Vol 8, No 2 (2025)

the article examines the key aspects of the interaction of the leadership of the Czechoslovak Military Corps with representatives of the Japanese expeditionary forces in the Far East during the Civil War. The purpose of the article is to consider the key aspects of interventionist interaction. To do this, it is necessary to determine their role in the system of foreign intervention, to identify the dependence of the Czechoslovak Corps on the Japanese forces. The object of the study is the Czechoslovak Military Corps, which played a significant role in the events of the Great Russian Revolution (1917-1922). The subject of the study is the relationship between the command of the Czechoslovak Corps and representatives of the Japanese occupation forces: the problems of mutual relations, their characteristic features, and the role of the Czechoslovak Corps in resolving contradictions between key players in the Far East – Japan and the United States - are considered. At the same time, special attention is paid to the problem of evacuation of personnel of the Czechoslovak Corps. As an ally of the Entente, Japan influenced the course of the Civil War and contributed to solving the tasks assigned to soldiers and officers by the French command and the leadership of Czechoslovakia. The goals of Japan and the Czechoslovak political and military leadership had different vectors. The main task for the military and political leadership was to evacuate the personnel, for this it was necessary to contact the Japanese side, which had the necessary amount of tonnage. The Japanese militarists saw in the situation of the Czechs only a reason to occupy the territory of the Far East and had to adhere to allied obligations within the framework of the military-political bloc, relying on the opinion of the United States, which officially maintained neutrality in the Russian Civil War. The turning point in the system of interaction was the end of the First World War and Japan's revision of the priorities of intervention in Russia.

using the example of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the article examines the main areas of activity of the Society for Assistance to Defense, Aviation and Chemical Engineering (Osoaviakhim) in the field of military training of the population in the pre-war period of 1939-1941. Based on the materials in the F.P-26 fund of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, an attempt has been made to clarify the quantitative indicators of the activities of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Council of the Osoaviakhim for the preparation of a military-trained reserve for the Red Army on the eve of the war. It is concluded that in the period 1939-1941, the activities of the Osoviakhim Regional Council were focused on increasing the number of primary organizations and members of society, as well as on actively involving the population in mass defense work. At the same time, despite the training of aviation, cavalry, chauffeur and naval personnel, the main areas of work of Osoaviakhim in the Krasnoyarsk Territory were the training of rifle personnel and the training of the population to pass the standards for the badge "Ready for air defense." As a key element of non-military military training of citizens, the Osoaviakhim system of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, having provided military knowledge to tens of thousands of people, played an important role in strengthening the country's defense capability in the conditions of the growing fire of the Second World War.

this article aims to examine the educational reforms that took place during the specified period of Russian history, which, in particular, had a serious impact on the long-term process of evolution of the institution of female education. The purpose of this article is to review educational reforms and assess their impact on the ongoing process of forming an educational institution for Russian women. The methods used were the analysis of the works of historians, revealing the processes and events that took place within the framework of the studied topic. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that these reforms gave a significant impetus to the creation of a more accessible and transparent educational environment for Russian women; moreover, this was not the end of the matter – the process only gained momentum and was continued by the subsequent leadership of the Russian state.

the privatization carried out in Russia in the 1990s can be divided into several stages that significantly differed in the goals set, the methods used, regulatory and legal regulation, quantitative indicators, and the results obtained. The article presents the results of an analysis of the economic and legal features of privatization in the second half of 1992, when citizens of the Russian Federation and the Smolensk region, in particular, witnessed and participated in the unprecedented scale and timing of the process of redistribution of state assets as part of the transition of the country's economy from a planned administrative to a market management system. The contradictions that developed at that time, such as the discrepancy between the economic expediency of privatization and political goals, between the interests of society and individual social groups, ignoring the peculiarities of the country's development in previous decades, violation of privatization legislation to date have a significant impact on socio-economic relations in society.

the article examines the theological views of humanists using the example of F. Petrarch and G. Manetti. Humanistic concepts were created at different times in many countries of the world. However, the concept of humanism in certain historical situations was filled with specific content arising from existing socio-cultural conditions. Therefore, humanism as a spiritual formation is a historically conditioned system of ideas. The central idea of the humanistic worldview of the Renaissance is the recognition of the value of man, his rights, interests, and creative abilities. Considering man in his earthly destiny, thinkers proceeded from the fact that happiness is the goal of human existence. At the same time, they did not reject either the creation of man by God or the immortality of the soul. It seems that the humanistic thought of the characterized era can be divided into the humanism of principles and the humanism of ideals. Humanists resorted to the dogmas of Christianity not to strengthen them, but to substantiate their ideas. The works of Gianozzo Manetti and Francesco Petrarch symbolize the transition from theocentrism to anthropocentrism, which changes the emphasis of ethics and the nature of human existence. Man, as a subject of social relations, for whom knowledge and actions become the most important aspects of life, is deprived of traditional Christian motives.

