No 2 (2025)

The article presents the results of studying spring oat varieties bred at the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture for drought resistance under laboratory conditions to determine seed sowing qualities under changing osmotic pressure and in soil and climatic conditions of the south of Khabarovsk region. In laboratory experiments, with an increase in the osmotic pressure of sucrose from 6 to 9 atm, seed germination in the Peredovik variety decreased by 14.7 percentage points, and in the Dalnevostochny Zolotoy variety by only 8.5. The proportion of germinated seeds in the Dalnevostochny Zolotoy variety at 6 atm was higher by 9.4 percentage points, and at 9 atm – by 15.6 percentage points compared to this indicator for the Peredovik variety. The advantage of the Dalnevostochny Zolotoy variety in reducing growth processes was revealed compared to this indicator for the Peredovik variety. In field conditions with a lack of moisture in July, when the amount of precipitation was 61 mm less than the norm, the Peredovik variety plants were 19.8 cm lower in height than the Dalnevostochny Zolotoy variety, and 3.4 g lower in 1000-grain weight, which is due to the variety’s response to the lack of moisture in the soil and the increased temperature regime during this period. As a result, the grain productivity per plant of the Peredovik variety was 2 g lower than that of the Dalnevostochny Zolotoy variety. A correlative relationship was found between productive tillering of oat varieties with the 1000 grain weight and grain productivity per plant. It was highest for the Peredovik variety (r = 0.89), while for the Dalnevostochny Zolotoy variety this dependence was average (r = 0.63). According to the research results, the spring oat variety Dalnevostochny Zolotoy showed greater resistance to drought compared to the Peredovik variety, which allows us to recommend it for inclusion in the selection process as a source of resistance to this factor.

Identification of seed varieties is necessary to ensure the purity and yield of the variety. In this paper, the possibilities of determining the varietal characteristics of the photoluminescence of soybean seeds for the subsequent creation of a methodology for its varietal identification are investigated. Seeds of early and medium-early soybean varieties were taken for research. The spectral characteristics of excitation and photoluminescent radiation were measured using a CM2203 diffraction spectrofluorimeter with specialized software. The integral parameters (absorption capacity and luminescence flux) and the Stokes shift were calculated. Seed excitation occurs in the range of about 300-500nm with the main maxima at 365nm and 424nm and a small side 520nm. The difference in the integral absorption capacity by grades is up to 2.31 times, and in some ranges up to 2.66 times. The use of absorption ratios for varietal identification as relative values independent of the level of the photo signal is more preferable, but the varietal differences Η_λ1/Η_λ2 are only 1.5-1.6 times. Photoluminescence fluxes differ by 1.56 times for different varieties, which will also make it possible to distinguish the seeds of some varieties. The Stokes shift for the studied varieties differs slightly and cannot be a parameter for seed identification. It was found that the luminescent characteristics of the studied soybean varieties have noticeable quantitative differences, but less significant qualitative ones related to the ratio of excitation maxima. It is possible to identify soybean seed varieties by their luminescent properties by the magnitude of the photoluminescence flux when excited by 424nm radiation, while it is advisable to use a difference in quantitative parameters. The value of the ratio of the integral absorption abilities when excited by radiation of 424nm and 365nm, respectively, can be used. Determination of the soybean seed variety by luminescent properties will speed up the identification process and significantly reduce time and material costs.

. In the laboratory conditions of the climate chamber, a model experiment was conducted to study the effect of pre-sowing low-energy electron irradiation of seeds on the development indicators of spring wheat seedlings of the Iren variety. In the experiment, seeds naturally affected by root rot (pathogens Drechslera teres and Fusarium spp) were used. Irradiation in the range of 1–5 kGy was carried out on the electronic accelerator “Duet” at the ISE SB RAS, the radiation power is 100 100 Gy/pulse, at two electron energies – 100 keV (mode 1) and 120 keV (mode 2). The seeds were germinated in rolls of filter paper 9 and 12 days after irradiation. Unirradiated seeds served as a control. The repetition in the experiments is threefold. During the irradiation period of 9 days, there was a significant 1% increase in laboratory germination at doses of 2 and 4 kGy (electron energy 100 keV, mode 1) and at doses 1 and 4 kGy (electron energy 120 keV, mode 2), root lengths at doses 1 and 5 kGy (mode 1) by 4.3 and 3.4% and at doses of 1–3 kGy (mode 2) by 4–5% and there is no significant effect on the content of free proline and catalase activity in 7 daily wheat seedlings. During the irradiation period of 12 days, irradiation stimulated the length of the sprout at a dose of 2 kGy (mode 1) by 11.2%, and at doses of 5 kGy (mode 1) and 2–5 kGy (mode 2) it depressed by 12.2 and 20.4–32%, respectively. At doses of 3 and 5 kGy (mode 2), the length of the roots of seedlings decreased by 7.6 and 6.1%. Irradiation caused an increase in the crude mass of seedlings at doses of 1-5 kGy (mode 1) by 6.7–11.7% and at doses of 1 and 2 kGy (mode 2) by 8.7–17.8%, and at doses of 3–5 kGy (mode 2), on the contrary, a decrease of 21.6–32.3%. Taking into account the infestation of 7 daily wheat seedlings with diseases when laying at different times after irradiation of seeds showed that during the irradiation period of 12 days, the development of diseases was lower than during the period of 9 days.

