Vol 15, No 2 (2025)
GENERAL ISSUES OF FORMALIZATION IN THE DESIGNING: ONTOLOGICAL ASPECTS
On the ontology of designing from the standpoint of a transdisciplinary approach
Abstract
A transdisciplinary approach to identifying the features and place of ontology of designing in the scientific picture of the world is presented, based on the use of formulations related to the position of the concept within the structure of science. It is argued that this approach complements both disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, enabling verification, refinement of obtained results, and the generation of new insights. A procedure is proposed that, in general, allows for the distinction between fully formalizable (computerizable) and non-formalizable constructs. The process of solving complex problems, where ontology construction is a key component, is described. Following the proposed process leads to the conclusion that there is a symbiosis and synergy of creative, non-formalizable human capabilities and the capabilities of technical systems that implement formalizable procedures. The application of the proposed process to complex, multi-aspect systems considered at a general level is shown.
163-173
Ontology of passenger aviation: metric and law of development
Abstract
This paper focuses on the classification of key indicators characterizing the transport capabilities of a passenger aircraft, including the transported load, flight range, and required runway length. The specified characteristics of passenger aircraft are summarized. The purpose of the article is to develop a metric for the passenger aircraft market. The paper provides a rationale for the constructed topological model of air transportation between populated areas on the Earth's surface and introduces eight classes of transportation range along with four categories of a transport row based on passenger capacity. Using the methods of information theory, eight classes of aircraft passenger capacity are identified within each transport row, and their corresponding ranges are determined. A correlation between passenger capacity classes and transportation range is established. The study reveals aviation market development patterns useful for forecasting and planning. Based on a mathematical model, the classification of passenger aviation basing conditions is examined, resulting in a runway length classification scale that closely aligns with practical standards. A method for identifying passenger aircraft in the developed three-dimensional class structure is proposed, and a metric for passenger aviation is compiled.
174-186
APPLIED ONTOLOGY OF DESIGNING
An ontological approach to digitalization of medical check-upsand follow-up medical care based on a telemedicine platform
Abstract
An ontological approach to developing a digital telemedicine platform is proposed, enabling the configuration and customization of medical data collection and processing workflows in real-time based on specific objectives and applications. For the first time, the generalized problem of medical check-up is formulated as a multicriteria optimization problem of operations research. Implementation options for a digital telemedicine platform designed for periodic medical check-ups and patient monitoring are presented, along with recommendations for a software architecture that can adapt to practical healthcare requirements. The platform’s knowledge base is structured as a semantic network, integrating concepts with their corresponding attributes and linking digital patient profiles to medical diagnostic results. The use of ontology ensures the configurability and adaptability of the digital telemedicine platform, enhancing its efficiency in healthcare institutions for medical data collection. The experience of implementing a digital telemedicine platform with ontology-based customization of data collection processes has highlighted the need to adapt both the information and logical models of stored data, as well as data entry processes via interactive user interfaces, thereby improving medical personnel productivity. The proposed approach has potential for collecting data for training artificial neural networks in medical decision support systems.
187-197
An integrated approach to solving planning problems in forage production
Abstract
The article considers an integrated approach to solving the problem of planning the grass harvesting process, which represents the final stage of the forage production process. Automating the solution to grass harvesting planning involves scheduling the operation of agricultural forage harvesting equipment for performing technological operations. This is achieved through the synthesis of fundamentally different mathematical approaches to describing and solving scheduling theory problems under conditions of complex formalization and weak structuring of the research object. The developed approach includes ontological, logical-dynamic and fuzzy-possibility models, along with corresponding methods and algorithms. Ontologies serve as knowledge models representing interconnected processes within the subject area. Logical-dynamic models of operational-scheduling planning describe the constraints and factors present in the grass harvesting process and help determine the most optimal technological approach. Fuzzy-possibility models for strategic planning describe both qualitative and quantitative factors and processes in the considered subject area, allowing for a preliminary estimation of the resources required to solve the problem. The combination of these models provides a formal representation of the subject area, accounts for possible disturbances, and formulates grass harvesting planning as an optimal control task. A prototype decision support system has been developed to assist in planning and executing the grass harvesting process.
198-210
Forecasting the development of agricultural crops in a digital twin of plant cultivation
Abstract
A method is proposed for calculating the output parameters of an agricultural crop in a digital twin of plant cultivation, considering weather conditions and environmental resource constraints. The method is based on a model of "tubes" of input and output parameters at different stages of plant growth and development - representing ideal, normal and critical value ranges for plant survival of the main environmental factors for each plant variety. The proposed calculation method links the input and output parameters of the current stage and carries the obtained results forward to the next stage, enabling the construction of a final piecewise linear plan for plant growth and development, as well as predicting yield and other plant characteristics. A system was developed to implement this method, and its application for calculations and modeling experiments is demonstrated. The obtained results are compared with field experiment data on winter wheat growth and development. An assessment of the identified discrepancies is given, the obtained results are discussed, conclusions are formulated and directions for further research and development are presented.
211-227
Ontology of computer-based testing in learning
Abstract
The article considers the scientific and methodological foundations of computer-based testing in learning. The structure of tests in training and assessment exercises is defined and substantiated based on didactic requirements. Typical scenarios and screen forms of using training and assessment exercises are described, with examples from an electronic textbook and the publisher's electronic library system. It is shown that tests should be structured and grouped into sets according to the levels of assimilation of educational material. Recommendations are given for the preparation and use of tests at each level of assimilation, along with examples of tests with selective answers. Algorithms for computer-based testing with both fixed and variable numbers of tests in a set presented to students are proposed. The expediency of using "tickets" – predefined test sets - for final assessments is shown. A preliminary evaluation of modern neural networks' capabilities in generating computer-based tests is conducted, and recommendations for their application are provided. The problem of fraud in computer-based testing, particularly through the use of neural network "cheat sheets" is discussed. The use of electronic tutors is proposed, where computer-based testing serves as a diagnostic assessment tool in the learning process, offering individualized support to each student.
