University proceedings. Volga region. Social sciences

Background. Religious identity significantly influences the formation of a common civil identity in a multinational society, but the influence of the Islamic factor on this process has been insufficiently studied compared to the Christian Orthodox one. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics and types of Islamic religious identity and its influence on the processes of formation of an all-Russian civil identity. Materials and methods. The following methods were used in the sociological research: quantitative method (mass questionnaire survey, June-July 2025, n = 503 in Penza region, Tatarstan, the republics of Bashkortostan and Dagestan). Results. It was revealed that the overwhelming majority of respondents in three regions of Russia with a predominantly Islamic population have good knowledge of the essence of their religion, which allows us to conclude that al-most two-thirds of the Islamic population of these regions have a normative-confessional religious identity, a third of the surveyed Muslim population have a folklorized religious identity. Folklorized Islamic identity, burdened with ethnic, local (living in rural areas, and as a result “ruralˮ religiosity) factors, various kinds of pseudo-religious superstitions and prejudices is a negative factor. Folklorized Islam is transformed into a marginal one, which leads to the development of anti-state, extremist, opposition sentiments, and blocks the formation of an all-Russian civil identity in regions with a compact residence of the Muslim population. Conclusions. Superficial knowledge of the fundamentals of the doctrine con-tributes to the formation of a marginal religious identity, which hinders the integration of society, deforms patriotic discourse and creates the ground for opposition and extremist sentiments. The most disturbing aspects in the area of Islamic identity are the “folk” simplified interpretation of two important tenets of the Islamic religion such as Jihad, understood by respondents as a holy war with the “infidels”, while it is interpreted by Islamic theologians as a system of ascetic rules and exercises, and Sharia as a system of Islamic legislation, when the Islamic population of the North Caucasus gives priority to Islamic legislation in relation to general civil legislation. This leads to negative trends in the social development of the entire country, when believers who profess “folk” Islam do not consider the Russian Federation as their common homeland, do not integrate into the general socio-cultural Russian space and do not want to comply with all-Russian laws that, in their opinion, contradict their subjective erroneous understanding of Islamic canons and dogmas.

Background. Trust in the media is a key component of the media environment. It is associated with the choice of sources of information, the identification of priority ones, on the basis of which the opinion of young people about political events is built, and various political positions are formed. The media behavior of young people has its own characteristics, which is due to their socio-psychological characteristics, special status, and high activity on social networks. The article provides a sociological analysis of the trust of modern youth in various media sources of political information. Materials and methods. The study of trust in sources of political information among young people is based on data from VTsIOM, Zircon, the National Research University Higher School of Economics, materials from mass surveys among young people in the Penza, Saratov and Tyumen regions (2024), and data from focus group discussions among students in Penza (2025). Results. Key news sources for young people were identified, as well as the level of trust in traditional and new sources. Conclusions. Television consumption is low among young people, with a small proportion of young respondents following political news on federal television channels. A large proportion of young respondents view official media and Telegram channels as important sources of political information. Trust in social media and bloggers is generally lower than in news websites and official channels, but they play a role in disseminating opinions and breaking news. GPT chats are becoming increasingly popular as a source of political information among young people.

Background. Liability for falsification of evidence in a criminal case and the results of operational-search activities is provided for in Parts 2–4 of Article 303 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. These crimes are characterized by increased social danger, since they pose a serious threat to the modern legal system, Russian society and the state. Criminal behavior of persons committing such socially dangerous acts leads to a significant violation of the rights and freedoms of the individual, loss of public confidence in law enforcement agencies, as well as other negative consequences. In turn, neglect of comprehensive scientific research into the causes and conditions for falsifying operational and evidentiary information often leads to unpredictable illegal impacts on the interests of domestic justice. As a result, identifying and analyzing the causal complex of falsifying evidence in a criminal case and the results of operational-search activities seems relevant and practically significant. The purpose of the work is to consider and analyze the main determinants of these socially dangerous acts. Materials and methods. The article used doctrinal sources on the issues under study, materials of judicial practice and official statistical data. The methodological basis was the general dialectical method of cognition. In addition, the following methods were implemented: system-structural, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, statistical analysis, generalization of judicial practice and expert assessments. Results. In the course of the conducted research it was established that the commission of crimes provided for in parts 2–4 of Article 303 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is determined by many factors, associated primarily with shortcomings in the management of law enforcement agencies. Conclusion. A conclusion was made about the need for further optimization of personnel policy in law enforcement agencies in order to increase the prestige of the service and ensure an influx of professional personnel who adequately perform their official duties in solving and investigating crimes.

