No 3 (2025)
ARTICLES
Prerequisites, factors and driving forces of the global economic development
Abstract
The scientific literature presents a wide range of studies devoted to the theory of global economic development. However, there is still no established theory of global economic development. Global economic development in theories is explained by many different factors and prerequisites. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively systematize the prerequisites, factors and driving forces of global economic development in order to develop a methodological basis for assessing transformation processes. The article is devoted to the study of the prerequisites, factors and driving forces of global economic development. A critical analysis of existing theories and classification approaches made it possible to integrate disparate concepts into a single structured system that allows: to identify key patterns of global economic transformation through the prism of economic, social, technological and political aspects; to unify the criteria for assessing the dynamics of development, including the role of scientific and technological progress, institutional and geopolitical changes; to form a toolkit for forecasting structural changes in the context of global challenges. The main research methods were critical and systemic analysis of theories of economic system development, as well as various classification methods. During the study, more than 100 of the most cited works in the field of development theory were selected and analyzed in accordance with classification criteria. Based on the analysis, 11 prerequisites for the development of the world economy, 15 classification criteria for the factors of development of the world economy, as well as 4 driving forces of development were identified, which will be taken into account in the future when developing a methodology for assessing transformation processes in the world economy. The results of the study are intended to supplement the theoretical basis of the world economy and offer a practice-oriented basis for analyzing modern transformation trends. The results obtained will be of interest to specialists in the field of world economy and international relations. Further directions of the study are related to the development of a methodology for assessing transformation processes in the world economy.
Theoretical and Applied Economics. 2025;(3):1-24
1-24
The mathematical apparatus of synergy and economic applications
Abstract
The subject of the research is the mathematical apparatus of synergy and its possible applications in the data economy of the Russian Federation aimed at increasing the efficiency, sustainability, and security of the national economic system under the sanctions pressure from Western countries. The authors focus on the issues of effective interaction among economic agents in theoretical-stochastic conditions, in finance, and during firm mergers. Key mathematical aspects of synergy in relation to the utility function, which contribute to the necessary structural changes in the Russian data economy on the path to a knowledge-based economy, are considered. In the literature review phase, the authors examine the adaptation of foreign experience, which allows for the identification of the advantages and limitations of the proposed approaches. The study aims to develop a systematic and data-oriented approach to assessing the effectiveness of interactions among economic agents and decision-makers at the state governance level. The research utilizes methods of economic-mathematical modeling, mathematical tools from game theory, the Cobb-Douglas two-factor production function, Cournot economic model, the statements of Debreu's theorem, and principles of the new economic paradigm of sufficiency, formulated by the authors in previous works. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the transition from verbal descriptions of synergy and its properties to mathematical ones, including in the context of asymptotic methods, and finding a quantitative expression for these concepts in some specific cases. The main results of the conducted research are: mathematical descriptions of the properties of synergy in theoretical-stochastic conditions, in finance, and in firm mergers; synergy of family utility functions, synergy of financial operations; formulation of a general remark about the synergistic effect and the possibility of transitioning from competition principles to synergy. The practical significance of the research results lies in their potential application by state authorities for improving economic policy and creating an effective system for assessing the performance of economic actors in order to ensure national security. The research gains particular relevance under the conditions of sanctions pressure on the Russian economy, where the task of enhancing efficiency becomes a top priority. Additionally, synergy can be used as a new indicator of socio-economic development, determining the quality of life and effectiveness of state governance in the context of sustainable development in Russia and mitigating potential threats.
Theoretical and Applied Economics. 2025;(3):25-46
25-46
The role of behavioral economics in the management decision-making process.
Abstract
In the context of the growing complexity of the management environment and the increasing speed of strategic decision-making, traditional models of rational choice demonstrate their limitations. In this regard, the author of this work analyzes the influence of behavioral economics on the processes of corporate governance, which is particularly relevant in the context of the need to develop more realistic decision-making models. The purpose of the study is to systematize key cognitive biases that affect managerial decisions and to develop practical mechanisms for their minimization. The subject of the research is the influence of behavioral economics on the processes of managerial decision-making in corporate governance, including the analysis of key cognitive biases and the development of mechanisms for their minimization. Aspects such as bounded rationality, prospect theory, the anchoring effect, and groupthink are examined, along with their manifestations in the context of digital transformation and uncertainty. The methodological basis of the article combines theoretical analysis of the fundamental concepts of behavioral economics (bounded rationality by H. Simon, prospect theory by D. Kahneman and A. Tversky) with a detailed study of practical cases of international and Russian corporations. The author pays special attention to the comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various approaches to overcoming cognitive errors in strategic management. The research has revealed systematic patterns in the emergence of cognitive biases in strategic management and has proposed practical tools for overcoming them, such as KPIs for cognitive efficiency and digital monitoring systems for behavioral risks. The scientific novelty lies in the adaptation of international experience to Russian conditions and the development of recommendations for integrating the principles of behavioral economics into corporate governance. The study makes a significant contribution to the development of behavioral economics by offering an original typology of cognitive biases and their impact on managerial decisions. Innovative mechanisms for minimizing behavioral errors have been developed, including the "extreme scenarios" method, cognitive pricing algorithms, and behavioral risk monitoring systems based on artificial intelligence. The scientific novelty also lies in the adaptation of foreign practices to Russian corporate governance, as evidenced by successful cases of companies such as Sberbank and X5 Retail Group. The results of the research demonstrate that the integration of behavioral tools into management processes contributes to improving the quality of decisions, reducing strategic risks, and strengthening corporate resilience in the context of the digital economy.
