Перераспределение военных расходов США на союзников: намерения и реальность

Обложка

Цитировать

Полный текст

Открытый доступ Открытый доступ
Доступ закрыт Доступ предоставлен
Доступ закрыт Только для подписчиков

Аннотация

США поддерживают военные действия на Украине и конфронтацию с Китаем, требуют от союзников поднять военные расходы до 2% ВВП и одновременно заявляют о среднесрочном сокращении своих военных расходов в реальном выражении. Так США пытаются обуздать огромные бюджетный дефицит и государственный долг, «продать» своим союзникам больше безопасности и вооружений, избежать деградации своего ВПК. Американские опции сокращения военных расходов дают небольшой бюджетный эффект, союзники ограничены в росте военных расходов и закупок американских вооружений большим государственным долгом и интересами своего ВПК. Американские намерения в области военных финансов по принципу «сокращая – перекладывай» реализуются только при идеальных условиях, хотя с жонглированием фактами и цифрами кажутся реалистичными.

Об авторах

С. В Ануреев

Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации

Email: anureev@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4506-6305
Scopus Author ID: 57211756635
доктор экономически наук, профессор Департамента общественных финансов Москва, Россия

Список литературы

  1. Vilnius Summit Communiqué. NATO. July 11, 2023. Available at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_217320.htm (accessed 15.07.2023).
  2. Budget of the US Government. Fiscal Year 2024. The Wight House. Office of Management and Budget. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2023/03/budget_fy2024.pdf (accessed 15.07.2023).
  3. 3.Major Challenges Await the Next Administration. US Budget Watch 2024. Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. June 15, 2023. Available at: https://www.crfb.org/papers/majorchallenges-await-next-administration (accessed 15.07.2023).
  4. Reduce the Department of Defense’s Annual Budget. Congressional Budget Office. December 7, 2022. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58632 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  5. SIPRI Military Expenditure Database. Available at: https://milex.sipri.org/sipri (accessed 15.07.2023).
  6. Mackenzie Eaglen. The Paradox of Scarcity in a Defense Budget of Largesse. American Enterprise Institute. July 18, 2022. Available at: https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/the-paradox-of-scarcity-in-adefense-budget-of-largesse/ (accessed 15.07.2023).
  7. Mackenzie Eaglen. Beyond Monopsony: Pentagon Reform in the Information Age. American Enterprise Institute. March 2, 2023. Available at: https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/beyond-monopsony-pentagonreform-in-the-information-age/ (accessed 15.07.2023).
  8. Beth Hallowell. Most US adults support Pentagon spending cuts. American Friends Service Committee. February 8, 2023. Available at: https://afsc.org/news/most-usadults-support-pentagon-spending-cuts (accessed 15.07.2023).
  9. Ellen BROWN. How the US Could Solve the Federal Debt Trap. Common Dreams. July 15, 2023. Available at: https://www.commondreams.org/opinion/howto-solve-federal-debt (accessed 15.07.2023)
  10. Bryan Harris. Debt ceiling agreement locks in Biden’s proposed defense budget. Defense News. May 29, 2023. Available at: https://www.defensenews.com/congress/budget/2023/05/29/debt-ceilingagreement-locks-in-bidens-proposed-defensebudget/#:~:text=WASHINGTON%20%E2%80%94%20The%20debt%20ceiling%20agreement,defense%20spending%20to%20%24704%20billion (accessed 15.07.2023).
  11. Mark F Cancian. Military Forces and Acquisition Programs: How Did They Fare in the FY 2024 Budget? Center for Strategic & International Studies. March 17, 2023. Available at: https://www.csis.org/analysis/military-forces-and-acquisitionprograms-how-did-they-fare-fy-2024-budget (accessed 15.07.2023).
  12. Monthly Budget Review: June 2023. Congressional Budget Office. July 11, 2023. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/publication/59255 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  13. Bobby Kogan. Budget Caps Are Budget Cuts. American Progress. April 24, 2023. Available at: https://www.americanprogress.org/article/budget-caps-arebudget-cuts/ (accessed 15.07.2023).
  14. Roxana TIRON. Record US Defense Budget Is Emerging Immune from Congress Cuts. Bloomberg Government. March 8, 2023. Available at: https://about.bgov.com/news/record-us-defense-budget-is-emerging-immune-fromcongress-cuts/ (accessed 15.07.2023).
  15. Cap Increases in Basic Pay for Military Service Members. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58657 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  16. Reduce the Annual Across-the-Board Adjustment for Federal Civilian Employees’ Pay. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58672 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  17. Replace Some Military Personnel with Civilian Employees. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58658 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  18. Repeal the Davis-Bacon Act. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58674 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  19. Stop Building Ford Class Aircraft Carriers. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58659 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  20. Reduce the Size of the Nuclear Triad. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58660 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  21. Cancel the Army's Future Vertical Lift Aircraft. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58662 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  22. Defer Development of the B-21 Bomber. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58663 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  23. Reduce the Size of the Bomber Force by Retiring the B-1B. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58664 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  24. Reduce the Size of the Fighter Force by Retiring the F-22. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58665 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  25. Cancel Plans to Purchase Additional F-35 Joint Strike Fighters and Instead Purchase F-16s and F/A-18s. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/54757 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  26. Cancel the Long-Range Standoff Weapon. