Vol 8, No 4 (2024)

Ensuring the state’s security is objectively related to providing its force structures with weapons and equipment. The intensive development of warfare methods and means imposes new requirements on the characteristics of military goods, which necessitates the improvement of technical and legal regulation in this area. These factors focus on the study of the existing experience in the legal regulation of the quality of defense products. The study aims to test the hypothesis that the establishment of requirements for military goods at the legislative level was mainly through technical-legal norms. In the course of the study, systemic, structural-functional, historical-legal and formal-legal methods are applied. The legislation of the Russian Empire of the first half of the 19th century in force in this area is analyzed. The unsystematic and fragmentation of certain statutory instruments containing regulatory requirements for military goods is revealed. It is established that the legislator paid special attention to detailing the requirements for the detection of product defects during their acceptance by the state customer. It is concluded that various methods have been used to formulate technical and legal norms.

The discussion of the draft Civil Code of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the act itself after its adoption in scientific legal journalism led to the appearance of many books and articles, the authors of which touched upon, among other things, the problem of a legal entity. Legal institutions underwent significant changes in comparison with their interpretation in pre-revolutionary Russian law, which required theoretical justification for institutional changes. The institution of a legal entity was the subject of a few norms introduced into the civil legislation of Soviet Russia by 1923, and in some works P.I. Stuchka presented his view of a legal entity as a new subject of rights. From the analysis of his works it follows that he used the comparative legal method in revealing the experience of reflection in legal theories and laws of European countries of a pseudo-person, recognized the fictitiousness of a legal entity and gave well-founded critical comments. However, at the same time, they allowed for contradictory assessments; not all elements of the theory of a legal entity were provided with clear and unambiguous explanations, in particular on issues of the significance of labor and representation of the interests of a legal entity in external legal relations with its participation. The author comes to the conclusion that a legal entity represents, in addition to a form of association of persons or property, a form of association and legal separation of the labor function of employees and their labor itself.

Substantiates the need to ensure the unity of the foundations of the constitutional system due to the weakness of the definition of the cultural and spiritual block of its components, which seems necessary as a fixation of the main vectors of the development of the Russian state. The problem is revealed taking into account its significance in the context of upbringing and formation of the younger generation. We argue for the importance of constitutional provisions that consolidate traditional national values, as a result of which it is concluded that, in its essential meaning, the amendments made to the Constitution containing traditional spiritual and moral values can be considered as the cultural and spiritual foundations of the constitutional system of modern Russia. The connection between the content of constitutionally fixed spiritual values and the need for their concretization, formulation and implementation into the consciousness and behavior of people, education of commitment to them, which is the essence of ideological work, as well as activities to form a state worldview, is proved. The research methodology is based on the dialectical-materialistic method of cognition of reality in the context of the post-non-classical stage of the development of science, where the individuality of the researcher and his values are most evident, using an interdisciplinary approach, comparative analysis and historicism. Considering the state worldview in relation to the concepts of the ideology of the state and constitutional ideology, we come to the conclusion that constitutional spiritual and moral values, which have absorbed the entire long-term experience of Russian civilization, perceived by the majority of the population, which in their development become the goal of the state, coupled with a single unifying, unifying multinational country idea, will constitute fundamentals of the state worldview.

A comparative study of the legal regulation of biomedical technologies is conducted. The purpose of the study is to conduct a legal examination of the Norwegian experience, which is an example of a conservative approach based on the most careful permission for innovation in such a sensitive area. The main provisions of the Law of December 5, 2003, No. 100 “On the Medical Use of Biotechnology, etc. (Biotechnology Law)” are analyzed in detail. This law is based on the observance of universal principles in biomedicine – respect for human dignity, observance of human rights and personal inviolability, non-discrimination on the basis of heredity, promotion of the principles of bioethics. The main restrictions imposed on medical workers when implementing assisted reproductive technologies are shown. For example, Norway is a country where surrogacy is prohibited, and the birth of children using assisted reproduction is possible only after a thorough examination of the couple for the possibility of raising a child in appropriate conditions. Special requirements are presented for obtaining consent for the use of various biological objects (tissues, human cells, aborted material) for research purposes. It is highlighted that special legislation is in force that determines the legal regime of biobanks. It is concluded that the presence of strict rules correlates with the level of high trust in the public health system.

