No 4 (2024)

In modern conditions of high intensification of agriculture, the key task at all stages of development is to increase the volume of grain produced. This requires constant improvement of the varietal composition of production fields. When creating a new variety, it is necessary to comprehensively study the collection nursery for parental forms of important elements of grain structure and quality. In these scientific studies, 32 varieties of spring soft wheat were studied at the Institute of Seed Production and Agricultural Technologies in the Ryazan region. Standard variety Agata. From the studied varieties, the following varieties were identified: by the length of the ear Arsei, Margarita, Simbirtsit, Uralosibirskaya, Darnitsa, which are 19.5–31.2% higher than the standard, by the number of grains KVS Torridon, KVS Aquilon, Margarita, Ethos, Ekada 70, Odeta, and Kinelskaya Otrada, Uralosibirskaya, Darnitsa, Hercules exceeds the standard by 5.29–36.77%, by weight of grain per ear KVS Akvilon, KVS Torridon, Odeta, Margarita, Simbirtsit, Kalispero, Mary, Hercules, Uralosibirskaya, Ethos, Darnitsa, Kinelskaya Otrada, Kazan Yubileinyaya with indicators above the standard by 1.88–20.63%, in terms of protein content in grain Zlata, Novosibirskaya 29, Uralosibirskaya, Siberian Alliance, Sable, Chelyaba 2 above the standard by 0.42–2.01%, according to the gluten content in grain Novosibirskaya 29, Sable, Chelyaba 2 is 2.5–3.2% higher than the standard; by weight of 1000 grains Odeta, Siberian Alliance, Margarita, Simbirtsit, Burlak is 2.5–3.2% higher than the standard.

The purpose of the research is to study, the effect of N deficiency in irrigation solutions on the structural and functional characteristics of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the Oplot variety under controlled environmental conditions, in comparison with the structural and functional characteristics of Takmak barley, which has been the standard in all variety testing sites of the Krasnoyarsk Territory since 2022. The plants were grown under light culture conditions using hydroponics on expanded clay with constant environmental conditions at a photoperiod day/night of 17h / 7h, respectively. The basis for the preparation of irrigation solutions was Knop solution (control) and a solution in which, in order to reduce the concentration of N-NO3, the salt content was changed 2 times so as not to change the concentration of other macronutrients. A comparison of the rate of absorption of macronutrients by barley plants of the Oplot and Takmak varieties, depending on the composition of the irrigation solution, shows a higher demand of the barley of the Oplot variety for the presence of mineral nutrition elements in the irrigation solution in comparison with the barley of the Takmak variety. The deficiency of N in the irrigation solution led to a decrease in total tillering by about 2.5 times, but productive tillering in the barley of the Oplot variety decreased to a greater extent than in the barley of the Takmak variety. When growing on Knop solution the barley of the Oplot variety showed higher productivity than the barley of the Takmak variety. When grown on solutions with a deficiency of N, the grain yield of the barley of the Oplot variety decreased by 2.8 times, and in the barley of the Takmak variety, the differences between the control and experimental variants were unreliable. The barley of the Takmak variety showed higher resistance to N deficiency in the irrigation solution, thereby showing higher plasticity compared to the barley of the Oplot variety.