Theoretical and Applied Economics. 2025;(3):47-61
47-61
Development of tax monitoring in the Russian Federation: trends, issues, and prospects.
Abstract
The article investigates the applied aspects of the implementation and development of tax monitoring in the Russian Federation. The research objective is to identify trends, problems, and development prospects of tax monitoring in the Russian Federation based on a comprehensive analysis of institutional transformations and existing statistical data. Special attention is given to assessing its demand among the largest taxpayers based on the dynamics of the number and structure of monitoring participants by industry, the methods of information interaction used, taking into account the organizational features of activities and ownership structure, as well as the number of motivated opinions and the amount of taxes and fees settled by them. The potential impact of the digital transformation of tax monitoring on the state of internal control systems and risk management in organizations, as well as best practices for organizing information interaction and using modern technologies, has been examined. The research was conducted using general scientific methods, economic analysis methods (vertical and horizontal), and statistics (averages, specific indicators). The informational basis of the research consisted of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and other regulatory acts, reports from the Federal Tax Service of Russia, large companies participating in tax monitoring, and the results of studies on the maturity of internal control and risk management systems conducted by consulting companies. Conclusions were drawn regarding the low proportion of the largest taxpayers who have transitioned to monitoring, as well as its low demand from large private businesses without government involvement. Trends in the development of tax monitoring for 2015–2025 are substantiated: increasing its accessibility; developing a risk-oriented approach by enhancing both the advantages for conscientious taxpayers and the monitoring control functions; and the digitalization of tax monitoring activities for both tax authorities and taxpayers. Problems reducing the demand for monitoring among taxpayers include high complexity and cost of entry; retention of limited effectiveness of motivated opinions; and limited effectiveness of the risk-oriented approach. As a result of studying the projects of tax authorities, prospects for its development have been identified. Elements of scientific novelty include the justified trends and prospects for the development of tax monitoring proposed by the author, as well as suggestions for addressing identified problems. Insufficient attention is paid to the development of joint compliance tools, which is a promising area for research.
Theoretical and Applied Economics. 2025;(3):62-80
62-80
Prospects for Economic Integration and Development of BRICS Countries in the Modern Global Economy
Abstract
The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the historical stages of the formation of BRICS and their influence on the structure of the union, the dynamics of the nominal GDP of the member countries and the distribution of economic resources, as well as the specifics of the demographic situation in the states of the bloc. Significant attention is paid to the analysis of the opportunities and risks of economic integration, the prospects for the creation of a free trade zone and a common currency to strengthen sovereignty. Financial modeling is applied for long-term forecasting of aggregate and per capita GDP until 2075, taking into account the cyclicality of crises and demographic changes. The internal contradictions and synergy factors among BRICS countries forming the strategic potential of the alliance are studied, as well as the impact of resource availability and current macroeconomic trends on the sustainability of the bloc's development. The research methodology employs methods of systems analysis, comparative statistics, and financial modeling to assess the long-term dynamics of GDP and demographic changes in BRICS countries based on relevant macroeconomic data from the World Bank and historical trends. The novelty of the research lies in the development of a comprehensive model for forecasting economic growth and the level of prosperity of BRICS countries until 2075, considering macroeconomic, demographic, and resource factors. Unlike previous works, the study focuses not only on the theoretical aspects of integration but also on the quantitative modeling of the influence of crisis cycles, internal contradictions, and potential synergy among the bloc's participants. Reasonable scenarios for creating a free trade zone and a supranational currency system as mechanisms for strengthening economic sovereignty are presented. The research findings confirm that, with the preservation of positive development dynamics and enhanced policy coordination, BRICS countries will be able to achieve per capita GDP comparable to the level of developed medium-sized European states. Furthermore, the author emphasizes the importance of institutional trust, risk management, and strategic partnership as prerequisites for successful integration. The results obtained may serve as a practical basis for decision-making in the realm of long-term macroeconomic policy and international cooperation.
