Vol 23, No 3 (2023)

The analysis of semi-products at diff erent stages of production and fi nished medicinal products is an integral part of an eff ective quality assurance system for pharmaceutical production. The traditional methods used in the pharmaceutical fi eld, such as capillary electrophoresis, gas and liquid chromatography, are quite versatile and eff ective. However, they are distinguished by the high cost of instrumentation and component materials, the need to use high-purity solvents, the lack of mobility and the possibility of in situ studies. Such shortcomings can be overcome by using the digital colorimetry method. Its signifi cant popularization has been facilitated by the development of portable and personal electronic devices, among which the smartphone can be distinguished. The aim of the work was to develop a fast and simple method for the determination of a number of polypeptide antibiotics in drugs by digital colorimetry using a smartphone as a color recording device. To implement the solid phase fl uorimetric determination of polypeptide antibiotics, HPTLC plates based on silica gel with an aluminum substrate were used as a matrix. Under these conditions, the fl uorescence of actinomycin D, virginiamycin M1, virginiamycin S1, and novobiocin was observed when exposed to monochromatic radiation in the UV part of the spectrum (365 nm). The measurement of fl uorescence intensity on the surface of the matrices was carried out using a smartphone. Calibration characteristics were constructed for the determination of polypeptide antibiotics in the concentration range of 32–500 μg/mL. The method for assessing the quality of fi nished drugs was tested on commercial products “Piostacin”, “Cosmegen”, “Dactinomycin” purchased in retail chains. The relative standard deviation of the analysis results does not exceed 0.05. The duration of the analysis was 10–15 min. Based on the results of the studies, the paper presents a method for determining some antibiotics of the polypeptide series by the intrinsic fl uorescence of deposited solutions on a solid substrate during treatment with monochromatic UV radiation. The experimental delivery conditions used allow the analysis of drugs based on actinomycin D, virginiamycin M1, virginiamycin S1, and novobiocin.

The production of various motor fuels is carried out by processing light fractions of oil with an initial temperature of boiling to 350°С. The current trend shows that oil in new fi elds has more weight than before. New oil reservoirs are deeper with a greater proportion of dark fraction with a boiling point of 350°С. This situation stimulates to fi nd new ways of increasing the processing depth light fractions for synthesis target product. One of the main solution path for the problem is creation of new catalytic systems or modernization of existing ones. Motor fuels must meet the necessary operational and environmental characteristics, which is determined by their chemical composition. This article is devoted to the study of bifunctional catalyzers for the conversion of n-hexane. High molecular zeolite CVM (ZSM-5) was used as a carrier, which has functionality due to the presence of various active centers. Platinum (Pt/CVM), praseodymium (Pr/CVM) were also applied to the carrier, and praseodymium and platinum (Pt,Pr/CVM) were successively applied by impregnation. Normal hexane was used as a raw material. The choice of this raw material is associated with the ability to aromatization reaction, as well as the presence of n-hexane in the raw materials of the process of obtaining motor fuels-catalytic reforming. As a result of the transformation of raw materials, liquid fuel of multicomponent composition with the number of carbon atoms in the chain from 3 to 14, as well as gases containing C1 – C5 hydrocarbons, was obtained. When n-hexane is converted on the catalyzers under study, both the octane number and the content of aromatic hydrocarbons increase with increasing temperature. It has been found that when the process is carried out at a temperature of 450°C, the highest yield of the catalysate is (33.8% by weight.) on a Pt,Pr/CVM catalyzer. With an increase in temperature, the yield of benzene increases. Minimum benzene yield (0.6 wt. %) is achieved at 450°C marked by a bimetallic catalyzer, which corresponds to the EURO-5 gasoline standard. The highest degree of conversion was observed during the conversion of n-hexane on the Pt,Pr/CMC catalytic system at a temperature of 450° C, which was (97%).

The extraction of the tungsten blue complex formed by the reaction of phenol with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) in the presence of a nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 in alkaline medium using the methodology of micellar extraction based on «clouding point» has been studied for the fi rst time. Aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate were used to create pH and as a desalting agent. The latter, having a desalting eff ect, promotes phase separation in the system under study into a micellar phase saturated with surfactant (Triton X-100) and an aqueous phase depleted in surfactant without additional heating at room temperature. Optimal conditions for micellar phenol extraction were determined: FCR (0,2 n.) – Na2 CO3 (6%) – Triton X-100 (2%) – Na2 SO4 (3,2%). It is shown that micellar-saturated phases of Triton X-100 eff ectively extract the analytical form (tungsten blue complex), can be proposed for extraction-spectrophotometric and colorimetric determination of phenol. So, for the spectrophotometric determination of phenol (λmax= 760 nm), the Beer-Bouguer-Lambert law obeys an equation of the form: y = 0,0007x – 0,0079, R2 = 0,997. The range of defi ned contents is in the interval 7·10-7 – 6·10-5 M. A technique for the colorimetric determination of phenol in aqueous media (channel R) has been developed. The intensity of the chromaticity channel R (IR) linearly depends on pc(phenol) in accordance with the equation: y = 95,0x – 455; R2 = 0,997. The range of defi ned contents is in the interval 7·10-7 – 1·10-5 M. The profi les of the petal diagrams in the RGB CMYK color coordinates are constructed, the dependences of their area are obtained (S) and perimeter (P) from -lgc : (perimeter (P) y = 150x – 284; R2 = 0,994; area (S) y = 17710x – 66930; R2 = 0,994).

