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Том 43, № 4 (2016)

Water Resources and the Regime of Water Bodies

Hydrological processes in the Amur Liman

Strobykina A., Zhabin I., Kim V., Shul’kin V., Dudarev O.

Аннотация

Data collected in 2005–2009 are analyzed to study the main features of hydrological processes in the main part of the Amur estuary—the Amur Liman. Data on the morphological structure of the liman and the surge and tidal phenomena are analyzed. The variability of salinity field in different phases of river hydrological cycle is studied. Wind currents are shown to have an appreciable effect on the water exchange and river runoff distribution between the seas of Japan and Okhotsk in the ice-free season. In summer, the Amur runoff enters the Sea of Okhotsk. The main features of the structure of liman water in summer are identified. The northern part of the estuary is freshened by river runoff and partially mixed; it has a two-layer structure. A salt wedge forms at the northern exit from the liman into the Sea of Okhotsk, and strong water stratification is observed there.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):583-593
pages 583-593 views

Hydrological–morphological processes in the mouth area of the Congo R. and the effect of submarine canyon on these processes

Isupova M., Dolgopolova E.

Аннотация

The general geographic, hydrographic, climatic, and hydrological characteristics of the Congo R. basin are considered. The major features of the riverine and marine factors that have their effect on the hydrological regime and morphology of the delta and estuary of the Congo R. are identified; the effect of a submarine canyon on the morphological features of the estuary is analyzed in detail; and changes in river delta structure in the XX century and currently are considered. The hydrological—morphological characteristics of the largest mouths of African rivers, the formation conditions of water and sediment runoff, and variations of their deltas are compared.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):594-610
pages 594-610 views

Developing a small lake: The case of Palakpakin Lake, San Pablo City, Philippines

Brillo B.

Аннотация

This study assesses the development issues of Palakpakin Lake. Premised on the scarcity of development studies on lakes (as the field is dominated by limnology and aquaculture studies) and small-lake studies (as the field is heavily concentrated on big-lake studies), the article argues that the lake has long been wanting of development initiatives from its administrative agencies. It further contends that the Laguna Lake Development Authority and the City Government of San Pablo must now act to promote development of the lake; specifically, by modifying their model-template approach, by formulating a zoning-development plan, and by fostering ecotourism. These basic actions are necessary in managing, developing and conserving the natural resource, as well as in preparing, informing and precipitating other actions on the lake.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):611-620
pages 611-620 views

Hydrophysical Processes

Hydrodynamic effects at the entry of tidal waves into estuaries

Zyryanov V., Chebanova M.

Аннотация

The phenomenon of an increase in tidal wave height in cone-shaped estuaries is studied. The effect of estuary narrowing in the direction of tidal wave propagation (the hydrodynamic effect of confusor) is among the factors amplifying the tide. An opposite effect of turbulent friction, whose manifestation increases with decreasing bay’s depth, conversely, reduces tide amplitude because of the dissipation of tidal wave energy. Stokes diffusion layer also plays a significant role in the formation of wave transformation regime. In an estuary with a median depth, which is much greater than the Stokes layer thickness, the confusor effect is stronger and tide amplitude increases at estuary head. At depths lesser than Stokes layer thickness, the turbulent friction dominates over the confusor effect and the amplitude of tidal wave decreases at the head of the estuary. The depths of the order of Stokes layer thickness cause an interesting intermediate phenomenon—at the entrance into the estuary, first the effect of friction manifests itself, resulting in a decrease in the amplitude of tidal wave, but later, the effect of confusor starts dominating, and the amplitude of tidal wave again increases toward estuary head. When the period of tidal wave coincides with seiche period, a resonance enhancement of seiche oscillations takes place in the estuary.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):621-628
pages 621-628 views

Analysis of natural tracers and genetic runoff components in mixing models: Case study of small basins in Primor’e

Gubareva T., Boldeskul A., Gartsman B., Shamov V.

Аннотация

An algorithm has been proposed for the diagnostics of the number of runoff genetic components and reliable chemical tracers in mixing models. The algorithm is applied to the analysis of data of hydrological—hydrochemical monitoring obtained during experimental studies on small watersheds in Elovyi Creek basin. The number of stable genetic runoff components and the list of tracers can vary from year to year depending on the state of moistening on the watershed.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):629-639
pages 629-639 views

Problem of transient turbulent convection and a semiempirical profile of turbulent heat exchange coefficient in freshwater bodies

Vul’fson A., Borodin O.