The article presents data on the influence of the elicitor Emistim on the process of adaptation of meristem plants of garden strawberries to non-sterile conditions. The objects of the study were micropropagated strawberry plants of six industrial varieties: Asia (NF 421), Darselect, Florence, Honeoye, Kimberly, Syria (NF 137). The use of emistim solution at the stage of planting strawberry plants in vitro in non-sterile conditions made it possible to increase the yield of adapted plants for individual genotypes to 100%. The maximum yield of adapted plants was noted in the Florence variety with all methods and periods of exposure to Emistim. On average, for varieties, biometric indicators for all methods of treating plants with Emistim exceeded the control indicators, the adaptation period was reduced by 5-7 days. The maximum number of leaves after 30 days of adaptation was formed under the influence of Emistim within 1 hour (6.4 ± 0.3). The length of the roots after 30 days of cultivation exceeded the control indicators by 10–18%, after 40 days – by 15–25%. The optimal method of plant treatment can be considered soaking the basal part of strawberry rosettes in a solution of emistim for 1 hour. The possibility of enhancing the immunity of strawberry plants obtained in vitro at the stage of adaptation to non-sterile environmental conditions and during the period of growing with the help of a new generation preparation Emistim, which has a positive effect on their growth and development, was revealed. The results of the studies allow us to recommend this technology for use in the system of mass production of high-quality strawberry planting material.

The article presents the results of the study of the genotype influence, as well as the cultivation conditions of remontant raspberries on the pollen viability. The studies were carried out in 2021–2023 at the collection site of the Bioresource Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Irkutsk). The object of the study is raspberry varieties with a remontant type of fruiting, grown in open ground and greenhouses with film and polycarbonate covering. The quality of pollination directly correlates with the productivity of the crop. We investigated the relationship between the pollen viability collected at different times and under different cultivation conditions (open and closed ground) and the productivity of remontant raspberry plants. In open ground, high pollen viability was noted during the period of mass flowering (August 1) – 71.8 ± 7.86%, in a greenhouse with a polycarbonate covering from August 1 to September 1 – 74.5 ± 6.42 ... 75.9 ± 9.78%. Correlation analysis showed the influence of pollen viability on the fruit quality and plant productivity from 1 m2. The correlation coefficient in all variants tends to one and can be assessed as strong. According to the determination coefficient, the relationship between pollen viability and fruit weight is 98%, fruit size – 68%, productivity – 92%. The results can help in developing optimal conditions for cultivating crops in closed ground and selecting a flexible variety.

Stationary field experiments to study the influence of negative landforms were carried out on the territory of Michurin Gardens LLC Michurinsky district of the Tambov region in industrial apple plantations (Ligol variety, rootstock 54-118, planting year 2018, planting scheme 5×2.4 m, black steam soil maintenance system). The novelty of the research lies in the need to study the influence of constantly changing climatic conditions, sometimes with sharply negative consequences. So, in 2020, in the intensive plantations of Michurin Gardens LLC, there was a complete death of apple trees in 2018, planting on an area of about 3 acres. The plantings were located in closed shallow depressions, which are not always the cause of complete death of trees. Moreover, in the presence of drainage in the form of a permeable underlying parent rock and an illuvial horizon, negative landforms may be quite suitable for gardening. Therefore, we conducted a detailed study of the morphological and water-physical properties of the soil to identify the most significant factor affecting the death of trees. The results of the conducted research allow us to recommend a detailed study of the features of the humus and illuvial horizons of negative landforms according to a complex of water-physical and morphological features when assessing the soil’s horticultural suitability. In closed depressions, the main signs of unsuitable soil are a low-power humus horizon, a heavy loamy granulometric composition, and a high density of the illuvial horizon.

The paper presents the results of an analysis of the current state of research in the field of technical operation of irrigation systems and the introduction of information support systems in the management of land reclamation activities. The relevance and expediency of using optimization modeling for planning investments for repair and restoration work in stressful natural and economic conditions are substantiated. A multi-criteria nonlinear function based on genetic algorithms is proposed as an optimization tool. The optimization criteria are selected: maxima of the irrigation area under command, reduction of water losses and income of the water management organization, planned from improving the technical condition of the facilities in operation. To implement an optimization model for managing the technical condition of the irrigation system, an automated system for planning repair and restoration activities of the automated control system “Technical Operation” has been developed and the results of its testing are presented. The goals and objectives of the system are analyzed, and its functional structure is determined. The information flows are investigated using the example of the Krasnogvardeyskaya irrigation system in the Crimea. The use of the 1C-Enterprise server shell software product as a technological platform for automated control system development is substantiated. The functional structure of the application solution is described, including reference books, operational accounting data, data processing algorithms and reports. The system interface, data entry examples, and output forms are provided. The use of GIS for visualization of information on planning activities for technical operation and analysis of remote sensing data is justified. It is established that the use of automated control systems for the implementation of optimization models for managing the technical condition of the irrigation system contributes to increased operational efficiency, reduced costs and increased competitiveness of the operating organization.

