Correction of vitamin status in pregnant women: current approaches and clinical significance

This systematic review aims to summarize current evidence on vitamin deficiencies in pregnant women, their clinical consequences, and approaches to nutritional status correction during gestation. Given the increasing prevalence of hypovitaminosis among pregnant women, particularly deficiencies of folic acid, vitamin D, and vitamin B12, the clinical importance of early diagnosis and individualized therapy is growing. The article analyzes studies published over the past 5 years by Russian and international authors, including randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, cohort studies, and international clinical guidelines. Key micronutrients, their effects on the course of pregnancy, maternal and fetal outcomes, and factors contributing to impaired vitamin metabolism, including genetic polymorphisms (MTHFR, VDR, TCN2), were evaluated. The review presents approaches to laboratory diagnosis of vitamin deficiencies, principles of rational dietary therapy, and the use of vitamin–mineral supplements, as well as the potential of personalized nutritional correction. The need for incorporating vitamin status assessment into preconception care and antenatal management algorithms for women at risk is substantiated. The findings of this review emphasize the role of nutritional support as an essential component in the prevention of obstetric and perinatal conditions.