Theoretical and Applied Economics. 2025;(3):81-97
81-97
Entrepreneurship 4.0: Artificial Intelligence and Legal Traps of the Digital Economy
Abstract
The subject of this study is the legal problems of transforming entrepreneurial activities in the context of the fourth industrial revolution. A special emphasis is placed on analyzing the role of artificial intelligence technologies as a key factor shaping new business models and generating risks of legal uncertainty. The issues of determining the legal nature of digital entrepreneurship, qualifying the rights and obligations of subjects, and the relationship between general provisions of civil legislation and norms governing the circulation of digital objects are considered. The work highlights the importance of developing a balanced approach to legal regulation that can take into account both the needs of innovative development and the necessity of protecting the rights of participants in the digital turnover. The problems of legal subjectivity of algorithmic systems, the distribution of responsibility for AI decisions, and ensuring a balance between stimulating innovations and protecting the rights of participants in the digital turnover are addressed. Existing legislative gaps are explored, and proposals for improving legal mechanisms are substantiated. The methodological basis of the study consists of formal legal and comparative legal methods, as well as systemic and interdisciplinary approaches. Their use made it possible to reveal the features of business model transformation and justify the main directions for improving the legal regulation of the application of artificial intelligence technologies in the digital economy. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive analysis of the legal consequences of integrating artificial intelligence technologies into entrepreneurial activities, as well as in formulating proposals for creating a balanced regulatory policy in this area. The necessity of rethinking key categories of civil law concerning the circulation of digital objects and concluding transactions involving algorithmic technologies is justified. Risks of legal uncertainty are identified, and measures for improving legal regulation are formulated to achieve a balance between protecting the rights of economic turnover subjects and stimulating innovative activities. Special attention is paid to issues of liability for damage caused by automated decisions and the necessity of developing legal constructs that take into account the autonomy of technologies. The significance of forming ethical standards and mechanisms for "explainable artificial intelligence" is emphasized. The conclusion is drawn on the expediency of creating a special legal regime for algorithmic agents that considers their autonomous nature and cross-border application aspects.
Theoretical and Applied Economics. 2025;(3):98-117
98-117
Using the "organizational development map" for managing the long-term growth of construction organizations.
Abstract
The article discusses the author's proposed approach to using the "organization development map" for managing long-term development, using Russian construction organizations as an example. Unlike other tools used for managing long-term development, the "organization development map" allows for the consideration of the patterns of transformation of the production structure of commercial organizations during their growth and development. The "organization development map" offers a choice among three basic development strategies: evolutionary development; transitioning to the next level of development; and creating new lines of business. The implementation of the chosen basic strategy, based on declared strategic goals, determines the level of organizational transformation—ranging from minor if the basic strategy of "evolutionary development" is selected, to radical if the basic strategy of "creating new lines of business" is chosen. The subject of the research is construction organizations in the Russian Federation. The choice of Russian construction organizations as the subject of research is justified by the existence of a previously developed model for the development of the production structure for construction organizations, as well as information on the financial and economic performance of the organizations studied. The focus of the research is on managing the long-term development of a construction organization, taking into account the patterns of transformation of its production structure as it grows and develops. Statistical analysis and discriminant analysis methods were used in the research. Calculations were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics and Microsoft Excel software. The scientific novelty of the study lies in substantiating the feasibility of using the "organization development map" based on previously developed models of production structure development and forecasting methods for achievable growth limits to manage the long-term development of organizations. The results of testing the proposed approach in relation to the construction organization JSC "ABC" confirmed the possibility of using the "organization development map" for managing its long-term development. The basic strategy of development for the construction organization JSC "ABC," selected using the "organization development map," not only enabled the achievement of target values of indicators for the chosen planning horizon but also demonstrated high accuracy in forecasting the limit of achievable growth using the constructed discriminant function, thereby ensuring effective management of organizational changes within JSC "ABC" during its development process.
