Vol 4, No 2 (2025)

the necessity of adapting Russia’s agro-industrial complex to the transformed conditions of international trade, driven by the imposition of sanctions, defines the relevance of this study. In the current environment, domestic food producers face multiple challenges, including disruptions in logistics chains, restricted access to international financial instruments, and the need to explore alternative markets. Under these circumstances, the development of effective government support mechanisms and export growth strategies becomes a key factor in ensuring the industry's sustainable expansion. This paper analyzes the instruments aimed at enhancing the export potential of Russia’s food industry under sanctions. Additionally, adaptation strategies within the agro-industrial complex are considered, focusing on the modernization of logistics infrastructure, diversification of export destinations, and the transition to settlements in national currencies. The methodological framework of the study includes an analysis of legal and regulatory frameworks, export volume forecasting using linear regression, and a comparative assessment of government support measures. The research findings indicate that expanding export opportunities requires a comprehensive approach, encompassing investment incentives for production, the development of certification infrastructure, and the promotion of public-private partnerships. Forecast estimates highlight the prospects for increasing exports of grain, meat, and dairy products under various economic scenarios. The study concludes that a systematic approach to agro-industrial export development is essential, taking into account both macroeconomic conditions and the necessity for enterprises to remain flexible and adaptive in the evolving landscape of global trade.

the purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of key factors determining the dynamics of innovation in the Russian instrument industry, based on an assessment of the strength and direction of their impact. Methods: statistical methods and methods of time series analysis, comparison and generalization methods are used as methods in the presented study. Findings: the study describes the main trends and limitations of the industry development in the Russian Federation at the present stage, highlights the need for innovative transformations in it. A statistical analysis of changes in the main indicators of the implementation of innovative processes of instrument-making enterprises of the Russian Federation is presented. An assessment of their changes in the Central Federal District as a whole and in the context of individual subjects of the federal District is also given. Quantitative analysis is based on temporal and spatial changes in the share of innovative goods, works, and services, as well as key factors such as costs and innovation activity. Conclusions: the revealed patterns in the development of innovations in this group of enterprises, their specific features and trends of change can be used as the basis for programs and measures for import substitution of the industry as additional levers of influence and growth of their effectiveness.

this article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the transition to a hybrid tax system that combines the regulation of traditional (real) assets and digital (virtual) assets. The author, acting as a tax consultant-scientist, analyzes the legal, economic and organizational prerequisites for such a transition, and reveals the main problems and prospects for the interaction of various forms of ownership and taxation in the context of the digital transformation of the economy. In the context of digitalization of the economy and the spread of blockchain technologies, the legal, economic and methodological prerequisites for the transition to such a system are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to international experience, the risks of double taxation. In addition, the issue is also devoted to the problems of harmonization of national tax laws, the search for an optimal balance between the interests of the state, business and citizens when introducing hybrid mechanisms of fiscal regulation. The scientific novelty of the presented work lies in the substantiation of a systemic integrative approach to taxation, in which digital and real assets act as complementary elements of the tax base. The practical significance of this work lies in the formation of recommendations for improving tax legislation and policies that promote fair taxation, stimulate innovation and ensure fiscal stability.

currently, the study of the green bond market in the form of digital financial assets (DFA) is becoming especially relevant in the context of global environmental problems. According to experts, in order to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement and the transition to a low-carbon economy, it is necessary to attract financing in the amount of $ 100-150 trillion by 2050. Traditional financing mechanisms are not able to provide such a volume of investments, which necessitates the search for innovative financial instruments. The market of green bonds issued in the form of digital financial assets (DFA) is a promising area at the intersection of sustainable finance and digital technologies. This segment combines the environmental goals of green bonds with the technological advantages of blockchain and digital assets.