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58661 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  27. Use an Alternative Measure of Inflation to Index Social Security and Other Mandatory Programs. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58656 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  28. Reduce the Basic Allowance for Housing to 80 Percent of Average Housing Costs. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budgetoptions/58666 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  29. Reduce VA’s Disability Benefits for Veterans Who Are Older Than the Full Retirement Age for Social Security. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58654 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  30. Narrow Eligibility for VA’s Disability Compensation by Excluding Veterans with Low Disability Ratings. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58655 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  31. Modify TRICARE Enrollment Fees and Cost Sharing for Working-Age Military Retirees. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: https://www.cbo.gov/budgetoptions/54563 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  32. Increase Prescription Drug Copayments for All Veterans. Congressional Budget Office. Available at: //www.cbo.gov/budget-options/58670 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  33. The Secretary General’s Annual Report 2022. March 21, 2023. Available at: https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/3/pdf/sgar22-en.pdf#page=153 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  34. World Economic Outlook Data: April 2023 Edition. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April (accessed 15.07.2023).
  35. Japan to consider delaying defense spending tax increase to 2025 or beyond. Reuters. June 13, 2023. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-consider-delaying-defencespending-tax-increase-2025-or-beyond-source-2023-06-12/ (accessed 15.07.2023).
  36. Germany to Lift Defense Budget to Record, Meeting NATO Target. Bloomberg. July 3, 2023. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-03/germany-to-lift-defense-budget-to-record-meeting-nato-target (accessed 15.07.2023).
  37. Germany backtracks on defense spending promises. Politico. December 5, 2022. Available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-backtracks-on-defensespending-promise-warns-about-delays-ukraine- war/#:~:text=BERLIN%20%E2%80%94%20Germany%20on%20Monday%20walked,a %20more%20serious%20military%20force (accessed 15.07.2023).
  38. US Department of Defense, Agency Financial Report, FY 2022, page 183. Available at: https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/afr/fy2022/DoD_FY22_Agency_Financial_Report.pdf (accessed 15.07.2023).
  39. Fiscal Year 2022 US Arms Transfers and Defense Trade, Fact Sheet. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. January 25, 2023. Available at: https://www.state.gov/fiscal-year-2022-u-s-arms-transfers-and-defense-trade/ (accessed 15.07.2023).
  40. Arms Transfers Database. Importer/ Exporter TIV Tables. SIPRI. Available at: https://www.armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php (accessed 15.07.2023).
  41. Daniel Hurst and Julian Borger. Aukus: nuclear submarines deal will cost Australia up to $368 bn. The Guardian. March 13, 2023. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/14/aukus-nuclear-submarines-australiacommits-substantial-funds-into-expanding-us-shipbuilding-capacity (accessed 15.07.2023).
  42. Europe’s military buildup: More talk than action. Politico. June 14, 2023. Available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-military-industry-defense-buildupwar/(accessed 15.07.2023).
  43. Joe Gould. US arms export approvals soared in 2022. Defense News. January 25, 2023. Available at: https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2023/01/25/usarms-export-approvals-soared-in-2022/ (accessed 15.07.2023).
  44. Surge in arms imports to Europe, while US dominance of the global arms trade increases. SIPRI. Stockholm. March 13, 2023. Available at: https://sipri.org/media/pressrelease/2023/surge-arms-imports-europe-while-us-dominance-global-arms-tradeincreases#:~:text=(Stockholm%2C%2013%20March%202023),decreased%20by%205.1%20per%20cent (accessed 15.07.2023).
  45. Pieter Wezeman, Justine Gadon and Siemon Wezeman. Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2022. SIPRI Fact Sheet. March 2023. Available at: https://www.sipri.org/publications/2023/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-internationalarms-transfers-2022 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  46. Poland: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service. March 6, 2023. Available at: https://www.sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R45784.pdf (accessed 15.07.2023).
  47. Defence key Figures. 2021 edition. French Ministry for the Armed Forces. December 2021. Available at: https://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/ministerearmees/Chiffres%20cl%C3%A9s%20de%20la%20D%C3%A9fense%202021%20UK%20%28pdf%20version%20anglaise%29.pdf (accessed 15.07.2023).
  48. Information from the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces. Annual Report 2021 (63rd Report). German Bundestag - 20th electoral term. Printed paper 20/900. March 15, 2022. Available at: https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/901610/fc410cdd893ba69d52b8cb55ed1fb715/annual_report_2021_63rd_report-data.pdf (accessed 15.07.2023).
  49. European Defence Agency. Annual Report 2022. Available at: https://eda.europa.eu/publications-and-data/all-publications/annual-report-2022 (accessed 15.07.2023).
  50. Germany approves first draft of 2024 budget focused on 'fiscal realities'. Reuters. July 5, 2023. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germancabinet-approves-first-draft-2024-budget-2023-07-05/ (accessed 15.07.2023).
  51. Joyce Lee and Josh Smith. South Korea's race to become one of the world’s biggest arms dealers. Reuters. May 29, 2023. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/inside-south-koreas-racebecome-one-worlds-biggest-arms-dealers-2023-05-29/ (accessed 15.07.2023).

© Российская академия наук, 2024

Данный сайт использует cookie-файлы

Продолжая использовать наш сайт, вы даете согласие на обработку файлов cookie, которые обеспечивают правильную работу сайта.

О куки-файлах