Theoretical and Applied Economics. 2025;(3):118-135
118-135
Governance of High-Skilled Migration : the Case of Shenzhen
Abstract
The subject of the research is the experience of the city of Shenzhen (China) in creating conditions for attracting talent. The results of monitoring the policies of the Shenzhen authorities are of interest to theorists and practitioners in the field of scientifically grounded management of the migration of highly qualified resources to stimulate the socio-economic development of countries and individual regions. An important aspect is the fact that the migration policy of the city and China as a whole is embedded in the overall logic of the country's socio-economic development strategy, and the management of migration processes is one element of an integrated system of state governance of the economy and social progress, which employs methods of strategic planning and a programmatic approach. The example of Shenzhen, where changes occur very rapidly and the city government promptly adjusts its policy based on information about the pace and quality of progress towards strategic goals, allows researchers to trace causal relationships in real-time between the dynamically changing city policy and its results. The sources include data from official socio-economic and demographic statistics of China, Guangdong Province, and Shenzhen, international statistics, information from relevant internet resources, as well as scientific publications from 2015 to 2025. To achieve the research objectives, general scientific research methods, a systematic approach, and comparative methods were used. The main conclusion of the research is that, due to the presence of well-thought-out and interconnected management strategies, a sustainable system has emerged in Shenzhen, where the elements support each other: an innovative economy and a comfortable environment for science, work, and life attract the best specialists to the city, while the influx of talented youth and professionals contributes to the growth of Shenzhen's economy and welfare. For the first time in Russian-language scientific literature, the work comprehensively presents relevant economic and demographic data, demonstrating the current state and dynamics of changes in Shenzhen in the context of implementing tasks to attract talented youth and highly qualified specialists to the city. Continued research into the experience of China and Shenzhen in the management of highly qualified personnel mobility is of interest for solving tasks related to creating reliable systems for assessing the effectiveness of migration policy.
Theoretical and Applied Economics. 2025;(3):136-158
136-158
Increasing the transparency of budget management of state extra-budgetary funds in the Russian Federation
Abstract
The object of the study is the management of public finances. The subject of the study is the management of state extra-budgetary funds in the Russian Federation (the Federal Fund for Compulsory Medical Insurance, the Social Fund of Russia, territorial funds for compulsory medical insurance). The author examines in detail the issues related to the prerequisites for organizing increased transparency in the management of state extra-budgetary funds as integral elements of the budget system of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is focused on substantiating the role of state extra-budgetary funds in the socio-economic development of our country. The article also presents the results of the analysis of official data reflected in regulatory legal acts, which confirms the reliability of the results obtained. Particular attention is paid to the substantiation of recommendations for solving existing problems of transparency in the management of state extra-budgetary funds in the Russian Federation. The research methodology is based on a combined approach of using general scientific and economic tools in terms of collecting and processing data through statistical observation, representative sampling, systematization, grouping, analysis and synthesis. Graphic tools are used to ensure a visual presentation of the results obtained. In order to characterize the change in the selected indicators over time, the author used a calculation method. The study revealed that state extra-budgetary funds in the Russian Federation play an important role in providing financial support for solving socio-economic problems. It was also discovered that there is a huge potential for achieving high results in solving existing problems of ensuring transparency in the management of state extra-budgetary funds in the Russian Federation. Scientific novelty is associated with the author's approach to substantiating recommendations for increasing the level of transparency in the management of state extra-budgetary funds in the Russian Federation. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of their use by the Government of Russia, the Ministry of Labor of Russia, the Ministry of Health of Russia and state extra-budgetary funds (including territorial funds of compulsory medical insurance) in the context of ensuring the solution of problems both in increasing the level of transparency in their management and in ensuring client-centricity.
Theoretical and Applied Economics. 2025;(3):159-173
159-173
Methods of personnel management of organizations in the transport industry
Abstract
The article solves the scientific problem of methodological support for the assessment of human resources in the transport industry, which has both theoretical and practical significance. The purpose of the article is to formulate the main provisions of the methodology for assessing the level of human resources and the concept of socially responsible personnel management of the transport firms. The designated goal is decomposed into the following tasks: to provide a brief overview of scientific sources, the provisions of which illustrate the problem of the formation and use of human resources of organizations in the transport industry; to identify trends affecting the process of human resources management; to assess the level of human resources for a sample of enterprises; to present the main provisions of the concept of socially responsible human resources management of transport firms. In the process of writing the article, the following methods were used: descriptive (which made it possible to characterize the methods of personnel management), system-structural (used in the process of structuring the methodological base), causal (based on it, a study of the interrelationships of factors and results of human resource management was conducted), comparative, which was used to compare data and forming conclusions based on it. Based on the conducted research, the article defines the theoretical and methodological foundations of the human resource management system of the enterprise, which, unlike the existing ones, are based on the allocation of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The theoretical basis of the subject area under consideration has been expanded by clarifying the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of human resources, phasing out the methodology for assessing the human resources of transport industry enterprises (using the example of factual material) and conceptualizing socially responsible management of human resources of an enterprise.
Theoretical and Applied Economics. 2025;(3):174-185
174-185