in a rapidly changing market and increasingly competitive environment, carefully thought-out marketing strategies are becoming critical to the success of any company. Reliable information and advanced analytical approaches are needed to make informed and effective decisions. With the development of information technology and the emergence of new ways of data analysis, the tools used to create and maintain information and analytical systems that play a central role in the marketing decision-making process are also evolving. Traditional marketing analysis methods based on intuition and limited data are gradually giving way to advanced analytical systems capable of processing huge amounts of information from various sources. These systems allow companies to identify hidden patterns, predict market trends, and evaluate the effectiveness of marketing campaigns with unprecedented accuracy.

the development of Islamic financial institutions based on the principles of Sharia is gaining increasing importance in the global economy. Islamic finance, which avoids interest transactions and investments in prohibited activities, demonstrates steady growth, attracting the attention of both traditional investors and the younger generation seeking ethical and halal financing. Strategic investments of Islamic banks, especially in technological and digital solutions, help optimize operating costs and expand the client base, emphasizing the relevance of studying their investment activities. The main research problem is to determine the specifics of investment strategies of Islamic banks, their compliance with Sharia norms and identify key areas for capital placement in the context of strict religious restrictions. The purpose of the article is to analyze the investment activities of the largest Islamic banks, identify the main instruments and areas of their investments, taking into account the principles of Islamic finance. Methods. The paper uses methods of theoretical analysis of the principles of Islamic finance, as well as an analysis of the data presented in tables illustrating the types of Sharia-compliant investment instruments (Murabaha, Ijara, Musharaka, Mudaraba, Sukuk) and the main investment areas of leading Islamic banks, taking into account their geographical presence and asset volumes. Results. It was revealed that Islamic banks actively use Sharia-compliant contracts to finance real economic assets and projects. The main investment areas of the largest banks are retail and corporate banking, SME lending, the sukuk market, real estate investments, asset management, as well as specialized sectors such as healthcare, logistics and energy. A trend towards digitalization of services and geographic expansion is noted. The total assets of the 100 largest Islamic banks reached USD 1.57 trillion, which indicates the scale of the sector. Conclusions. Islamic banks invest primarily through Shariah-compliant instruments, channeling capital into the real economy. Their investment decisions are guided by strict compliance with Shariah principles, risk management, corporate governance and the pursuit of socio-economic goals (Maqasid al-Shari’ah). Portfolio diversification across assets, sectors and regions, along with the active development of digital technologies, are key elements of their strategy in the global financial environment.

the study is devoted to the use of multicriteria models for measuring the socio-economic conditions of small African states. The relevance of a comprehensive measurement that takes into account economic, social, environmental and institutional indicators is substantiated given the high sensitivity of such economies to external shocks. The analysis device examines integral indices - HDI, multidimensional poverty index, vulnerability index MVI – and constructs comparative profiles for thirteen countries. The information basis is made up of statistical series from the World Bank, IMF, UNDP, AfricaDataHub and Pacific Islands News Association, supplemented by the monograph by D?meland and Gil Sander. The novelty is determined by the integration of the latest version of the MVI into the scalarization procedure, which made it possible to identify discrepancies between income levels and quality of life, and to clarify the priorities of national development policy. The methods of substantive analysis of literature, normalization of indicators, weighting of criteria and ranking by Pareto optimality are applied. The practical value is expressed by the proposed matrix of actions for government bodies and donor organizations aimed at reducing vulnerability and strengthening human potential. The results are suitable for planning budget programs, structural reforms and assessing the effectiveness of external support in vulnerable island economies.

in Russian conditions, customs duties are a key source of federal budget revenues. Oil revenues in complexly oriented global formations of friendly and unfriendly countries have received ambiguous dynamics, which requires research using various sources of information. The article analyzes the dynamics of revenues to the federal budget of the Russian Federation in the period 2022-2024, taking into account changes in the share of customs duties. Special attention is paid to revenues from mineral extraction tax and additional profit tax. It is determined that despite economic restrictions, the Russian oil industry continues to develop its export potential, building trade interactions with key partners, including China and India. Certain conclusions are made. At the same time, it is noted that the adopted state decisions to zero the export rate on oil and oil products are rightfully aimed at a targeted move away from oil and gas dependence and, as a result, at the development of national production.