No 4 (2025)

The article presents a comprehensive historical and legal analysis of the formation and development of international legal mechanisms to combat the illicit trafficking of weapons and ammunition. The study covers the evolution of international norms from the early declarations of the 19th century to contemporary conventions and protocols. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the illicit trade in weapons poses one of the most significant threats to public safety, closely linked to transnational crime, terrorism, and other serious crimes. The author examines the problem in the context of its transnational nature, noting that a significant portion of the global trade in firearms is illegal. The work thoroughly analyzes the main international legal instruments regulating the trade in weapons, including protocols that govern the use of various types of armaments. The author analyzes the specifics of the transnational nature of crimes in this area, emphasizing that a significant part of the global turnover of firearms is conducted illegally. The methodological basis of the research includes historical-legal, comparative-legal, and systemic analysis, allowing for a comprehensive examination of the issues and proposing ways to improve international legal regulation in this area. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive approach to analyzing international norms and identifying effective control mechanisms. The practical significance of the work is defined by the possibility of using the obtained results to enhance existing legal mechanisms and foster international cooperation in countering illicit arms trafficking. The author concludes that the inception of the development of international law concerning the combat against the illicit trafficking of weapons, ammunition, and explosives dates back not to the second half of the 20th century, but to the first half of the 19th century. The author also finds it appropriate to propose a periodization: 1) from 1868 to 1950, when the issue began to emerge on the agenda, and the trade (use) of ammunition was regulated by specific international treaties; 2) from 1950 to the present day, when issues of the use and trade of various kinds of weapons began to be regulated in detail at the international level, with the establishment of bans and restrictions on various types of weapons, explosives, and ammunition.

The subject of the research is the collection of legal norms of the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, international treaties (agreements) that govern public relations in the area of political and economic cooperation. The philosophy of international law is justified as a branch of the philosophy of law, international law, and the theory of state and law. The main doctrinal provisions of international law are analyzed in terms of historiographical models and political-legal teachings. Thus, the philosophy of international law and political-legal thought largely lead to scientific reflections on new factors that influence contemporary international relations, presenting new demands on modern international law. The works of economic theory and specific philosophical trends of Marxism and socialism are analyzed, and based on these findings, the relevance of intergovernmental organizations like BRICS is confirmed. The results of the presented research are obtained through a dialectical approach, general scientific and sectoral methods characteristic of socio-humanitarian sciences, as well as special techniques for studying political and legal doctrines, philosophical-legal and theoretical-legal issues. The novelty of this scientific research is justified by the fact that, based on political-legal knowledge and historiographical models, the role and significance of the philosophy of international law are defined, while modern philosophy of international law is an integral characteristic of the ideological and value components of international law. The author concludes that political-legal knowledge formed through historiographical research in the field of philosophy of law, theory, and history of the state allows for the identification of relevant problems in law and the search for common solutions, exemplified by economic theory of law, which outlines guidelines for the formation and development of intergovernmental integration associations. Consequently, this scientific groundwork has determined the provisions of the philosophy of international law, which subsequently allowed for the identification of gaps and interdisciplinary issues at the borders of law, economics, philosophy, and political science.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the issues related to the consideration of genocide cases by the International Criminal Court. The study employed a range of scientific methods, including formal-logical; historical-legal; comparative-legal; methods for analyzing specific legal situations; sociological; and statistical methods. The International Criminal Court considers criminal cases concerning a limited range of crimes defined in the Rome Statute. In general, the consideration of cases related to this type of crime is possible based on the principle of complementarity, according to which the national system of criminal justice is given priority for the initiation, investigation, and prosecution of individuals guilty of committing genocide. The consideration of genocide cases in this international court is associated with numerous problems. These include both general issues related to the peculiarities of the organization and functioning of the International Criminal Court, as well as specific problems arising from this type of international crime. The work not only formalizes and analyzes these issues but also develops and justifies a system of measures for their resolution.

The modern stage of constitutional law development is characterized by a rapid increase in the transnational influence of international organizations on the internal legal orders of sovereign states, which necessitates a theoretical rethinking of their role in the process of forming adaptive constitutionalism. International organizations have ceased to be exclusively external subjects of influence and have become active participants in shaping the constitutional and legal environment, capable of altering the parameters of national models of public authority. The subject of this study is a comprehensive understanding of the institutional role of international organizations as drivers of the transformation of the modern constitutional order in the context of globalization and digital restructuring. Particular attention is paid to the collisions between universalist standards and national legal specifics, which give rise to contradictions between the sovereignty of states and the necessity of compliance with transnational norms. At the center of the research is the process of institutionalizing adaptive constitutionalism as a responsive model that can reconcile international influence with the principles of constitutional identity. The methodological foundation of this work consists of modern approaches to comparative analysis, institutional theory, constitutional identity theory, and adaptive governance concepts. Both traditional legal-dogmatic and interdisciplinary methods have been employed: structural-functional, normative-comparative, case analysis, and contextual interpretation of judicial decisions. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the author's conceptualization of international organizations as structural elements in the process of forming adaptive constitutionalism. The necessity of normative recognition of adaptability as a constitutional-legal principle under conditions of multidimensional interaction between national and international actors is justified. For the first time, the institutional forms of participation of parliaments, constitutional courts, ombudsmen, and civil society in the process of reconciling international standards with national legal orders have been analyzed. Key contradictions between the doctrines of constitutional identity and universalization have been identified, and possible mechanisms for overcoming these contradictions have been proposed. The study emphasizes the prospects for digital constitutionalization and the formation of a transnational constitutional space. The research demonstrates that adaptive constitutionalism represents a legal response to the challenges of asymmetric globalization and political-legal polycentrism. The research also touches upon the role of multilevel public authority, judicial dialogue, the digital environment, and new forms of partnership between national and supranational institutions.