News of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

This paper is devoted to the study of a singular, in the classical sense, case and the derivation second order necessary optimality conditions in terms of the second variation of the minimizable functional in the stochastic control problem described by first order stochastic nonlinear hyperbolic equations system written in the canonical form.

Results. For one stochastic optimal control problem described by a stochastic system of first-order nonlinear hyperbolic equations, necessary conditions of first- and second-order optimality are obtained, which are, respectively, stochastic analogs of the Euler equation and optimality conditions for the classical extremal.

Methods. In obtaining the results, theories of optimal control and calculus of variations were used, taking into account the stochastic properties of the problem under consideration. Similar control problems arise in the optimization of a number of chemical-technological processes under the influence of random effects.

The article presents a neural network model for evaluating the reliability of counterparties within a metallurgical enterprise's procurement system. Aim. The study aims to develop a neural network model to assess the reliability of counterparties within a metallurgical enterprise's procurement management system. Results. The study involved collecting, analyzing and processing relevant data; conducting a comprehensive analysis of parameters characterizing suppliers, including financial, legal, operational, organizational and reputational indicators; constructing the model architecture; training and testing it on a sample; and comparing it with traditional assessment approaches. Testing the model showed that it has high forecasting accuracy and can be used in conditions of information uncertainty. This paper presents the prospects for integrating the model into the corporate information systems of metallurgical enterprises.

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that vibration interference due to the operation of quadrocopter engines remains one of the key reasons for the deterioration in accuracy and stability of drone control systems. This interference, caused by a flux switching motor, can significantly affect the accuracy of accelerometer and gyroscope readings, reducing the overall navigation and stabilisation performance. Therefore, studying the properties of such disturbances and their influence on quadrocopter dynamics is an important and practical task. The objective of this paper is to determine vibration properties caused by flux switching motor, as well as their effect on quadrocopter performance. Methods. The methods of mathematical modelling, spectral analysis and experimental investigations are used in this work. Results. This paper proposes a modification to the quadrocopter model that considers these interferences. Modelling and experimental results confirm that vibration frequency is related to engine control and is present in the thrust force spectrum, which in turn is reflected in the readings from the gyroscope and accelerometer. The necessity of taking vibration noise into account for qualitative synthesis of quadrocopter control systems, as well as the development of new noise-tolerant algorithms is emphasized. Conclusions. Further research could focus on optimising the control architecture to account for the identified spectral interference. It could also involve developing more efficient filters that could deliver high performance and accuracy when noise interference is included.

A simulation model of the subsystem for black liquor burning in the recovery boiler furnace has been developed to effectively address problem of obtaining target products resulted from black liquor combustion – sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide. The model developed enables the following processes to be simulated: black liquor combustion: to study influence of black liquor composition, air flow rate, temperature and other factors on the recovery boiler efficiency; sodium sulfate reduction: to study the influence of temperature, gas composition and carbon content on the rate of sodium sulfate reduction to sodium sulfide in the recovery boiler. Application of the simulation model allows optimizing the combustion process, minimizing pollutants emitted into the air, diminishing the use of resources and the generation of waste, and increasing the overall efficiency of the regenerative cycle.

The ability to forecast trends for the future period has always been in demand in commercial and public enterprises. Based on forecasting, effective management decisions are made that contribute to the improvement of the enterprise and the country's economy. Such calculations require a tool capable of making a high-quality calculation and analysis taking into account the volatile behavior of the market. To implement this system, it is necessary to consider macroeconomic indicators, industrial production indicators, and the right choice of software architecture. The purpose of the study is to analyze the software architecture and create an information and analytical system. Research methods – comparative analysis of software architecture and statistical classification. Results. Within the framework of this work, software architectures are analyzed to solve the problem of forecasting the economic indicators of the Russian Federation based on the author's architecture assessment method. A comparative analysis table is compiled, the use of which the optimal architecture suitable for the problem is defined. The paper reveals the significance of the study, sets goals and objectives. The information-analytical forecasting system has been advanced and the system development grounded on the chosen architecture is presented. IAS operation is demonstrated, initial calculations by forecasting methods are made, and conclusions are drawn on the basis of the results. Each task was accomplished.

Maintaining serviceability and timely recovery from failure of radio-electronic equipment (REA) within software-hardware complexes (SHC) is an important task. This task at the operation stage is usually solved by the technical diagnostics. A diagnostic model is being developed to provide computer specialists with information support during performing technical diagnostic tasks. This model is part of the product's diagnostic support. One clear benefit of using computer systems for technical diagnostics is that it makes information support for the computer specialists automatic. According to the results of the conducted researches, the automated information support in technical diagnostics is offered grounded on the object-diagnostic decomposition of radio-electronic equipment within software-hardware complex, which allows to significantly reduce the average search time for diagnostic information in the EE restoring process.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a primary crop in Russia. Fungal diseases, such as rust diseases, Septoria leaf blotch, Fusarium head blight, and powdery mildew, significantly reduce grain yield and quality annually. Pathogens can destroy up to 70% of the harvest, negatively impacting exports and food security. Increasing fungal resistance to fungicides and climate change necessitate new data on diseases and adapted control measures. Research in this field is critical for developing resistant cultivars, improving agrotechnologies, and reducing dependence on chemicals. Aim. The purpose of the study is to review the main wheat diseases in Russia and their potential impact on the economy and food security, as well as to emphasize the importance of controlling and preventing these diseases through proper crop rotation, resistant varieties and the timely application of effective fungicides to ensure a sustainable and productive agricultural sector. The article focuses on rust, septoria, fusarium, and powdery mildew. Results. Indicate that fungal diseases are widespread in southern Russia, including Krasnodar Krai, Rostov Oblast, the North Caucasus, the Volga Region, and Western Siberia. Combined methods, such as using resistant cultivars and crop rotation, help reduce pathogen levels and monitor disease spread. This study may aid in protecting wheat crops and mitigating economic risks in Russia’s agricultural sector.