Аннотация

A problem of convective cooling of both freshwater and saltwater lake is formulated. A transient one-dimensional turbulent model with variable layer depth is proposed to describe the process of freezing. The dependence of layer depth on time is determined by a universal equation describing the propagation of Deardorff convective layer. A combination of the main form of equations of Kolmogorov–Obukhov theory and available experimental data is shown to allow the construction of a universal profile of turbulent exchange coefficient, depending on the height.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):640-646
pages 640-646 views

Water Quality and Protection: Environmental Aspects

Experimental simulation of chemistry transformation of anaerobic water during aeration

Savenko A., Savenko V., Pokrovskii O.

Аннотация

Experiments were carried out to simulate the transformations of anaerobic freshwater chemistry at aeration. Quantitative characteristics of the passage from dissolved into suspended state in the course of aeration were obtained for Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ag, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, Be, Al, Ga, Cr, Ti, Zr, U, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, B, V, Ge, As, Mo, and W. The decrease in the concentration of dissolved forms was found to be maximal for Fe and Mn, reaching 0.03 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively; these values correspond to the solubility of newly-precipitated oxihydrates of those elements. Among other elements, a high degree of removal is typical of elements-hydrolysates (Cr, Zr, Al, Ga, Be, Ti, and the majority of rare-earth elements), some heavy metals (Zn, Ag, Cd, and Co), and W.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):647-656
pages 647-656 views

Studying seasonal dynamics of surface water pollution in Lower Volga Basin

Boronina L., Sadchikov P., Tazhieva S., Moskvicheva E.

Аннотация

The results of environmental monitoring of surface-water quality in the Lower Volga Basin are given. The results of regular observations are differentiated. Water pollution is assessed based on the criterion of seasonal occurrence of chemicals in water at gage sections classified by zonal principle. An integrated estimate demonstrates considerable variations within a year and an increase in the normal annual concentrations of some pollutants of both natural and anthropogenic origin.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):657-662
pages 657-662 views

Inhibition by nitrite ion in the process of methane anaerobic oxidation by microorganisms and fractionation dynamics of stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes

Vavilin V., Rytov S.

Аннотация

In the process of methane oxidation by nitrite ion, the latter, when in high concentration, inhibits the oxidation process. The effect of inhibition is incorporated in the proposed model, describing the dynamics of anaerobic oxidation of methane and its heavy fractions δ13CH4 and δC2H1H3 by nitrite ion. Two substrates—methane and nitrite—are considered in a modified Monod function, describing the oxidation rate. The model is calibrated against experimental data given in [8]. The dynamic behavior of the system under a deficiency of methane or nitrite ion is described. The dynamics of δ13CH4 and δC2H1H3 are shown to be governed by the oxidation dynamics of total methane CH4. By contrast to the conventional opinion that Rayleigh equation corresponds to 1st-order kinetics in terms of substrate concentration, this study shows that Rayleigh equation can be derived from dynamic equations for methane with heavy isotopes (13C and 2H), whatever the kinetic type of total methane oxidation.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):663-667
pages 663-667 views

Effect of pore water of fine sediments on the ecological conditions of hydrosphere under oil-and-gas technogenesis conditions

Abukova L., Abramova O.

Аннотация

Experimental models are used to study the poorly known function of pore waters, i.e., their role in hydrosphere pollution. This issue is studied as applied to modern bottom sediments, soil-forming grounds of the aeration zone, and impermeable clays in aquifers. The natural and technogenic geodynamic loads, accompanied by compaction and destruction of water-bearing rocks, are shown to intensify the processes of pore water pressing with the release of rock-forming elements, heavy metals, and organic substances into bottom water layers in water bodies, free soil or intermediate waters. This results in an environmental damage to water bodies, which could be used for drinking water supply and fishery. This study is of particular importance in areas of present-day oil and gas production.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):668-676
pages 668-676 views

Spatiotemporal variability of algae in monitoring aquatic environment in the Panjiakou Reservoir (Northern China)

Wang J., Zhou Y., Xiao W., Huang Y., Bi Y., Wang L., Yang Z.