The yield monitoring (1998–2023) of cloverothymothy grass stands of 1 year of use within the moraine hill was carried out in order to find patterns in the influence of weather conditions on it. The grass stands were operated in the conditions of the Tver region without fertilizers in a single-cut mode on a field divided into 120 plots. Using regression analysis, we determined the influence of temporal variability of average monthly values: average daily temperatures, their amplitude, amount of precipitation and hydrothermal coefficient on the hay yield of perennial grasses. It was revealed that in total these parameters determine about 43% of the variability in grass productivity, but fluctuations in temperature amplitudes are responsible for 32% of the temporal variability of the yield. The yield of herbs is affected by the variability of growing conditions not only in time, but also in space. The negative impact on the yield of air temperature changes is observed in all parts of the landscape, except for the flat top, where productivity responds positively to the growth of the hydrothermal coefficient and negatively to the increase in air temperatures in the pre-harvest period. The following have a negative impact on product yield: temperature changes in late summer and early autumn, especially on southern slopes, which can make it difficult for plants to overwinter; thaws in March, causing the formation of an ice crust on the soil surface and damaging the tillering nodes of plants; hot days in the pre-harvest period, accelerating the ripening of grasses and reducing the intensity of biomass accumulation. February thaws, promoting the accumulation of moisture in the soil, lead to an increase in grass yield. Measures that reduce the negative impact of temperature changes on the grass harvest include: autumn mowing of young grass, snow retention in meadows, and sprinkling of grass on the hottest days of the pre-harvest period.

The article presents the results of long-term experiments to determine the species composition of weed vegetation, the dynamics of weeds on crops in various crop rotations is established. In order to develop rational measures to control weeds, their species and quantitative composition were studied. The experiment was carried out on the field of the Mari Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences, a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the North–East, founded in 1996 and 1998. The duration is four rotations of six–field crop rotations. The soil is sod–podzolic medium loamy. The purpose of the work is to determine the species composition of weeds in crop rotations, to identify the influence of crop rotations, to trace the dynamics of crop contamination. The share of juvenile weeds accounts for 26 species, perennial – 10. The minimum amount of weed vegetation was noted in the III fruit–bearing crop rotation (average over the years – 49.55 pcs/m²), the maximum – in the grassy (61.15 pcs/m²). According to factor B, in all years of research on juvenile weeds, the lowest

The article presents a general description of the culture of Actinidia deliciosa, grown in the humid subtropics of Russia. The work was carried out since 2017 at the site of the Adler experimental station of the branch of the Federal Research Center of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources and in the laboratory of plant physiology and biochemistry of the Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi. Physiological and biochemical indicators were determined that reflect the resistance of actinidia plants planted in 1988 to environmental stress factors to identify the most adapted varieties to the conditions of the humid subtropics of the Krasnodar Territory. The soil is alluvial meadow with low humus. The varieties studied were late ripening Hayward; Ellison, Abbott and Bruno – early; Monty – medium; Tomuri (pollinator of kiwi female varieties). The indicator organ is physiologically mature actinidia leaves, which were selected from May to September against the backdrop of a natural increase in air temperature. Water deficit was in 2022–2023 is 29.62–36.46%, the minimum is for the Ellison and Monty varieties (29.62–30.21), the maximum is Abbott (36.46%). The dry matter content is 25.47–35.53%, the water content of leaf blades is 46.09-62.66%. The Monti, Hayward and Tomuri varieties are the most resistant to the weather and climatic conditions of the Russian subtropical zone.

While discussing the establishment of scientific school of grapevine genetic resources, breeding and genetics in Russia, its formation is of undoubted scientific importance not by one individual only, but generally by studying and analyzing the contribution of generations of scientists in the country, focusing, as a baseline, on fundamental researches and stated theories of N.I. Vavilov. Analyzing the historical and modern stages of grape breeding methodology in conjunction with source material – genetic resources, and those determined by the specificity of pattern genome manifesting and inheriting genetically determined traits, it is necessary to highlight two aspects: the process of grape gene pool formation, the origin of individual varieties in the process of natural evolution, and task-oriented creation of new cultivars in the process of experimental evolution. Understanding of the methodology of grapevine natural morphogenesis in due course generated the methodology of targeted creation of new cultivars. Natural hybridization, natural mutagenesis and natural selection as initial methods of grapevine morphogenesis for generations of Russian scientists made it possible, using descriptive ampelography, to further move to directed hybridization, induced mutagenesis and induced polyploidization in combination with artificial selection. And only recently the transition from breeding at the organismal level to genome editing at the gene level became possible using modern bioengineering methods and various approaches to gene engineering.

