modern society needs security more than ever before. At the same time, a sense of security often becomes even more significant and preferable than knowledge of specific steps and results to ensure security, which remain under the jurisdiction of the State. A person is vulnerable to covert attacks on his mental space, therefore, a demonstration by the state of interest in his protection and a public expression of trust in the government can give positive results in combating the influence of foreign intelligence services on the national mentality.