The introduction of the genetic material of wild-growing species into the genome of cultivated plants can signifi cantly expand the diversity of breeding material. For the eff ective use of introgressive plants, it is necessary to study their economically valuable traits and adaptive capabilities. The objective of the work is to study the eff ect of two types of salinity on the morphogenesis of seedlings of introgressive lines of spring bread wheat containing the genetic material of Aegilops columnaris Zhuk. The objects of study are seedlings of spring bread wheat of the Dobrynya variety and seedlings of introgressive lines of spring bread wheat, created in the laboratory of genetics and cytology of the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region on the basis of the Dobrynya variety and Aegilops columnaris Zhuk. Cultivation of plants was carried out on solutions of sodium chloride and sulfate; the concentrations of the solutions corresponded to an osmotic pressure of 7 atm. The eff ect of salinity on growth was assessed by the following indicators: root index value, root-to-shoot ratio of seedlings, length of the fi rst leaf, and number of roots of seven-day-old seedlings. Among the studied introgressive lines of spring bread wheat, the highest resistance to the action of sodium chloride is characteristic of seedlings of lines L1946/1 (6A(6U); T4BS/T4BL-1D; 3AL with terminal C-band), L1882/2 (monosomic addition 2/4/ 7X), L2021/4 (5D(5X)6D(6X); terminal transl. 3DL) and L2021/2 (5D(5X)6A(6X)). Seedlings of lines L1882/2 (monosomic addition 2/4/7X) and L2028/3 (5D(5X)) showed resistance to sulfate salinity. Seedlings of line L2028/3 (5D(5X)) are slightly inferior to seedlings of the Dobrynya variety in the length of the fi rst leaf under conditions of chloride salinization, and line L2021/4 is inferior in terms of root supply under conditions of sulfate salinity (5D(5X)6D(6X); terminal transl. 3DL). The results obtained allow us to conclude that the indicated changes in the genome have a positive or no negative eff ect on the salt tolerance of common wheat. The pronounced negative eff ect of chloride and sulfate salinity on the studied morphometric parameters was found in plants of the line L1721/2 (6A(6Udel); T4BS/T4BL-1D), which suggests that such a change in the genome negatively aff ects the salt tolerance of bread wheat.

The taxonomy of scorpions belonging to the genus Mesobuthus has undergone signifi cant revisions in recent times. Initially, based on the morphological characteristics, scientists identifi ed and described a considerable number of subspecies within diff erent species of this genus. However, in the last decade, modern researchers have “revised” the species diversity of the genus based on the results of genetic and morphological analyses, forming new separate species complexes. As a result, a species complex called “Mesobuthus caucasicus” was identifi ed, which was later reassigned to the genus Olivierus by František Kovařík in 2019. Currently, the genus Olivierus comprises 18 species, with 7 of them inhabiting the territory of Central Asia. The distribution ranges of most Central Asian species of the genus Olivierus overlap with those of the genus Mesobuthus. Specifi cally, in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the species Olivierus gorelovi occurs, whose distribution range coincides with that of Mesobuthus thersites. Due to this overlap, the taxonomic status of some scorpion populations inhabiting the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan remains uncertain and poorly studied. The authors of this study attempted to determine the phylogenetic relationships among individuals from diff erent populations using data obtained from molecular genetic barcoding. The analysis was conducted on three nuclear and one mitochondrial gene fragments of scorpions inhabiting the regions of Zhambyl, Karaganda, Atyrau, Turkestan, Abay, and Almaty. The obtained results indicate that scorpions of the genus Olivierus inhabit the territories of Atyrau, Almaty, Karaganda, and Turkestan regions, while scorpions of the genus Mesobuthus inhabit the territories of Zhambyl, Karaganda, and Abay regions. This study makes a direct contribution to the study of scorpion fauna biodiversity in Central Asia.

The content of neurotrophic factors in damaged somatic nerves under the action of the drug «Semax» was studied and their role in the regulation of regenerative processes in injured nerve conductors was established. It has been shown that intramuscular administration of the drug is accompanied by a signifi cant increase in the level of NGF and NT-3 both in the proximal and distal parts of the nerve. At the same time, there are no signifi cant changes in the quantitative content of neuroregulin-1 against the background of its use. The data obtained suggest that one of the mechanisms of action of Semax is its ability to interact with Schwann cells and stimulate the release of NGF and NT-3, which facilitate the regeneration of damaged axons and do not aff ect the synthesis of neuroregulin-1. In addition, the study of the quantitative content of individual protein fractions showed that the drug «Semax» has the most pronounced eff ect on the level of neurofi lament-H in both segments of the nerve conductor, which indicates the important role and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK / ERK) signalling pathway, which regulates processes of cytoskeletal protein synthesis and axon growth. Nevertheless, it was shown that in the variant of the experiment using Semax, there was a decrease in the level of GAP-43, which is a key marker of axonal growth, both in the proximal and distal segments of the nerve. The data obtained most likely indicate that the intramuscular administration of the drug does not aff ect the processes of axon growth, but is aimed at maintaining the survival of neurons and accelerated restoration of the functional state of nerve fi bres, which is also confi rmed by the appearance of an action potential and the ability of the nerve to conduct it against the background of the use of the Semax drug.