卷 23, 编号 1 (2023)

Introduction. Сomparative studies conducted within the young discipline of Buddhist ethics have taken shape around the controversy between those researchers who see the consequentialist character of moral motivation in it and those who defend the similarity between Buddhist ethics and virtue ethics. Despite the fact that such major scholars as Damien Keown or Charles Goodman do not attach much importance to deontological features in Buddhist ethics, there is a small camp of researchers who defend the similarity between Buddhist teaching and deontology. Theoretical analysis. The purpose of this article is to critically examine the grounds on which it is possible to build a defense of comparing the ethics of Buddhism with Kant’s deontology. This analysis should answer the question why the deontological interpretation of Buddhist ethics currently has the least number of supporters. Conclusion. The conclusion is that Buddhist ethics proceeds from other metaphysical premises than Kant’s ethics, and by its nature does not accept the absolutization of moral rules, which is why it is problematic to consider it as a kind of deontological ethical theory. Nevertheless, such comparative studies contribute to a better understanding of both Buddhist teaching and, possibly, Kant’s ethical theory.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of ideas about a human in modern philosophical movements of transhumanism and posthumanism. Once the highest value and the king of nature, the man-creator and the ruler of the world has turned into a many-sided and sexless creature that has lost passionarity and claims to leadership. Theoretical analysis. The process of dehumanization, which has globally declared itself in the information society, has formed a new system of values in which a person has ceased to be the center of the Universe, the image and likeness of God, on the contrary, his evolution has not been completed yet, and what he will become is still unknown. In modern realities, this transhumanistic message is realized in the form of a person losing his or her gender identity, striving to merge with nano-biotechnologies in their bodies and turning into a cyborg, creating their own digital twin. Conclusion. The posthuman value system is completely different from the traditional human value system. It is alien to the values of the family, motherhood and childhood, procreation. It is based on the values of technogenic civilization and digital culture. The posthuman is concerned only with his own existence and the quality of the technologies that support it. The man sung by the humanists is gradually leaving the stage of history.

Introduction. The complexity, the rapidity of changes and considerable uncertainty of further social development reinforce the requirements for an effective positive influence of philosophy on what is happening. In general, we are talking about the modern concretization – based on the method of dialectical unity of historical and logical – of the fundamental problem of the connection of philosophy and science with life and practice. Theoretical analysis. In the history of philosophy, two opposing traditions of solving the problem of the connection of philosophy with life are being formed. Practical-theoretical one is aimed at helping to solve the universal problems of real life (philosophy acquires political significance). Theoretical-practical tradition is focused on the purity of philosophical search, which provides universal truth practice. Conclusion. The permanence of changes and the real dangers of social development (the threat of becoming a post-outside-human reality) actualize the practical-theoretical position – practical philosophy. Practical philosophy should fully take into account the critical arguments of the opposite side (the danger of political distortion of the truth). In general, it is necessary to unite and activate the work of all practice-oriented forces of philosophy and science (humanitarian expertise, field philosophy, etc.). Professional, pedagogical access to the Internet for criticising post-truth and meaningful presence in the public arena is seen as an important direction of practical philosophy.

Introduction. The relevance of the topic of research is due to the increased role of the Soviet historical legacy in modern socio-political practice. The images associated with the Soviet period of national history are quite actively exploited by modern political and media discourse. Theoretical analysis. The research is based on the hypothesis that the mechanism of influence of the Soviet past on political and media practice is revealed through the social phenomenon of nostalgia. At the same time, the phenomenon of nostalgia is considered in its two types: reflexive and restorative. The subject of the study is the images of the Soviet era, produced by the myth-making practice, as well as the role and meaning of these nostalgic mythological images. Conclusion. The carried out theoretical analysis leads to the conclusion that the reflexive type of nostalgia is characteristic for media practice, the restorative type – for political practice. Reflexive nostalgia manifests itself not so much in the reinterpretation of the past as in the construction of certain mythological images that contribute to a safer perception of the past. Restorative nostalgia attempts to return the most significant symbols to political discourse, adapting them to suit opportunistic political goals. Since these mythological images occupy a central place, they can become an effective way to overcome various crisis phenomena.

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to consider the specifics of the approach to religious and mystical experience in the psychoanalytic tradition from the point of view of revealing the degree of its interdisciplinarity. Theoretical analysis. Using the methods of critical philosophical reflection and dialectical logic, as well as relying on the principle of development, the authors analyze the emergence of the figure of a “psychoanalytic mystic”, going in the direction of overcoming the antithesis of the scientific nature of psychoanalytic theory and the non-scientific nature of religious and mystical phenomena. At the same time, special attention is focused on the factors of interdisciplinary interaction that contributed to the meaningful renewal of psychoanalysis. Conclusion. The logic of the study led to the conclusion that interdisciplinarity manifested itself not simply in borrowing, but in the germination of religious and mystical, and along with them, esoteric elements of spiritual practice within the framework of theory and practice of psychoanalysis.

Introduction. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of emotional attachment in women with schizophrenia to a close environment. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of emotional attachment to a close environment in women with schizophrenia. Theoretical analysis. Currently, there is no clear point of view on the nature of emotional attachment in patients with schizophrenia. Some authors speak for the flattening (and even the absence) of emotional attachment to family members and close associates, while others testify in favor of maintaining attachment even with a long course of the disease. The relevance of this study is related to the resolution of a controversial point regarding the emotional attitude and attachment of schizophrenia patients to their close environment, which may allow us to expand the understanding of the socio-psychological factors that determine the course of the disease and allow us to develop new ways of building psychotherapeutic and corrective work with patients. Empirical analysis. In this study, the features of emotional attachment in women with paranoid schizophrenia to family members were analyzed using projective drawing tests: “Rings: me, mother and father” and the “Mother and child” test. Conclusion. As a result, data were obtained indicating the detection of emotional attachment of schizophrenic patients to one of the family members, where a schizophrenic patient experiences global distrust of the outside world and has a disturbed relationship with the primary attachment figure (mother).