the article provides an overview of the development of the institute of women's education in the Russian state in the specified period of time. The purpose of the article is to study the features of this process at the considered stage of Russian history. The research methods include the analysis of the works of domestic scientists-historians studying this issue. The results of the consideration of this topic make it clear that during this period of Russian history, serious changes are taking place in the issues of accessibility and inclusiveness of education for Russian women. For the first time, educational institutions appear that open their doors to women not only from the richest and wealthiest classes, but also to representatives of different religions and nationalities. Some authors rightly note that this period of time can be called the "golden age" of education for Russian women.

the article is devoted to the development of the monetary system of the North American colonies of the British Empire, which subsequently gained independence and became the United States of America at the end of the 18th century. Particular attention is paid to the trade in the English colonies of such common instruments of purchase and sale at that time as gold and silver, imported from the economically developed countries of Western Europe. This work describes in detail the stages of the development of the policy of bimetallism in the English colonies, and after the independence of the English colonies – in the United States of America: from the discovery of America by H. Columbus to the independence of the English colonies and the creation of the United States of America. The most important role of the federal government in the creation of financial institutions during the War of Independence is shown. The foreign policy during the formation of the new state of the United States of America with the most economically developed countries of Western Europe is traced. Discussions of projects on the approval and circulation of various currency options in the newly independent state are described. The similarities and differences in the monetary systems of Great Britain and the United States of America are analyzed. The role of the first Secretary of the Treasury of the United States of America, Alexander Hamilton, in the creation and transformation of the financial system of the United States of America is shown.

for quite a long time now, the PRC has been implementing the ideology of “soft power” in its foreign policy, which provides for indirect, mediated influence on the decisions made by its partners in the world arena. This concept is characterized by the fact that the main instruments of influence are implemented within the framework of such seemingly distant from economics and foreign trade or politics spheres as culture, art, education, sports. However, in reality it turns out that the instruments of “soft power” are present even in the area of building relations in the economic sphere, although they are not so clearly manifested in it. Thus, this article examines the mechanism of China’s application of the instruments of the concept of “soft power” in the process of forming economic relations with the Russian Federation, both in the historical aspect and in the current situation of instability of the Russian economy. The article also confirms the thesis that not only cultural aspects of foreign policy formation, but also economic instruments, in particular, the mechanism of investing funds in projects of foreign (in this case, Russian) partners, can act as instruments of “soft power”.

this article is devoted to the creation, activity and revival of scouting in Russia. Using the example of the Smolensk region, the authors consider the creation of a scout society, show the goals and objectives, the structure of the organization, the charter and documentation. The authors of the work introduce into scientific circulation archival materials from the funds of the State Archives of the Smolensk Region (hereinafter SASR) and the State Archive of the Contemporary History of the Smolensk Region (hereinafter GACHSR) and materials of the periodicals.

the article examines the family tree of the Sukhotin noble family, compiled by historian Lev Mikhailovich Sukhotin, as a material for sociogenealogical analysis. The main elements of sociogenealogical models of the Sukhotin family, reflected in the work of L.M. Sukhotin, are briefly considered. Among them, it is necessary to note the genesis of the family, which fell during the XV-XVI centuries, its gender composition, stratification, matrimonial ties with the ancient Muscovite and titled nobility, the evolution of educational strategies, and official position. The article analyzes the position of the clan in the structure of the estate, its demographic parameters, recognition of estate rights and heraldization. The differences and similarities of sociogenealogical models of individual branches of the genus are considered. The article involves a number of sources on the Sukhotins' genealogy, which allow for a more detailed understanding of the life and work of individual members of the genus in the context of their family ties and social history.