228-238
ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING
Using ontologies to contextualize queries to large language models
Abstract
The use of large language models has become a common phenomenon in question-answering and dialog systems. For this, the model must be pre-trained on prepared text data, enabling it to generate highly probable correct responses in a dialog with the user. However, answer quality decreases when the questions pertain to objects, processes, or phenomena that are less described in the texts used to train the model. For this purpose, data that is new to the model is transferred to it along with the user query in the form of context, which is usually generated using a vector database of text fragments. The article proposes to use an ontology of a subject area as a source of contextual data instead of a vector database. Ontologies are supplied with a lexical representation of their formalized terminology system to identify an ontological fragment relevant to the user query and convert it into a natural language text of the formed context. This allows to reduce the response text volume while improving its semantic alignment with the user query. The article discusses the minimum structural requirements for the lexical representation of an ontology, including natural language names, their forms for concepts and relations, as well as their lexical meanings. The application of the proposed approach is shown through an example of obtaining an answer to a question on scientific articles using a large language model. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed approach are discussed.
239-248
METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF DECISION MAKING
Method of ranking alternatives based on given norms
Abstract
The best examples in a given subject area are used to shape the appearance of the designed product. The selection of the product prototype is carried out using multidimensional optimization methods based on criteria and value/utility theory. The paper proposes to use bidirectional (two-sided) requirements for indicator values that are implemented through the norm model. Prior to assessing indicators based on superiority relations within a finite set of alternatives, an analysis is conducted to verify compliance with the norm. This approach enables the ordering of objects based on the magnitude of deviation from the norm on both sides of its boundaries. An experimental study in the selection and ranking system was performed to compare the results of ordering objects relative to the norm and one-sided requirements for indicator values. Unmanned aerial vehicles were considered as evaluation objects. Unidirectional requirements for indicator values were modeled using linear and logistic functions, while bidirectional requirements were modeled by logistic functions of the norm model fronts. The experiments showed a difference in the results obtained on the basis of one-sided and two-sided requirements. The difference in the obtained ratings of unmanned aerial vehicles was assessed using the Kendall rank correlation coefficient. The obtained results indicate the novelty of the proposed method of ranking objects relative to the norm, which can be used to select a prototype of the designed product and a version of an existing object that meets the norm's requirements for indicator values.
249-261
On the third forms of conjunction and disjunction in logic with vector semantics
Abstract
The paper introduces the concepts of informational and native contradictions. Informational contradiction is understood as the inconsistency of a resulting from discrepancies in information sources, while native contradiction describes a situation where a statement is simultaneously true and false in the same respect (i.e., the contradiction is inherent to the object). Based on the concept of native contradiction within the class of logic with vector semantics, the third forms of conjunction and disjunction (native conjunction and disjunction) are defined for the first time as an extension to the known first and second forms, along with other native connectives and relations. Several properties of these forms are examined, including the applicability of de Morgan's laws when combined with the first form of negation, commutativity, and the distinct role of the truth vector "uncertainty." It is also noted that while these forms are defined under the assumption of a native contradiction, they, along with other native connectives and relations, may be useful for decision-making in contexts of informational contradictions. Qubits, which serve as the foundation of quantum information processing, are cited as an example of a native contradiction.
262-269
Selection of numerical methods for modeling free jets from a fire nozzle
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics methods enable the estimation of gas-liquid flow characteristics, particularly free jets, while accounting for various phenomena. The jets analyzed in this paper exhibit significant geometric dimensions and high initial velocities, which increase the computational complexity of the models used and extend their calculation time. The selection of numerical methods and their tuning parameters is based on a step-by-step increase in computational complexity to a level that meets quality criteria: ensuring an acceptable calculation time relative to the problem being solved and achieving accuracy determined by the deviation of the obtained results from the experimental target characteristics of the jets. The selection stages are outlined, including an experiment to evaluate the accuracy of the considered methods and the principles for aligning experimental and calculated characteristics for validation. The efficiency of the proposed selection scheme is demonstrated using the example of modeling free jets of fire extinguishing agent from a fire nozzle. The results of full-scale tests and calculations based on the selected models, conducted at the testing ground, are presented. The novelty lies in the formalization of computational fluid dynamics methods that ensure acceptable accuracy and calculation time for determining the trajectories of free jets relative to target characteristics. These methods can be applied in the development of automated systems for guiding the flow of fire extinguishing agent from a fire robot nozzle to specified areas of the protected space.
270-280
Decision support system for choosing a study program
Abstract
The article explores an approach that enables a reasonable choice of a study program in an educational organization. Existing information tools used by educational institutions to support applicants are typically based on admission rules, study areas, and historical data on the average grades of previously admitted students. This paper proposes incorporating Holland test results into the decision-making process for choosing a study program and integrating this data into the decision support system's selection rules.The decision on the most suitable study program for the user is made progressively, considering the degree of confidence in its accuracy. This approach provides structured guidance to the user by: orienting them on the rules for admission to an educational organization; determining the priority study area based on broader groups of specialties and fields; identifying the most appropriate program within the chosen study field. The novelty of this approach lies in mapping the six primary psychological types identified by the Holland method to the study areas of an educational institution. Based on this comparison, a knowledge base is developed in the form of decision-making rules. The possible choices are evaluated using linguistic variables that reflect the user's confidence level in the recommendation provided by the information system. To enhance the accuracy of the decision support system, the decision-making process model is refined when forming decision-making rules.
281-294