Аннотация

The spatial and temporal variations of algae within a large drinking water reservoir with mesotrophy (Panjiakou Reservoir, Northern China) were investigated in relation to variations in environmental factors over a 6-month period (May to October) in 2013 and 2014. The analysis based on in-situ samples upstream to downstream (Puhekou, Jiajia’an, Yanziyu Panjiakou and Baqian) showed that three harmful algae species of Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta prevail in the reservoir. The variations in algal concentrations presented a seasonal cycle with high values in the flood season and low values in the drought season and a spatial concentration in main water storage area of the reservoir. Compared with the environmental factors of pH value, permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen, water temperature, dissolved oxygen content and total phosphorus were significant related to algae concentrations with correlation coefficients of 0.76, 0.62 and 0.85, respectively. The impact analysis of three factors on prevailing algae species indicated that Chlorophyta was the main contributor to the algal photosynthesis of the Panjiakou Reservoir. An extremely high value of algal concentrations with little variety in August 2013 revealed that pollution carried by tremendous runoff may induce algae blooms later.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):690-698
pages 690-698 views

Interaction between Continental Waters and the Environment

Quality composition and irrigation suitability of various surface water and groundwater sources at Matahara Plain

Dinka M.

Аннотация

This study highlights the physicochemical compositions of different water sources available at Matahara Plain and evaluates their suitability for irrigation purpose. Various surfaceand ground-water samples were collected and then analysed for important major physicochemical quality parameters (pH, EC, cations and anions) following standard procedures. Other chemical indices were derived from the measured quality parameters. The quality rating for each water type was evaluated against the recommended threshold level for irrigation. Each water sources were rated for irrigation suitability following standard Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines and others. Overall, the findings emphasize the need to avoid the use of poor quality water for irrigation.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):677-689
pages 677-689 views

Rainfall-runoff modeling considering soil moisture accounting algorithm, case study: Karoon III River basin

Razmkhah H., Saghafian B., Ali A., Radmanesh F.

Аннотация

In contrast to event based hydrologic models which reveal how a basin responds to an individual rainfall event, continuous ones synthesize hydrologic processes over a longer time period that includes both dry and wet conditions. With respect to the importance of infiltration method in Rainfall-Runoff (RR) modeling, the objective of this study was to assess HEC-HMS with Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) infiltration algorithm, considering several components of hydrologic cycle such as canopy interception, surface depression, infiltration into the soil profile storage, percolation to the ground water aquifer and base flow caused by available soil storage vs. maximum saturated capacity of soil layer, to model daily flows of Karoon III basin (Iran). The model showed satisfied performance by accounting initial moisture condition by SMA model with Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) coefficient of 0.76 and 0.64 for calibration and verification. Sensitivity analysis showed that saturated hydraulic conductivity (K), Clark storage coefficient (R) and time of concentration (tc) were the most effective parameters on the simulated Peak Over Thresholds (POT). Results from this study assist in improving model accuracy and ability to predict future conditions based upon basin characteristic change.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):699-710
pages 699-710 views

Water Resources Development: Economic and Legal Aspects

Institutional, regulatory, and managerial aspects of the development of transboundary water bodies and streams in Russia

Bolgov M., Demin A., Shatalova K.

Аннотация

The number of international agreements on transboundary water bodies and streams was found to increase rapidly in the late XX and early XXI century. The institutional and regulatory conditions required for solving the problems of international rivers and lakes are discussed. A system of governmental bodies in Russia, dealing with the use and protection of transboundary water bodies and streams is described. The international cooperation of Russia in the management of transboundary water bodies and streams is shown.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):711-717
pages 711-717 views

Accounting of water flows used in Russian economy and estimation of the water accumulated in exported products

Kudryavtseva O., Yakovleva E.

Аннотация

An input–output model was applied to analyze the used freshwater and total used water in Russian economy sectors over 2005–2010. In addition, the sectors that are the main sources of wastewater discharge are identified and the volumes of water sent abroad with exported products are calculated based on data on 2011. The compiled scheme of intersectoral flows and water use in the country can be used as a base for water resources management.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):718-729
pages 718-729 views

Best practice land use planning and cost-effective tools to assure safety downstream of private dams

Pisaniello J., Tingey-Holyoak J.

Аннотация

Communities are at threat because of the potential severe consequences of private dam failure. Such threat exists due to inadequate land use planning and safety assurance policy for water storage and downstream developments which must be integrated if lives and public and private property are to be saved. This paper aims to explore the interrelated policy, responsibility, cost-sharing and engineering issues associated with farm dam safety to mitigate failure threats to both existing and future downstream developments. Key insights into the design of best-practice integrated land use planning and safety assurance policy are provided based on (1) review of practice in Australia and internationally, underpinned by relevant theoretical principles, and (2) development of a cost-effective flood safety review/design tool to help policy-makers address cost sharing issues. The novel guidance and tool developed can help jurisdictions world-wide address the threats associated with farm dams and both existing and future land developments.

Water Resources. 2016;43(4):730-742
pages 730-742 views

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