The biological effect of two-frequency laser pulsed radiation produced on copper vapor during pre-sowing treatment of rice seeds of Veles and Leader varieties at early stages of development in extreme stressful environmental conditions has been studied. The copper vapor laser used in the experiment had the following output characteristics: wavelengths of 510.6 nm (green radiation line) and 578.2 nm (yellow radiation line), pulse duration of 15 ns, repetition frequency of 10 kHz, total pulse power of 10 kW, energy-power ratio between the green and yellow radiation lines 3/1 The interaction of laser radiation with wavelengths of 510.6 and 578.2 nm in the nonlinear medium of the seed caused the formation of additional wavelengths: a total wavelength of 271 nm (ultraviolet radiation) and a difference wavelength of 4.37 microns. Exposure to each of the four wavelengths in its spectral range could lead to the initiation of at least four radiation-induced biochemical reactions. It is shown that pre-sowing treatment of rice seeds with two-frequency laser pulsed radiation for 5–20 seconds had a stimulating effect on the growth and development of rice (the greatest effect was when exposed to 5–10 seconds), and also increased its stability when grown in extreme stressful environmental conditions (moisture deficiency, depleted soil) at early stages of development.

The article examines the historically significant period of N.I. Vavilov’s activities and his team in conducting 108 expeditions and collecting plant seeds in more than 1000 countries worldwide. By 1940, the collection was the largest in the world. Vavilov’s research aimed to study the genetic potential of seeds, establish centers of origin for wild and cultivated plants, their role in human practical activities, and the formation and replenishment of the collection initiated before the revolution by the founders of applied botany. Additionally, the article analyzes the challenging periods experienced by the collection, such as the formation of Soviet Russia, the Siege of Leningrad, and participation in the restoration of the devastated agriculture after Victory in World War II. Special attention is paid to the involvement of employees of the Federal Research Center “N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources” (VIR) in preserving the collection during the Siege of Leningrad. The practical application of the research results lies in understanding the importance of preserving plant genetic resources for food security and sustainable development of rural regions. The publication emphasizes not only the historical value of the seed collection but also its contemporary significance as an important resource for scientific research and practical use in agriculture. The scientific article also highlights the heroic efforts of VIR employees, who endured the harsh conditions of the Siege of Leningrad but continued to carefully preserve plant seeds, contributing to the survival and revival of agriculture in our homeland. The dedication and professionalism of the employees to the cause are underscored. Thus, the article reveals the historical and practical significance of the VIR seed collection, an important national genetic resource that continues to serve the goals of agricultural science and practice.

The aim of the research is to review the vital pathological processes in B₁₂ insufficiency and the clinical justification for the use of succinate to potentiate the biological activity of cyanocobalamin. It has been shown that one of the possible reasons for the low clinical efficacy of cyanocobalamin is energy deficiency. The energy deficit is caused by a malfunction of the energy metabolism occurring in conditions of low oxygen supply. In the course of clinical studies, it was found that the double injection of succinate containing cyanocobalamin to cows in the highest possible single doses provided rapid normalization of the reserve alkalinity index and ketone bodies. This effect indicated a qualitative improvement in the processes of energy metabolism occurring in the liver. This was also indicated by a decrease in the physiological values of protein and transamination enzymes AlAT and AsAT. On the contrary, the use of pharmacopoeial cyanocobalamin had no significant effect. Thus, there is every reason to believe that the inclusion of sodium succinate in cyanocobalamin is justified, since it allows to qualitatively improve the biological activity of the drug.