Introduction. The most important sphere of a modern person’s life, which takes up a large amount of time, is work activity, which can lead to an inability to fully devote time to communicating with loved ones and avoiding one’s own unresolved life and psychological problems. Theoretical analysis. An analysis of works in the field of workaholism studies shows that more attention is paid to this problem abroad than in Russia. However, the available studies in the domestic scientific space indicate the tendency of the Russian-speaking population to the risk of developing workaholism. Еmpirical analysis. The study of socio-psychological and personal factors of workaholism revealed that a significant part of the subjects can be attributed to «forced» workaholics who do not seek to «go to work» for various reasons, but they have to work hard. On the basis of a hierarchical set of studied socio-psychological and personal factors of workaholism, a portrait of a «true» workaholic was modeled, where such radicals as: «the desire for public approval», «anxiety», and «the need for a sense of self-worth» are the most pronounced. Conclusion. Analysis and generalization of the results made it possible to identify true and forced workaholics and, on the basis of correlation analysis, to build an “ideal” psychological profi le of a workaholic, including a set of socio-psychological and personal characteristics of the manifestation of workaholism in the hierarchical sequence of its radicals. A promising direction for further research is the construction of multifactorial models of the relationship between the value of the indicator of labor dependence, socio-psychological factors and personal characteristics, on the basis of which it is supposed to develop a formula for calculating predisposition to workaholism.

Introduction. The article analyzes the phenomenon of psychological readiness of operational shifts of the nuclear power plant (NPP) to work in emergency situations. The study of operational shifts of nuclear power plants in this direction was conducted for the first time. Theoretical analysis. Psychological readiness is a condition for the formation of such a characteristic of an operational shift as group reliability, which, in turn, is the most important prerequisite for a safe and reliable work shift. Theoretical analysis indicates that group reliability of an operational shift is a characteristic that is actualized precisely in the conditions of the development of an emergency situation. Willingness to work effectively in emergency situations is a factor that significantly increases the chances of adequate actions in real conditions. Еmpirical analysis. The empirical study found that the overwhelming majority of the investigated operational shifts characterized by an average and above average level of psychological readiness for action in an emergency situation, while no shifts with a low or high level were revealed. Conclusion. Such results may indicate that this psychological condition of group reliability in operational shifts of the NPP is sufficiently well-formed. Nevertheless, the psychological service should work to strengthen the psychological readiness of units for action in emergency situations.

Introduction. The need for research is due to the deterioration of the psychological well-being of students in the conditions of periodic introduction of self-isolation and distance learning. Teachers of higher education point out that, even after returning to the traditional format of education, many students continue to experience anxiety and tension, especially when performing tasks aimed at teaching oral foreign language speech. To ease such tension and overcome the difficulties caused by it, it is necessary to use various forms of humor in the learning process. Theoretical analysis. The article discusses theoretical approaches to the use of humor in teaching and summarizes the experience of using different types of humor in the practice of teaching English to future IT professionals. Empirical analysis. The empirical research method has been used in the form of a group survey of 67 1st–year students on the basis of SPbSUT. The research task is to find out how students feel about the use of humor in foreign language classes. Conclusion. This study confirms that most students (86%) support the use of humor in classes at the university and note its positive impact. In addition, according to the results of the survey, it was revealed which forms of humor students consider to be the most effective in teaching a foreign language, and which are considered unacceptable by them.

Introduction. In the course of the study we have identified a contradiction consisting, on the one hand, in the increased requirements to the level of communicative training of technical specialists in post-industrial society. On the other hand, there is an almost complete lack of research on the problem of forming a discussion competence of future engineers. Based on the abovementioned, the author has formulated the goal of this paper. It consists in defining the place of the discussion competence in the structure of modern engineer training, caused by the networking and socio-technical transformation of technical activity. Theoretical analysis. The generalization of philosophical and pedagogical approaches to the study of engineering activity (EA) allowed us to classify the functions of a modern engineer according to the nature of the tasks to be solved. The classification revealed that under the influence of networking and socio-technical transformation of engineering activity there is a growing demand for engineers who are ready to implement professional tasks based on socio-technical functions. The correlation between the engineers’ mastery of the discussion competence and the effectiveness of their implementation of sociotechnical functions: design, research, organizational and managerial, was revealed. Conclusion. The study made it possible to draw a general conclusion about the need to distinguish the discussion competence as an independent element in the structure of universal competences and to include discussion training in the curriculum of technical universities in two directions: traditional (offline discussions) and network (online discussions).

Introduction. The dispersion of didactic systems, the abundance of which is present in the modern world, prompts us to make some demarcation of these phenomena by analyzing a separate theory – natural education, using the example of the school (de)-Roche [fr. L’Ecole des Roches] of Edmond Demolins [fr. Edmond Demolins]. Theoretical analysis of the conducted research is based on the works of foreign and domestic scientists, mainly on the work «The Elementary School Teacher» by Edmond Demolins. Based on the analysis, a competence matrix of a «new education» teacher was developed, which meets the requirements of competitiveness and validity in the profession. In addition, based on the study of original and translated texts, the author outlined the position of contemporaries of the «school reform» in relation to the traditional teacher and the system of knowledge transfer to students in general. Conclusion. The assessment of the best practices of the «new education» represented by the Roche School of Edmond Demolins, allowed us to draw a number of conclusions that have theoretical and applied significance within the framework of the current direction of reforming national education. Firstly, the importance of the inner core of the student and the expediency of his free are stated. Secondly, it emphasizes the need for educational organizations to meet the needs of the student.