Ашық рұқсат
Рұқсат берілді
Тек жазылушылар үшін
№ 4 (2023)
Soil Fertility
Effect of Mobile Potassium Content in Soils on Grain Crop Yields and Potash Fertilizer Costs on Its Formation
Аннотация
The influence of the content of mobile potassium in various soils on the yield of grain crops and the effectiveness of the use of potash fertilizers for them is shown. The results of the study showed that an increase in the content of mobile potassium in the studied soils contributes to an increase in the yield of grain crops and at the same time reduces the effect of potash fertilizers. Despite this, the total yield obtained due to an increase in the potash level of soils and an increase in yield from the application of potash fertilizers far exceeded all variants of potassium doses on soils with low K2O. The increase in yield from the application of potash fertilizers was 29–46%, depending on the crop, while the total yield increased by more than 2 times. At the same time, the costs of potash fertilizers for the formation of grain yields decreased. The consumption of potassium fertilizers for obtaining 1 ton of winter wheat grain on sod-podzolic soils when applying K30–60 decreased from 19–36 to 10–19 kg/t, on gray forest soils – from 12–23 to 10–20 kg/t, spring wheat – from 25‒47 to 15–31 kg/t on gray forest soils and from 23–43 to 15–30 kg/t – on leached chernozems.
3-10
Physical and Chemical Properties of Leached Chernozem under Different Soil Treatment and Fertilizer Application in Cropped Rotation Central Black Earth Region
Аннотация
In the zone of unstable humidification of the Central Black Earth Region in 1985–2021, in the steam link of the fruit-replaceable 9-pole crop rotation, the influence of dump, dumpless and combined soil treatments on non-ventilated and fertilized (N59P59K59 + manure 11 t/ha of crop rotation area) backgrounds was studied. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of basic tillage and fertilizer systems on the physico-chemical properties of the soil in 4 rotations. The soil is leached heavy loamy medium-sized chernozem with a humus content of 5.3–5.6% in the arable layer, with an average supply of nutrients and optimal physical properties. During the first 2 rotations, the pHKCl indicator decreased by 0.04–0.46 units relative to the initial one. In the 4th rotation, the actual acidity was 6.06–6.18 units. Minimal changes in acidity were noted during combined tillage. In the 4th rotation, with combined tillage, the amount of absorbed bases increased to the greatest extent (by 10–12%). Physico-chemical properties in winter wheat crops were more favorable than in sugar beet crops. Soil buffering in the 4th rotation tended to increase compared to the 2nd rotation. The multi-depth dump treatment increased the buffering of the chernozem.
11-18
Monitoring of Fertility and Ecotoxicological Condition of Reference Sites of Sod-Podzolic Soils of the Ivanovo Region
Аннотация
The results of agrochemical and ecotoxicological studies of the arable layer of reference plots of sod-podzolic soils for agricultural purposes of the Ivanovo region are presented, which were carried out in order to establish the level of fertility according to the main agrochemical indicators, the content of sulfur and trace elements, ecotoxicological state – by gross and mobile forms of heavy metals and arsenic. The deterioration of such indicators of soil fertility as the availability of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, mobile potassium, the amount of absorbed bases and the capacity of cation exchange has been established. An increase in the content of mobile phosphorus, exchangeable calcium, magnesium and other absorbed bases was noted with an unchanged content of organic matter. The fertility of the studied soils was assessed by calculating the soil-ecological index. The provision of soils with trace elements and mobile sulfur has been established. The content of gross and mobile forms of metals in soils, with the exception of arsenic in the soils of individual sites, did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations and clarks. The studied soils are slightly polluted and are not dangerous for cultivated plants and human health. According to the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, the characters of the mutual influence of metabolic acidity, the content of organic matter and the granulometric composition of soils with the content of available forms of trace elements, gross and mobile forms of metals and arsenic are established.
19-31
Influence of Buckwheat Sideral Agricultural Communities on the Agrophysical Properties of Soil Resources of the Chernozem Zone
Аннотация
In the field experiment, the influence of binary sideral buckwheat mixtures on the bulk mass, structural coefficient and degree of aggregation of arable and sub-arable horizons of typical heavy loamy chernozem was studied. It is shown that mixing of crops in sideral agricultural communities in most cases led to an increase in the yield of subsequent grain crops and an improvement in the considered agrophysical properties. The most significant positive effect on the agrophysical properties of both arable and sub-arable horizons, as well as on the increase in the yield of grain crops, had an agrocenotic effect in binary mixtures of buckwheat of the Demeter + sunflower variety and buckwheat of the Winged + sunflower variety. In the variants in the soil under the agro-communities soy + buckwheat of the Winged variety and buckwheat of the Demeter + buckwheat of the Winged variety, on the contrary, there was a slight improvement in these indicators, and sometimes their deterioration in both horizons.