Background. Many criminal acts today are mediated by the creation and distribution of tipped texts, in connection with which law enforcement agencies are faced with the task of identifying their typists. However, to date, forensic science has not developed special methods for solving this problem. The study proposes to introduce keystroke dynamics studies into crime detection and investigation activities, for which it is first necessary to develop the issue of the possibility of using information about it from the standpoint of forensic science. This study focuses on the objective limitations that may arise when studying keystroke dynamics associated with its variability. The purpose of the study is to systematize the factors that can influence the stability of keystroke dynamics, to establish the direction of their influence and to determine how they should be taken into account during the examination. Materials and methods. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach, integrating the achievements of the computer-technical sphere of knowledge into the legal subject field. The main method was systematization, due to which individual confounding factors were identified and their interrelation was established. The author also turned to the questionnaire method to assess the relevance of the study and identify the potential for enhancing the negative role of individual factors considered. Results. A system of factors influencing the stability of keystroke dynamics was built, dividing them into two groups: internal and external; characteristics of each element of the system are provided; their influence on the stability of the skill was assessed. Conclusions. Confounding factors have a predictable effect on keystroke dynamics, in connection with which they can be checked in the process of conducting an examination to adjust identification conclusions, and their direct consideration is an important component for conducting diagnostic studies. In addition, changes in keystroke dynamics under the influence of confusing factors do not exclude the possibility of identifying the typist.

Background. The article examines the problems of ensuring the protection of human rights on the basis of judicial decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court of Human Rights. Judicial acts have repeatedly high-lighted the problem of violations of the right to privacy and confidentiality. This means that the existing legislation does not fully regulate the issue of the turnover of genetic personal data. The purpose of the work is to identify and analyze human rights issues in conducting biomedical research based on judicial acts of various courts. Materials and methods. The implementation of the research objectives was achieved based on the analysis of judicial decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court of Human Rights, which dealt with disputes related to human rights violations. The methodological potential includes the method of comparative legal analysis, which allows comparing the judicial decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the ECHR and identifying relevant problems. Results. The reasons for the emergence of disputes related to the violation of human rights in the field of biomedicine are analyzed. The differences between the positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the ECHR on similar issues are considered. The problems and shortcomings of the current legislation have been identified. Conclusions. The study of the practice of international and national judicial authorities makes it possible to identify the features of the legal regulation of biomedical research in Russia and abroad. Despite a fairly wide range of both international and national regulatory legal acts, ensuring respect for human rights and dignity when conducting biomedical experiments remains a big problem. In this regard, people involved in these studies apply to the judicial authorities for violations of their rights.

Background. The relevance of the study is due to the growing migration dynamics in the Russian Federation and the need to improve the legal regulation of migration processes. The purpose of the work is to analyze the current legislation in the field of migration law, identify its features and shortcomings, and substantiate the need to create a unified Migration Code to improve the efficiency of migration policy. Materials and methods. The materials used are federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as well as international legal acts ratified by Russia. The research methods included a systemic analysis of regulatory legal acts, a comparative survey, and a sociological survey among students to assess public opinion. Results. The main gaps and contradictions in the current legislation are identified, in particular, in-sufficient codification of migration regulations, discrepancies in the terms of entry restrictions and the absence of a single legal document. The features of new regulations, such as the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 2023, and their potential impact on the migration situation were also analyzed. Conclusions. The need to systematize migration legislation by developing a Migration Code was confirmed, which will unite all regulations, simplify procedures and increase control over migration processes, which will ultimately contribute to more effective implementation of Russia's migration policy.

Background. The legal regulation of electoral finance is one of the most debated issues in countries that define themselves as democracies. The question of how to establish a transparent and publicly accountable system of electoral finance is solved in different countries in different ways, which, to a large extent, is determined by the historical context. The purpose of this article is to analyze the ideological and political circumstances that have shaped American legislation on electoral finance. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on the basis of historical and legal analysis of those doctrinal and political currents that set the direction of lawmaking and law enforcement practice in the first half of the 20th century in the United States. The analysis of normative and legal acts (such as the Tillman Act) was supplemented by the study of the ideological and social movement called “progressives”, which became the driving force of reforms that changed the shape of American electoral politics. Results. The article considers the first experiences of legal relation of electoral finance in the United States. The main driving force of legal reforms was the movement of progressives, which by the beginning of the 20th century received serious support in the legal community of America. Having started with the bills adopted at the level of individual state laws, by the end of the third quarter of the 20th century the supporters of this direction in the legal community of the USA managed to adopt a number of federal laws regulating the practice of electoral finance. Conclusions. Legal reforms of electoral finance in the United States became possible thanks to the efforts of representatives of the “progressive movement”. In turn, this led to the formation of opposition to these re-forms in the person of American conservatives. The further history of the American legislation regulating the rules of election campaign financing is determined by the struggle be-tween these two ideological and legal currents.