The spatial development of agriculture is associated with the diversity of natural and economic conditions that are more or less favourable for producing agricultural crops. Therefore, it should focus on the rational placement of production, the deepening of specialisation, and the optimal concentration of the production of individual types of agricultural products. It should also focus on the management of sub-sectors through the efficient use of natural and production resources. The basis of territorial division in agriculture is the development of its production forces. This requires consideration of all the factors that influence the spatial organisation of the industry. Unlike many other states, a characteristic feature of the Russian Federation is its huge, sparsely populated territory. Spatial priorities include organising supporting settlements to allow for
resettlement, forming industrial and social infrastructure, and developing adjacent territories. This is particularly relevant for rural areas with low population densities and poorly developed social, industrial and transport infrastructure. The most problematic regions are those with a surplus of rural labour and a shortage of land, where a unique way of life and specific agricultural conditions have developed. The successful resolution of these problems and the development of agriculture throughout the country require the implementation of state socio-economic policies, especially agricultural policies. The study aims to develop scientifically sound proposals for priority areas in agriculture and rural development. Research methods. The research employed economic-statistical, monographic, computational-constructive and programme-targeted methods. 

The article focuses on the current issues surrounding the assessment of the role of the demographic factor in mental warfare, which is centered on the conscious, gradual and deliberate creation of new life meanings. The authors draw attention to the techniques and methods used to popularise and enforce new negative demographic attitudes, principles and rules of behaviour (e.g. childlessness, gender reassignment, the breakdown of traditional family structures, changes in parental statuses and roles, and increased migration). Purposes . The issues of mental warfare are considered, as is the role of the demographic factor in its conduct. Methodology . Theoretical research methods are employed through generalisation, comparison, and specific analytical procedures. The nature of mental warfare has been clarified, its methods have been identified, and the role of the demographic factor has been established. Recommendations on establishing a legal framework are provided. The scope of the results obtained . This material could be useful for developing demographic policy, preparing a legal framework and delivering lectures on demography and demographic statistics. Results . The article provides a review of literature on demographic factors in mental warfare. It should be noted that the active and deliberate dissemination of demographic attitudes intended to alter the long-standing cultural and family values of a potential adversary can be considered an essential component of psychological warfare. Conclusions . The issue of assessing the demographic factor in modern-day mental warfare is becoming increasingly relevant, as negative attitudes among young people are leading to a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in migration.

The article addresses issues of increasing the economic efficiency for the sports reserve training. Young athletes are viewed as valuable assets, and the training process as an optimizing investment project. Aim. The objective is to develop an economic and mathematical model increasing the human capital return on investment (HCROI) through personalizing training management. Materials and methods. Cluster analysis is used as an investigation method. Results. The K-means clustering algorithm has effectively grouped 103 athletes, who met 15 objective parameters, into two homogeneous groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed significant differences between the groups, allowing them to be interpreted as two types of assets with different potential and risks. For each cluster are developed differentiated management strategies (training programs) aimed at maximizing their "value" (athletic potential) and minimizing risks (injuries, dropout). Conclusion. The study shows that mathematical models facilitate the transition from intuitive to scientific management of sports assets, thereby improving the overall performance of sports organizations.

Silver vessel No. 2 of the Oshad kurgan of the Maikop culture (IV millennium BC) is dedicated to the cult of the shining patron god Tha. The information contained in its pictograms does not go beyond the sacral narrative and, unlike the diverse texts of vessel No. 1, is arranged in a single sentence. The relevance of the topic is conditioned by the necessity to conduct a complex and comprehensive study of a number of the ancient epigraphic monuments of the North Caucasus in order to establish their true semantics and etymology. The main goal is to decipher the inscription by means of dialects of the Adyghe language, related to the Khatt (early) language. Main tasks: 1. To carry out a detailed analysis of pictograms, their fragments and combinations on the basis of Adyghe terminology taking into account the grammatical structure of the language (morphology, syntax, orthography); 2. To reconstruct relevant lexical and sound elements followed by step-by-step linguistic and semantic reconstruction of the narrative; 3. To correlate the results obtained with multidisciplinary multifaceted scientific data, and mythology. The research is conducted on the basis of the principle of historicism, within the framework of an interdisciplinary approach using linguistic comparativism, retrospective, glottochronological and other related methods. For the first time, the symbol of the god Tha is taken into account – a fundamental, key pictogram in a stylized, patterned design – which was regarded in the scientific community as an ornamental image of a tree of life, a flower or a pond. From an ethnolinguistic perspective, the inscription is identified as Khato-Adyghe and is classified as a special type of verbal-syllabic writing based on pictographic images. It has signs of ideography and is considered to be one of the important stages in the evolution of archaic writing. Some language units are highlighted or given in Cyrillic transcription for clarity and easier comprehension.