32-38
Fertilizers
Effect of Lime Aftereffect and Systematic Application of Fertilizers on Agrochemical Properties of Sod-Podzolic Soil and Grain Yield
Аннотация
A long-term field experiment shows a change in the agrochemical properties of sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil and the yield of winter wheat and spring barley under the direct action of different doses of lime and after 35 years of their aftereffect. It was found that the high efficiency of lime aftereffect with the advantage of a large dose (23 t CaCO3/ha) is due to a significant increase in the content of mobile aluminum in the soil and the level of hydrolytic acidity against the background of the use of mineral fertilizers, especially some nitrogen-potassium fertilizers in the form of ammonium nitrate and potassium chloride.
39-43
Duration of the Aftereffect of Mineral Fertilizers in the Experience of the Kurgan Research Institute
Аннотация
The effect of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer for 5 rotations of a 4-field grain crop rotation in the stationary experiment of the Kurgan Research Institute was studied. Different nitrogen distribution between crop rotation crops was tested. When the entire crop rotation dose of nitrogen was applied to the first field, the fertilizer had an aftereffect on the yield of the next 3 crops. Similarly, when dividing the nitrogen dose into the 1st and 3rd fields, an increase in crop yields was noted in the 2nd and 4th crops. The different distribution of nitrogen between crop rotation crops gave similar effects under experimental conditions with the manifestation of the advantage of using nitrogen in crop rotation in a year. For the next 27 years, fertilizers were not applied on these backgrounds and the aftereffect of fertilizer applied in total doses of N1050–1575P840 for 21 years was taken into account in permanent wheat crops. At the 1st dose of nitrogen, the fertilizer had a significant aftereffect for 5 years, at the 2nd – 9, but also later. In years with sufficient moisture, an increase in yield was observed from the aftereffect of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer.
44-50
Agroecology
Monitoring of Agroecological Condition of Arable Soils of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia
Аннотация
Based on the analysis of the results of agroecological monitoring, it was found that in the Central Chernozem region (CCR) for 2016–2020, compared with 2001–2005, there was a significant increase in the use of mineral fertilizers (1.8–7.8 times) and the volume of chemical soil reclamation (2.3–43.9 times). The highest level of application of mineral fertilizers (156 kg/ha) was achieved in the Kursk region, organic fertilizers (8.83 t/ha) and liming of acidic soils (65.9 thousand hectares per year) – in the Belgorod region. The minimum level of mineral fertilizers (88.1 kg/ha) and liming (13.0 thousand ha) was registered in Voronezh, and the use of organic fertilizers (0.24 t/ha) – in the Tambov regions. Over the same years, the yield of grain and leguminous crops increased by 1.51–2.19 times. The maximum yield was achieved in Kursk (4.95 t/ha) and Belgorod (4.87 t/ha) regions, the minimum – in Tambov (3.67 t/ha) and Voronezh (3.62 t/ha). As of 01.01.2021, the most significant increase in the provision of soils with organic matter, mobile forms of P2O5 and K2O, a decrease in the proportion of acidic soils was noted in the Belgorod region. In arable soils of the Tambov region the maximum weighted average content of organic matter (6.5%) was recorded, the minimum (4.7%) was noted in the Kursk region. The highest content of mobile forms of P2O5 (143 mg/kg) and K2O (169 mg/kg) was observed in the soils of Belgorod, the lowest (respectively 88 and 106 mg/kg) – in the Tambov regions. The highest proportion of acidic soils (77.9%) was recorded in the soils of arable land in the Lipetsk region, while in the Belgorod and Voronezh regions it was 31.0%. Arable soils of the region are mainly characterized by low availability of mobile forms of zinc, copper and cobalt. The highest proportion of soils with low availability of mobile forms of sulfur (95.1%) and manganese (88.3%) was noted in the Tambov region, the lowest – respectively in the Voronezh (74.7%) and Lipetsk (3.1%) regions.
67-77
Changes in the Chemical and Biological Properties of Arable Soils with Different Duration of the Freezing Period
Аннотация
The results of a 2-year vegetation experiment to study the effect of the duration of the frost-free period on the chemical properties and biological activity of agrokashtan soils and agrochernozem are presented. The task of the experiment was to assess changes in soil properties that may occur with further warming of the climate and a reduction in the time of stay of soils in the frozen state. The first variant of the experiment provided for incubation of soils in a frozen state in winter for 160 days, the second – 56 days, in the third variant, the soil was incubated throughout the winter period at a temperature of >0°C. Before winter incubation, the soil was moistened to 60% of FMC, mineral fertilizers and straw were applied. In the spring, spring wheat of the Zlata variety of the selection of the Moscow NIISH “Nemchinovka” was sown in the soil. Throughout the growing season, soil samples were kept in the vegetation pavilion in conditions of natural moisture and illumination. Sampling and measurements of biological properties were carried out in the spring period 10 days after the samples were transferred from the refrigerator to the vegetation pavilion. It was found that, depending on the duration of the freezing period of the studied soils, the most sensitive indicators for temperature changes were microbial biomass (C-LED), basal respiration rate (V-BASRR) of the microbial community and the number of microorganisms (NMO) growing on soil agar and on a rich medium. The soils that were incubated without freezing had the lowest values of C-LED and V-BASRR. The increase in the freezing period of the soil affected the acidity of the soils. In the variants with prolonged freezing in the 2nd year of the study, the pH value increased. For agrochernozem, a decrease in the content of P2O5 was noted as the freezing period increased. For agrokashtan soils, this pattern was less pronounced. In these soils, a tendency to decrease the C : N ratio was revealed with an increase in the time spent in the frozen state. The content of Corg, as well as macro- and microelements in all variants practically did not change during the 2 years of the experiment.