The article presents the results of a comparative study morphological and biochemical features of blood and indicators natural resistance of imported Holstein cows, Simmental and brown Swiss cows, in the conditions of the farm LLC “Agroholding Armenia” near the city of Spitak, mountainous area of the Republic Armenia. For the purpose of conducting the experiment, 3 groups of animals were formed I – Holstein, II – Simmental and III – brown Swiss, 15 heads each one. The groups were compiled using the method of analog groups. Conditions the contents and feeding were the same and in accordance with the accepted According to the technology, the cows had an average fatness. The results of our research have been confirmed, what are the fluctuations morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of the bred farms of imported breeds have minor difference from existing physiological norms, but according to the content of cow globulin groups II and III were inferior to the norm, which may be due to pedigree features in the existing conditions of feeding and maintenance. Hematological date and indicators of natural resistance they testify to the best adaptive qualities and adaptive the possibilities of imported animals.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the species composition and distribution of ectoparasites of dogs and cats on the territory of the Russian Federation. Research objectives: to study the epizootic situation regarding ectoparasites of dogs and cats on the territory of the Russian Federation. Ectoparasites of dogs and cats are widespread in the Russian Federation and pose the greatest danger as carriers of pathogens of infectious and invasive diseases. Depending on the region, the species composition and abundance of ectoparasites varies significantly. Thus, in Moscow, aphanipterosis (46–62%), otodectosis in cats (34–38%) and demodicosis in dogs (39%) were more often recorded. When examining dogs in Tyumen with diseases of the skin and hair, skin diseases of parasitic etiology were recorded in 33.86% of all examined animals. Aphanipteriosis was detected more often – 28.55%, otodectosis – 21.9%, flea allergic dermatitis – 14.65%, cheyletiosis – 13.2%, demodicosis – 12.6%, sarcoptic mange – 9.1%. A study of dogs and cats in Novosibirsk identified 6 types of parasites: Ctenocephalides canis, Otodectes cynotis, Demodex canis, Notoedres cati, Sarcoptes canis and Cheyletiella jascuri. Among cats and dogs. the most common were: aphanipterosis 4.8%, otodectosis 1.9%, demodicosis 0.23%, notoedrosis 0.14%, sarcoptic mange 0.09% and cheyletiellosis 0.3%. In the Nizhny Novgorod region, dogs and cats were diagnosed with infestation of two types of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis), one type of lice-eater (Trichodectes canis), in addition, the following were found on the animals’ bodies: dog louse (Linognathus setosus), ixodid ticks Dermacentor reticulates, D. marginatus and I. ricinus. Thus, aphanipterosis (4.78–62.0%) and demodicosis (2.52–39.0%) are more often recorded in dogs; trichodectosis (0.64–4.2%) and ixodid ticks (9.75%) are less common. –18.0%), sarcoptic mange (1.0–9.1%), otodectosis (0.17–1.94%), and in cats – otodectosis (34–63%), notoedrosis (0.31–8.9%) and cheyletiellosis (0.27%).

The purpose of the work is to empirically determine the temperature of the exhaust gases when changing the load on the power plant of a beet harvester with a separating system that provides better harvesting quality in conditions of high soil moisture. Have been developed: classification of methods for increasing the separating ability of slot-hole devices for cleaning root crops; laboratory installation for determining the quality indicators of a separation system with thermal energy for exhaust gas purification with a star-shaped cleaning device; a method for assessing the process of heat transfer from the exhaust gases of the power plant of the self-propelled harvester for harvesting sugar beets Holmer Terra Dos T3 to the separating system, which involves determining the temperature using thermocouples installed at various points in the gas exhaust system of the internal combustion engine. An experimental study of the temperature of the exhaust gases of the power plant of a harvesting machine was carried out using thermocouples at maximum rotation speed with a change in the thermal load index of the external environment from 5 to 30°C. The heat of the exhaust gases from the Mercedes-Benz power plant of the Holmer Terra Dos T3 self-propelled harvester, aimed at blowing the working surface of the separating device at the outlet of the first and fourth, as well as the second and third cylinders, has minor discrepancies exceeding the error limits (65 ± 5.8; 63.2 ± 1.5 and 74.9 ± 2.4; 75.2 ± 2.0°C, respectively), which leads to a uniform distribution of heat flow on the device for cleaning sugar beet roots.