the article analyses the role of A.M. Bezobrazov in unleashing the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The author examines the activities of the so-called ‘Bezobrazov clique’ – a group of influential persons, including Bezobrazov himself, his associates and relatives, who actively promoted expansionist policy in the Far East. The main attention is paid to Bezobrazov's report notes addressed to Nicholas II, in which he justified the need to strengthen the Russian presence in Manchuria and Korea, as well as criticised Japanese expansion. The author analyses how the ideas of Bezobrazov and his entourage contributed to the escalation of the conflict with Japan, despite the warnings of such politicians as Vitte. In addition, it is new in science to assess the rationality of Bezobrazov's thoughts in the geographical-strategic aspect. A historiographical review is given to examine the views of researchers such as A.I. Utkin, I.V. Lukoyanov and B.A. Romanov on Bezobrazov's role in key decisions. The author also emphasises that Bezobrazov's negative image in historiography is largely due to Russia's subsequent failures in the war and his conflicts with other dignitaries. The conclusion is that, although Bezobrazov was not the sole cause of the war, his actions greatly increased tensions in the region and contributed to the outbreak of a conflict that had far-reaching consequences for the Russian Empire.

the problematics of regional identity formation in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra is a multifaceted aspect of the history of the region's development in the context of its formation under the prism of constructing and forming a regional «identity». Within the framework of the USSR collapse and the formation of a new form of statehood several processes took place: centrifugal processes, the formation of new relations «centre – regions» and new approaches in national policy. The struggle for legal personality in the 1990s, which took place in the regions, including the «Tyumen North», had a specific character due to political, social, climatic and legal peculiarities. Each of the regions fought for its own: it was important for the regional authorities to preserve the integrity of the region, the right to influence socio-economic processes in the autonomous districts, and the receipt and distribution of oil and gas rents. In the ethnic autonomies, against the background of aggravated ecological, economic problems and the all-union ethno-political situation, there was a struggle for their full political subjectivity and independence, for obtaining the status of a full-fledged actor of the federation. This article attempts to characterise the socio-political events that took place during the collapse of the Soviet state and the formation of the new Russian statehood, to give an assessment of some socio-political events and trends that determined the process of regional identity formation, the formation of the Ugra legal personality during the 1990s. The author pays special attention to the factors that had a significant impact on the formation of modern Ugra society, its identity, as well as the history of relations between the authorities of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra and Tyumen region in the context of delimitation of powers (authority) in the above period.

after the British ruled India, they continued to expand their boundaries in India, which made the Sino-Indian border problem start to appear, and because the border with India was the Tibet region of China, and the British government always hoped that Tibet could become a buffer zone between China and India. This made the border issue between the two countries even more complicated. The British government was committed to demarcating India's borders in the tradition of European nation-states. In spite of the British efforts to establish the boundary between India and China by means of a conference or a treaty, the Chinese government never recognized it. In the end, there did not emerge a clear and legal boundary line between India and China, but only a border area of vague scope. After India's independence, due to the serious ethnic and border problems in India, the Indian government, out of national interest, attempted to inherit and expand the British colonial legacy on the Sino-Indian border, sanctifying the border legacy inherited from Britain, and after the People's Republic of China was established and took control of Tibet, it inevitably would not agree with this behavior of the Indian government, which gave rise to the Sino-Indian border problem.

the youth policy of the RSFSR and the subsequent policy of the USSR towards youth is a rather unique example for the world party and state organization of work with the younger generation. Ideological, political, social work with a certain part of young people was a conductor for a larger-scale ideological and social work of youth with the youth itself. The history of the formation and meanings laid down and changed in the state youth policy of Soviet Russia seem important for understanding the experience of working with youth in the socialist Soviet system. The article also examines the problems associated with the practical implementation of state policy towards youth during the revolutionary and post-revolutionary reorganization, notes the reasons why qualitative changes in the political component of the Komsomol's work could not occur, and the minimal political independence of the organization that existed before 1926 was abolished. It also reveals the philosophical and social approach to youth, reflected in political paternalism towards youth organizations and the Komsomol in particular, in the transformation of active participation of youth in the ideological and political work of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) into an instrument of ideological influence and education of the masses.

the article examines the development of the printing industry in the Sredne-Volzhsky Krai (Middle Volga region) during the 1930s within the context of studying the history of Soviet journalism. Special attention is paid to the activities of the Sredne-Volzhsky Kraipoligraftrest (Middle Volga Regional Printing Trust), which served as the primary instrument for organizing the region’s printing infrastructure from 1925 to 1932. The author analyzes the trust’s role in meeting the demand for printed materials and disseminating socialist propaganda through the press. By engaging with historiography on the development of Soviet industry in the 1930s, the author concludes that there is a lack of well-established understanding of how regional printing industries functioned during this period. The study argues that examining the printing industry in the Sredne-Volzhsky Krai helps reveal the specificities of Soviet press operations and assess the role of printing in advancing ideological objectives of the time. The article contributes to a comprehensive exploration of 1930s Soviet journalism history and is of interest to specialists in media history and printing.