78-88
Biological Methods of Ooptimization of Cultivation of Perennial Grasses in Agriculture of the Non-Chernozem zone
Аннотация
The possibility of using nitrogen of annual legumes for fertilizing perennial grasses (timofeevka meadow) by using them as cover crops has been established. By increasing the content of assimilable forms of nitrogen and other nutrients in the soil, they had a positive effect on the development of grasses in the autumn and spring periods, the formation of their biomass during vegetation, improving its quality, increasing the development of the root system of perennial grasses and the accumulation of nutrients in it. The effective effect of cover crops was traced for 4 years, the total increase in the mowing crop during this time amounted to over 120 kg/ha, the economic effect – of 17 thousand rubles.
89-92
Plant growth regulators
Effect of Pre-Sowing Treatment of Spring Wheat Seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) with Organic Acids of Natural Origin in a Rarefied Medium on Plant Growth and Development
Аннотация
The effect of pre-sowing treatment of spring wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L.) with succinic and salicylic acids at concentrations of 10–5 M and 10–3 M with and without the use of a vacuum infiltrator was studied. The obtained results showed a positive effect of seed treatment under conditions of rarefied pressure (0.9 atm, 15 min) on the development of coleoptile and seedling root on the 7th day of germination. On day 3 (when determining the germination energy), the effect of a rarefied medium did not reveal a significant effect. Under stressful conditions of plant development with hyperthermia, it was found that treatment of seeds with salicylic acid at a concentration of 10–3 M in a rarefied environment provided the best result in reducing stress load by suppressing catalase activity. Succinic acid at a concentration of 10–5 M proved to be the best option as a growth enhancer. Together with the use of a rarefied medium, such treatment most significantly accelerated the development of the coleoptile and the root of the seedling on the 7th day of germination.
51-61
Effect of the Biostimulator Composition with Trace Elements to Accelerate the Growth and Increase the Productivity of Pumpkin
Аннотация
The use of environmentally friendly growth regulators and micro fertilizers makes it possible to use energy-saving technologies and maximize the physiological capabilities of plants. At the Institute of Plant Chemistry named after Academician S.Yu. Yunusov, a biostimulator Uchkun was created, which has a low consumption rate and low toxicity. The drug increases the yield of many crops (cotton, wheat, etc.) and protects them from adverse conditions, increases the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of pre-sowing treatment of pumpkin seeds of the Spanish-73 and Palov-Kadu-268 varieties with the Uchkun biological preparation and its composition with trace elements (Uchkun plus preparation) on the productivity and quality of seeds. It is shown that this composition contributed to an increase in crop productivity. When treated with the composition, the average weight of one fetus was 3.4 kg and exceeded the option without treatment (control) (2.8 kg) by 21.4%, when treated with a biostimulator Uchkun – 3.3 kg, which was 17.8% more than the control. The average increase in pumpkin yield during pre–sowing seed treatment with Uchkun plus was 10.1 t/ha compared to the control, whereas when exposed to Uchkun – 7.8 t/ha. In addition, it was shown that when exposed to a complex preparation, the quality of pumpkin seeds improved, the oil content and the total protein content increased, and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids increased.
62-66
Ecotoxicology
Effect of Heavy Metals on the Abundance of Bacteria of the Genus Аzotobacter in Gray-Brown Soils of the Аbsheron Peninsula
Аннотация
The effect of different concentrations of heavy metals in gray-brown soils of the Absheron Peninsula on the abundance of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter has been studied. The indicators of the total number of microorganisms and the abundance of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter were taken as informative indicators. It is shown that in the studied soil, with an increase in the concentration of heavy metals (TM) at all accounting periods, a decrease in the total number of microorganisms was observed compared with the control. The study of the abundance of bacteria g. Azotobacter of gray-brown soil showed that bacteria of this genus had sufficient resistance to the effects of TM. At concentrations of 1 MPC, no definite effect of heavy metals on bacteria of this genus was detected. However, with the action of TM at concentrations of 5 and 10 MPC, a decrease in the abundance of bacteria was observed in relation to the control. The studied metals according to their inhibitory effect, depending on the nature of pollutants, can be arranged in a row: Cr > Pb > Cu.
93-96