Studies were conducted in 2011–2023. In field experiments at the Gubino of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (Tver region). The purpose of the research is to establish the impact of weather conditions and individual technological techniques on the productivity and structure of the harvest of spring wheat in the conditions of a Non-Black Earth Zone. The main studies were conducted on a drained and waterproof (not drained) areas in experience with three technologies (extensive – without fertilizers, medium-intensity – normal and intense). In additional experiments, the effectiveness of the gaping of the soil, crested plowing and crested sowing of spring wheat was studied. The soil under the experiments is sod-podzolic, light-drying gleyed, cultivated. Studies have established that on temporarily overlapped lands the main directions of intensification of agriculture are their drainage and use of fertilizers. With the joint action of these factors, the yield of spring wheat increases by more than 2 times. The shared participation of mineral fertilizers in the total growth of the crop of spring wheat was 77.9–84.9%, drainage – 15.1–22.1%. The structural model of biological productivity of spring wheat with a crop level of more than 5.0 tons of grain per 1 ha is a sowing with a density of stem 500 or more ears per 1 m2 with a grain mass in a ear of more than 1.0 g. Under the influence of adverse weather conditions, the number of stems with the spike was reduced by 25.9%, the number of grains in the spike – 17.9%, the mass of 1000 grains – 30.4%. The use of fertilizers has a more significant impact on the increase in the number of grains in the spike, agromeliorative techniques for soil processing and sowing – on an increase in the density of productive stem. The inclusion of agromeliorative technologies and processing techniques aimed at improving the agrophysical state of the soil to the technological registers of the cultivation of spring wheat should be considered as an important element of their adaptation to the agroecological conditions of drained lands.

The paper evaluates the effectiveness of artificial insemination of cows with sperm containing molecular hydrogen. The study was conducted on black-and-white cows of the second lactation. Two groups of animals were formed according to the principle of analog groups (control and experimental), with 50 heads each. The cows of the control group were inseminated with sperm frozen in a BioXcell medium, and the animals of the experimental group were inseminated with sperm frozen in a BioXcell medium with molecular hydrogen. To assess the initial functional state of the body, clinical studies and a comprehensive obstetric and gynecological examination were conducted before the start of the experiment. Insemination of cows was carried out by a group method by synchronizing sexual hunting according to the “Ovsinh” scheme. The effectiveness of insemination was evaluated on the basis of rectal ultrasound examination data on days 35 and 90 after insemination. The obtained results showed that the use of molecular hydrogen in the composition of the medium for diluting the seed makes it possible to increase the fertilizing ability of bull sperm and increase the percentage of pregnancy of cows during artificial insemination. Thus, the inclusion of molecular hydrogen in the composition of the solution for diluting the semen of cattle is advisable.

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is recognized as the oldest representative of the family Canidae and represents a distinct branch on the phylogenetic tree. The raccoon dog karyotype contains many segments homologous to chromosomes from the predicted ancestral karyotype for the order. Carnivora were identified. Thus, it was suggested that the raccoon dog has the most primitive karyotype in the family Canidae. Two subspecies are recognized: the Chinese raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoi-des procyonoides (N.p.p.) and the Japanese raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyono-des viverrinus (N.p.v.). The karyotype of the Chinese raccoon dog (2n = 54 + B) consists of five pairs of biarmed autosomes and 21 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The sex chromosomes are also biarmed, with the medium-sized X and Y chromosome being the smallest chromosome in the karyotype. In addition, there is a variable (1–4) number of B chromosomes in this karyotype. A proposal for chromosome nomenclature for the Chinese raccoon dog was recently presented. The karyotype of the Japanese raccoon dog (2n = 38 + B) includes 13 pairs of biarmed chromosomes, 5 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes, and biarmed X and Y chromosomes. This subspecies also has a variable number (2–7) of B chromosomes. Although the karyotypes of both subspecies differ in chromosome number and morphology, they have the same fundamental number of chromosome arms – 66. The raccoon dog has fairly large acrocentric B chromosomes. They differ in size in the two subspecies. In the Chinese raccoon dog, these are medium-sized acrocentrics, while in the Japanese raccoon dog, they are small acrocentrics. Bs are rather positive for C banding; however, the patterns of Cb banding are not as distinct as in autosomal centromeres. R banding has shown that these structures are late replicators.