A comparative analysis of two strategic documents’ provisions in the countering extremism field in the Russian Federation is presented: the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 29, 2020 “On approval of the Strategy for countering extremism in the Russian Federation until 2025” and the draft of the new "Strategy for countering extremism in the Russian Federation for the period 2025–2036”. The purpose of the study is to determine the trends in state policy in the countering extremism field by analyzing the Strategy provisions for Countering Extremism until 2025 and the draft Strategy for Countering Extremism until 2036. The spread of extremist ideas acts as a serious threat to the Russian society’s development. To determine the state’s activities’ directions, it is necessary to analyze the basic documents of strategic purpose. As research methods, the following are defined: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, system method) and private scientific methods: statistical and comparative legal.

The genesis of criminal personality theory development is studied based on a brief analysis of the history of scientific thought and criminological approaches from ancient times to the turn of the 20th century. The problem of criminal personality is studied as a complex, multi-stage task, which is an integral part of the science of criminology, which has traditionally not been given sufficient attention, since initially it was the issues of crime that were at the center of scientific research, but as science developed and modern conditions and realities changed, priority began to shift to personal approaches. It is concluded that even in modern conditions this problem does not lose its relevance: both at the theoretical and practical level, caused by the obvious need for its development in order to ensure effective counteraction to criminal manifestations.

The crucial aspects concerning the specifics of juveniles criminal liability for their illegal actions are examined. The issues raised remain in the spotlight, since, despite the downward trend in the number of crimes committed by young people, the level of juvenile crime still occupies a significant place in the overall picture of offenses. The goal is to consider the problems that arise when bringing juveniles to criminal liability. In their mental organization, juveniles differ significantly from adults, and this noticeable difference has its own characteristic features. Juveniles, as a rule, do not have a fully developed psycho-emotional sphere, and their character, which continues to develop in the process of natural maturation, has not yet settled, and the development of their intellect continues, which is closely related to the characteristics of adolescence; in turn, both mental and physical development also continues noticeably. And, in this regard, taking into account all the above aspects, the criminal law provides for special rules governing the prosecution of juveniles and the imposition of appropriate punishment on them. General scientific and specifically legal methods have been used as research methods. The main attention has been paid to the method of analysis. The study found that by the end of 2024, the decrease in the number of socially dangerous acts committed by juveniles is expected. However, in an unfavorable scenario of the development of the socio-economic and political life of our country, the number of crimes committed by adolescents will not change.

The review of the annual event held under the auspices of the All–Russian Public Organization “Association of Legal Historians” – the 3rd Forum of Legal Historians, held on October 4–5, 2024 at the site of the Moscow Metropolitan Governance Yuri Luzhkov University is presented. The main events of the Forum are outlined: the presentation of the “Historical and Legal Yearbook – 2023”, the best work on historical and legal topics contest, awarding diplomas to the Association of Legal Historians, discussion of relevant issues of the axiological turn of historical and legal science. The discussion on the matter of the modern understanding of traditional values, the role of historical and legal science in their preservation and protection, the axiological content of the course of the history of the state and law, the importance of the family in society, the role of law in preserving historical memory is summed up. The conclusion is made about the positive nature of historical and legal research activation, which meets the goals and objectives of the state policy in the historical education field, outlined in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 314 dated May 8, 2024 “On Approval of the Fundamentals of the Russian Federation State Policy in the field of historical education”. It is stated that it is necessary to further consolidate the professional community and specialists who are not indifferent to the national and universal history and historiosophy of state and law, the history of the teachings of law and the state.